Name: modeling breast cancer via an intraductal injection of cre-expressing adenovirus into the mouse mammary gland
Uploaded: 2019-06-07T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Breast Cancer via an Intraductal Injection of Cre-expressing Adenovirus into the Mouse Mammary Gland Video at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了美国国家卫生研究院(NIH)授予R01 CA222560和国防部突破奖W81XWH-18-1-0037的支持。

此处描述的所有方法均已获得布里格姆和妇女医院的机构动物护理和使用委员会 (IACUC) 的批准。
1. 浮花小鼠的生成与维持
<ol><li>获得与乳腺癌相关的絮凝条件敲除(例如,Trp53tm1Brn [称为Trp53 L/L]、Brca1 tm1Aash [Brca1L/L])或条件敲撞鼠标线(例如,Gt(ROSA)26Sortm1(皮克3卡+H1047R)伊根)来自杰克逊实验室(JAX)或NCI人类...

<ol>
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U., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cre-mediated+gene+deletion+in+the+mammary+gland.">Cre-mediated gene deletion in the mammary gland.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 25 (21), 4323-4330 (1997).</li><li>Selbert, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+BLG-Cre+mediated+gene+deletion+in+the+mammary+gland.">Efficient BLG-Cre mediated gene deletion in the mammary gland.</a> Transgenic Research. 7 (5), 387-396 (1998).</li><li>Jonkers, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Synergistic+tumor+suppressor+activity+of+BRCA2+and+p53+in+a+conditional+mouse+model+for+breast+cancer.">Synergistic tumor suppressor activity of BRCA2 and p53 in a conditional mouse model for breast cancer.</a> Nature Genetics. 29 (4), 418-425 (2001).</li><li>van Bragt, M. P., Hu, X., Xie, Y., Li, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RUNX1,+a+transcription+factor+mutated+in+breast+cancer,+controls+the+fate+of+ER-positive+mammary+luminal+cells.">RUNX1, a transcription factor mutated in breast cancer, controls the fate of ER-positive mammary luminal cells.</a> eLife. 3, e03881 (2014).</li><li>Tao, L., van Bragt, M. P., Li, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Long-Lived+Luminal+Subpopulation+Enriched+with+Alveolar+Progenitors+Serves+as+Cellular+Origin+of+Heterogeneous+Mammary+Tumors.">A Long-Lived Luminal Subpopulation Enriched with Alveolar Progenitors Serves as Cellular Origin of Heterogeneous Mammary Tumors.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 5 (1), 60-74 (2015).</li><li>Xu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditional+mutation+of+Brca1+in+mammary+epithelial+cells+results+in+blunted+ductal+morphogenesis+and+tumour+formation.">Conditional mutation of Brca1 in mammary epithelial cells results in blunted ductal morphogenesis and tumour formation.</a> Nature Genetics. 22 (1), 37-43 (1999).</li><li>Li, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ETV6-NTRK3+fusion+oncogene+initiates+breast+cancer+from+committed+mammary+progenitors+via+activation+of+AP1+complex.">ETV6-NTRK3 fusion oncogene initiates breast cancer from committed mammary progenitors via activation of AP1 complex.</a> Cancer Cell. 12 (6), 542-558 (2007).</li><li>Liu, X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatic+loss+of+BRCA1+and+p53+in+mice+induces+mammary+tumors+with+features+of+human+BRCA1-mutated+basal-like+breast+cancer.">Somatic loss of BRCA1 and p53 in mice induces mammary tumors with features of human BRCA1-mutated basal-like breast cancer.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 104 (29), 12111-12116 (2007).</li><li>Molyneux, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BRCA1+basal-like+breast+cancers+originate+from+luminal+epithelial+progenitors+and+not+from+basal+stem+cells.">BRCA1 basal-like breast cancers originate from luminal epithelial progenitors and not from basal stem cells.</a> Cell Stem Cell. 7 (3), 403-417 (2010).</li><li>Koren, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PIK3CA+induces+multipotency+and+multi-lineage+mammary+tumours.">PIK3CA induces multipotency and multi-lineage mammary tumours.</a> Nature. 525 (7567), 114-118 (2015).</li><li>Van Keymeulen, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reactivation+of+multipotency+by+oncogenic+PIK3CA+induces+breast+tumour+heterogeneity.">Reactivation of multipotency by oncogenic PIK3CA induces breast tumour heterogeneity.</a> Nature. 525 (7567), 119-123 (2015).</li><li>Tao, L., Xiang, D., Xie, Y., Bronson, R. T., Li, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+p53+loss+in+mouse+luminal+cells+causes+clonal+expansion+and+development+of+mammary+tumours.">Induced p53 loss in mouse luminal cells causes clonal expansion and development of mammary tumours.</a> Nature Communications. 8, 14431 (2017).</li><li>Tao, L., van Bragt, M. P. A., Laudadio, E., Li, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lineage+Tracing+of+Mammary+Epithelial+Cells+Using+Cell-Type-Specific+Cre-Expressing+Adenoviruses.">Lineage Tracing of Mammary Epithelial Cells Using Cell-Type-Specific Cre-Expressing Adenoviruses.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 2 (6), 770-779 (2014).</li><li>Sutherland, K. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cell+of+origin+of+small+cell+lung+cancer:+inactivation+of+Trp53+and+Rb1+in+distinct+cell+types+of+adult+mouse+lung.">Cell of origin of small cell lung cancer: inactivation of Trp53 and Rb1 in distinct cell types of adult mouse lung.</a> Cancer Cell. 19 (6), 754-764 (2011).</li><li>Shackleton, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+a+functional+mammary+gland+from+a+single+stem+cell.">Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell.</a> Nature. 439 (7072), 84-88 (2006).</li><li>The Cancer Genome Atlas Network. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comprehensive+molecular+portraits+of+human+breast+tumours.">Comprehensive molecular portraits of human breast tumours.</a> Nature. 490 (7418), 61-70 (2012).</li><li>Nik-Zainal, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+life+history+of+21+breast+cancers.">The life history of 21 breast cancers.</a> Cell. 149 (5), 994-1007 (2012).</li><li>Abba, M. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Molecular+Portrait+of+High-Grade+Ductal+Carcinoma+In+Situ.">A Molecular Portrait of High-Grade Ductal Carcinoma In Situ.</a> Cancer Research. 75 (18), 3980-3990 (2015).</li></ol>

