Name: dissociation of the confounding influences of expectancy and integrative difficulty residing in anomalous sentences in event-related potential studies
Uploaded: 2019-05-09T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies at JoVE

这项工作得到了中国国家自然科学基金[61433015]、中国国家社会科学重点基金[14ZDB154;15ZDB017]和教育部(中国教育部)人文社会科学项目的支持[14YJC740104]。我们非常感谢这两位匿名评论员的宝贵建议。

本议定书经清华大学机构审查委员会批准。
1. 刺激性建筑
<ol><li>为重复组和非重复组构造关键异常句子
	<ol>
<li>为构建异常句子(不少于 40 个)准备足够数量的正确句子。例如,"这两个组件由离心装置分隔。尽量只使用没有感情的句子。</li>
		<li>根据正确的句子构造异常句子,然后将一半分配给重复组,一半分配给非重复组。<ol>
<li>例如,将句子"这两个分...

<ol>
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T., Curran, T., Menn, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehending+conventional+and+novel+metaphors:+An+ERP+study.">Comprehending conventional and novel metaphors: An ERP study.</a> Brain Research. 1284, 145-155 (2009).</li><li>Oldfield, R. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+assessment+and+analysis+of+handedness:+The+Edinburgh+inventory.">The assessment and analysis of handedness: The Edinburgh inventory.</a> Neuropsychologia. 9, 97-113 (1971).</li><li>Huang, Y., Jiang, M., Guo, Q., Yang, F. -. P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=N400+amplitude+does+not+recover+from+disappearance+after+repetitions+despite+reinitiated+semantic+integration+difficulty.">N400 amplitude does not recover from disappearance after repetitions despite reinitiated semantic integration difficulty.</a> Neuroreport. 29, 1341-1348 (2018).</li><li>Brouwer, H., Crocker, M. W., Venhuizen, N. J., Hoeks, J. C. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ERP+effects+of+listening+to+speech+compared+to+reading:+The+P600/SPS+to+syntactic+violations+in+spoken+sentences+and+rapid+serial+visual+presentation.">ERP effects of listening to speech compared to reading: The P600/SPS to syntactic violations in spoken sentences and rapid serial visual presentation.</a> Neuropsychologia. 38, 1531-1549 (2000).</li><li>Kaan, E., Harris, A., Gibson, E., Holcomb, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+P600+as+an+index+of+syntactic+integration+difficulty.">The P600 as an index of syntactic integration difficulty.</a> Language and Cognitive Processes. 15, 159-201 (2000).</li><li>Friederici, A. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Towards+a+neural+basis+of+auditory+sentence+processing.">Towards a neural basis of auditory sentence processing.</a> Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 6, 78-84 (2002).</li><li>Friederici, A. D., Mecklinger, A., Spencer, K. M., Steinhauer, K., Donchin, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syntactic+parsing+preferences+and+their+on-line+revisions:+a+spatio-temporal+analysis+of+event-related+brain+potentials.">Syntactic parsing preferences and their on-line revisions: a spatio-temporal analysis of event-related brain potentials.</a> Cognitive Brain Research. 11, 305-323 (2001).</li><li>Kaan, E., Swaab, T. 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实验结果与意义 在重复部分,结果表明N400效应变得越来越小,直到几乎不存在。显著衰减的N400效应证明,多次重复对N400的振幅有显著调节作用。但是,此部分的结果无法显示 N400 是否实际受到期望值变化或语义集成的影响。衰减的N400效应仍可以有不同的解释。一种解释是,期望有助于N400的衰减,因为多次重复提高了参与者对异常表情的期望值。这表明N400索引预期而不是语义集成困难。?...

语言学家广泛使用异常句子来研究正常语言的在线认知处理。例如,在与事件相关的电位 (ERP) 研究中,有语义异常的句子(例如,"他用袜子铺开暖面包")被报告引起 N400 效果 1(但也看到一些其他研究报告语义 P600 效果)2,3),而句子有句法困难或异常(例如,"妇女说服回答门...")被报告引起P600效果4,5。这些电生理成分被广泛用作研究从语言的不同方面(如语法和语义)处理信息的正常时间过程的可靠指标。
异常句在理解过程中给语义集成处理带来很大的困难。然而,诸如意外性(即任何异常表达自然是意外的表达)等混杂因素使得很难确定由异常句子引起的观察效果背后的真正认知过程。例如,如果 N400 效应是由异常句子引起的,则不清楚它是否是由意外性6、7、8或综合难度 1、9、10 引起的。.
要确定是期望还是语义整合困难导致了电生理效应,我们需要分离这两个因素。传统上,期望值通常用语料频率(在单词研究中)或凝固概率(在句子研究中)来衡量。在传统实验中,操纵期望的广泛应用方法是选择期望值高和低分的刺激物,形成预期组和意外组。该方法能有效地操纵期望值,并产生了丰富的有见地的效果。
但是,作为操作期望值的静态方法,它有一个限制:预期组和意外组很难具有相同的语义集成困难。通过这种操作,为预期组和意外组选择的刺激必须不同;因此,当我们使用不同预期值或克隆概率的不同刺激来操纵期望值时,语义整合难度会发生变化。虽然我们可能会发现出乎意料的但合理的表达(即,由可以成功集成到合理消息中的单词组成的意外表达式),但这些意外但合理的综合努力是可能的表达式不同于普通表达式所需的表达式。如果不控制差异,大脑反应的显著差异可能会随之而来,因为明确的证据表明,对意外但合理的新隐喻表达的整合处理触发大脑反应的方式大不相同从那些由传统隐喻触发11,12。
为了解决这个问题,我们提出了一种新的方法,在努力保持语义整合难度的同时,动态地提高参与者对异常句子的期望值。具体来说,我们很快使参与者熟悉不熟悉的异常句子,从而通过多次重复提高他们的期望值。重要的是,多次重复不会改变刺激本身;因此,语义上异常的信息本身保持不变(即,关键词仍然无法成功集成到上下文中)。
但是,在了解到异常信息无法成功集成到以前的上下文后,大脑可能会放弃集成(即,集成处理可能不存在,因此不存在集成困难)。因此,本协议建议首先重复从异常句子中提取的核心异常信息,然后使用包含相同异常信息的完整异常句子作为语义丰富的这种核心异常信息,在重复条件下启动新的语义集成处理。在语义丰富完整的异常句中相同的异常信息,以及启动的新语义集成处理,我们假设异常信息在完全中触发的语义集成困难多次重复后的异常句子应与重复前异常信息触发的句子几乎相同(无论重复期间语义集成处理的状态如何)。因此,我们假设语义丰富的完整异常句子中的语义整合难度因素在重复后与相应简化的核心结构相同,但期望值大大提高。
基于这些假设,我们比较了语义丰富的完整异常句子引起的 N400 效应,这些句子包含重复的核心异常信息,以及新达到的完整异常句子引起的重复的核心异常信息,以调查主要贡献者,这引出了ERP效应。工作假设如下:根据以前的研究,N400效应会因重复而显著减弱。在衰减 N400 的基础上,如果新启动的相同异常信息的语义集成导致衰减的 N400 效果恢复到与新满足的异常信息中包含的相同类型异常信息引起的水平类似异常句子无重复,说明语义整合难度是引出的N400效应的主要贡献者;否则,它表明,意外是主要贡献者。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>BrainAmp DC amplifier system (Brain Products GmbH)</td>
			<td>Brain Products, Gilching, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>BrainAmp S/N AMP13061964DC Input 5.6DC=150mA Operation 7mA Standby</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Easycap (Brain Products GmbH)</td>
			<td>Brain Products, Gilching, Germany</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>62 
			Ag/AgCl electrodes with a configuration 
			of the international 10&#8211;20 system of electrode</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

dissociation of the confounding influences of expectancy and integrative difficulty residing in anomalous sentences in event-related potential studies

语言研究中非正常句中自然存在意外性和语义整合困难的混淆因素,使得难以确定ERP组件的基本处理机制。与通过语料库频率或克隆概率操纵期望值的传统静态方法不同,该协议提出了一种动态方法,通过多次重复来提高参与者对很少满足的异常句子的期望值,同时维持其语义集成困难。为了解决多次重复导致的时间成本增加问题,该协议建议在呈现语义丰富、信息更加丰富的之前,只重复从异常句子中提取的严格简化的核心结构包含异常核心结构的异常句,以重新启动语义集成处理。完整的异常句子产生了P600效果。研究表明,参与者在重复后没有放弃处理异常信息,并成功重新启动了相同的语义集成困难。重要的是,具有代表性的实验结果表明,由于后续的重新启动的语义整合困难,多次重复引起的N400效应的衰减效果并未得到恢复。它建议,衰减的N400效应应主要归因于通过多次重复提高对异常信息的期望值。实验结果表明,该方法在保持语义整合难度的同时,能有效提高受试者对异常句子的期望值。

本协议用于我们最近的一项研究,以调查N400效应是否反映了语义集成处理14。如表2所示,该研究中使用的刺激物是中文的。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody>
<tr>
<td colspan="3">(a) 重复部分简化的核心结构示例</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
			<td>难以置信的表达式</td>
			<td>可理解的表达式</td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies at JoVE

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

与事件相关的潜在研究中,在异常句中所驻住的期望值与综合难度的分离

我们提出了一个协议,通过应用多次重复来分解语义异常句子中集成难度和意外性之间的相互交织因素,以提高参与者对异常句子的期望值。解关联有助于调查引出的事件相关电位 (ERP) 效应(如语言研究中的 N400)的主要贡献者。

The confounding factors of unexpectedness and semantic integration difficulty naturally residing in anomalous sentences in language studies make it ...

该协议为在异常句子中分离直观困难的意外因素，确定N400效应在语言研究中的真正贡献者提供了一种有效的方法。与传统的静态方法不同，通过语料库频率或凝结概率来操纵预期。该协议提出了一个动态的任务，通过多次重复实现这一目标。通过该协议，我们还可以检查其他 ERP 组件（如 P600）如何响应多个重复。它可能有助于揭示P600的基本机制。首先护送病人到检查室，让他们舒适地坐在椅子上。然后用面部磨砂和棉签在额头、左眼下、右眼外缘管附近以及左右乳骨周围准备参与者的皮肤。将带电极的弹性盖放在参与者的头上。确保盖上的 CZ 电极位于头部顶点，且盖具有左右对称性，中线电极放置在头部中线上。接下来，将胶带粘在记录眼动的电极上，并填充导电凝胶。将一个电极固定到右眼外缘，将另一个电极固定到左眼下方。然后将表带固定到下巴下，以防止相邻电极在实验期间移动，并将盖电极连接到记录系统。最后，为了降低5千hm或10千赫以下所有电极的阻抗，请将记录软件切换到阻抗监控接口。然后从接地和参考电极开始，通过含有导电凝胶的注射器的钝尖针，通过电极和头发的孔眼，直到它到达头皮的皮肤。推动注射器柱塞将少量导电凝胶注射到皮肤上，直到凝胶连接电极和皮肤上的金属圆。最后，检查监视器上以不同颜色显示的实时阻抗电平，直到阻抗减至阈值以下。检查所有电极。首先要求参与者放松，并尽量避免在实验中过度眨眼和身体运动。告知学员主句子部分中任务的任务和重复部分。确保参与者理解不正确的句子后面会有一个重复部分，一个正确的句子后面是另一个完整的句子，这可能是正确或不正确的。然后启动刺激演示程序，让学员练习练习部分。对于重复部分，以随机顺序将提取的核心结构及其正确的填充表达式一起呈现七次。对于语义重启动的完整句子，请在其相应的重复部分之后，立即呈现完整的异常句子。练习课完成后，开始正式的实验课并记录电生理信号。最后，实验完成后，保存记录的电生理数据，帮助参与者脱掉帽子。指示学员洗去皮肤和头发上的导电凝胶，并为他们提供参与的奖励。11个相关电位是第一次，第四次，第七次显示异常核心结构显示，在300-500毫秒时间窗口的N400效应逐渐消失。未被佩的异常句组中的 ERP 比对照组中的 ERP 更消极。重复组中的 ERP 比未重复组中的 ERP 更积极。在实验前，请记住将所有电极的阻抗都放在 5 千赫或 10 千赫以下的正确的位置。该协议有效地限制了多次试验的重复判决时间。句子的多次重复可能有助于揭示句子理解中的真实记忆。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Procedure to Study the Effect of Prolonged Food Restriction on Heroin Seeking in Abstinent Rats

一个过程来研究延长食品的限制对海洛因寻求戒断大鼠的影响

In human drug addicts, exposure to drug-associated cues or environments that were previously associated with drug taking can trigger relapse during ...

科研

行为学

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

测量神经和行为活动期间持续计算机化的社会互动：对事件相关电位的考察

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, ...

Investigating the Effects of Antipsychotics and Schizotypy on the N400 Using Event-Related Potentials and Semantic Categorization

使用事件相关电位和语义分类调查抗精神病药和Schizotypy在N400的影响

Within the field of cognitive neuroscience, functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a popular method of visualizing brain function. This is in ...

Infant Auditory Processing and Event-related Brain Oscillations

婴儿听觉处理和事件相关的脑振荡

Rapid auditory processing and acoustic change detection abilities play a critical role in allowing human infants to efficiently process the fine spectral ...

The Social Dimension of Stress: Experimental Manipulations of Social Support and Social Identity in the Trier Social Stress Test

应力的社会问题：社会支持和社会认同的特里尔社会的实验操作压力测试

In many situations humans are influenced by the behavior of other people and their relationships with them. For example, in stressful situations ...

Event-related Potentials During Target-response Tasks to Study Cognitive Processes of Upper Limb Use in Children with Unilateral Cerebral Palsy

事件相关电位在目标响应的任务，研究的上肢使用在儿童认知过程单侧脑性麻痹

Unilateral Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that is a very common cause of disability in childhood. It is characterized by unilateral ...

Battery of Behavioral Tests Assessing General Locomotion, Muscular Strength, and Coordination in Mice

用于评估一般运动、肌肉力量和小鼠协调性的行为测试电池

Behavioral testing is used in pre-clinical trials to assess the phenotypic effects and outcomes that a particular disease or treatment has on the ...

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential (ERP) Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

A Semantic Priming Event-related Potential ERP Task to Study Lexico-semantic and Visuo-semantic Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder

语义启动事件相关电位 (ERP) 研究自闭症频谱障碍词汇语义和视觉语义处理

Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have characteristic deficits in understanding the meaning of language, or semantic processing. However, ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation tDCS of Wernicke's and Broca's Areas in Studies of Language Learning and Word Acquisition

韦尼克和布罗卡地区语言学习和文字习得研究中的颅内直接电流刺激(tDCS)

Language is a highly important yet poorly understood function of the human brain. While studies of brain activation patterns during language comprehension ...