这种方法从MECs的不同亚群诱导乳腺肿瘤的成功不仅取决于选择适当的细胞型特异性启动子(驱动Cre表达),还取决于电内注射程序本身。这种方法背后的思想是,注入的Ad-Cre病毒被保留在导流明树中,这是一个带有流明的隐蔽结构,因此,只有MEC暴露在病毒中,并且感染了Ad-Cre。由于乳腺管道内的流明空间有限,因此只向每个 MG 注入少量注射混合物非常重要(即 ±3-5 μL)。注射的体积也应根据小鼠的年龄进行?...

该方法的总体目标是开发一种新的乳腺癌建模方法,该方法基于在小鼠MG中注射Ad-Cre的电位内。基于Cre/loxP重组的遗传方法已被广泛用于模拟小鼠的人类乳腺癌。第一代基于Cre/loxP的乳腺癌小鼠模型是通过使用Cre-表达转基因小鼠在MEC特异性促进因素(例如,发光MEC的MMTV-Cre和部分基础MEC,Wap-Cre和Blg-Cre用于发光祖和阿尔维拉尔发光 MEC,K14-Cre 用于基础和部分灯具 MECs1,2,3,4,5)6,7,8,9.然而,虽然这些Cre转基因线能够对Cre表达进行空间控制(即,在MECs的不同子集中),但它们不允许对Cre表达和Cre/loxP介导的基因操作进行时间控制。第二代基于Cre/loxP的乳腺癌小鼠模型采用诱导的Cre活性/表达方法(例如,使用Cre-雌激素受体融合[CreER],在服用他莫西芬时只能诱导Cre/loxP重组),以及因此,这些遗传工具允许空间和时间控制在MECs(例如,K8-CreER-和K5-CreER为基础的模型)10、11、12中致癌事件的激活.在两代的乳腺癌小鼠模型中,作为驱动Cre或CreER表达的启动子(例如,Krt8,Krt5)也可能活跃在其他器官的上皮细胞中(即,它们是细胞型特异性,但不是器官特异性)或在上皮细胞以外的细胞类型中具有泄漏的表达(例如,MMTV,在骨髓造血细胞中具有泄漏活性),这些方法可能导致其他器官中不需要的癌症的发展。如果这些意外癌症导致受影响的小鼠致命性,则可能禁止对这些小鼠进行乳腺癌建模的最初目的(例如,MMTV-Cre驱动的致癌事件可能导致造血恶性肿瘤和小鼠过早死亡,由于造血细胞中MMTV启动子的泄漏4。
在这里,我们报道了小鼠的乳腺癌建模方法,该方法允许以时间控制的方式对致癌事件进行细胞型和器官特异性操作。这种方法基于将 Ad-Cre 注射到小鼠 MG 中(因此,是特定于器官的)。Cre表达可以通过使用嵌入在腺病毒载体中的不同MEC亚群特异性启动子(例如,Krt8用于发光MEC,Krt5用于基基MEC,从而达到细胞类型特异性)进行控制。通过在不同年龄的小鼠中注射 Ad-Cre,从 3-4 周(青春期)到成人阶段,MG 中的癌症诱导可以暂时控制。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>33-gauge needle</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>7803-05</td>
			<td>point style 3 blunt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7mm Reflex Clip</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>RF7 CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenovirus, Ad-K5-Cre</td>
			<td>University of Iowa Viral Vector Core</td>
			<td>Ad5-bk5-Cre (VVC-Berns-1547)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenovirus, Ad-K8-Cre</td>
			<td>University of Iowa Viral Vector Core</td>
			<td>Ad5mK8-nlsCre</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alcohol</td>
			<td>Fisher</td>
			<td>HC800-1GAL</td>
			<td>Prepare to 70% in use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotinylated CD31</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>13-0311-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotinylated CD45</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>13-0451-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotinylated TER119</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>13-5921-85</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bromophenol Blue</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B0126-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD24-AF-700</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>564237</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD24-PE</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>12-0242-83</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD29-APC</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>17-0291-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD29-PE</td>
			<td>eBiosciences</td>
			<td>12-0291-82</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hair Remover Lotion</td>
			<td>Nair</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>9 Oz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>7636-01</td>
			<td>0.025 mL</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodophors</td>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>10% Povidone-iodine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>NDC 10019-360-40</td>
			<td>1-2.5%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Loxicam</td>
			<td>Norbrook</td>
			<td>NDC 55529-040-10</td>
			<td>5 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lubricant Eye Ointment</td>
			<td>Akorn</td>
			<td colspan="2">NDC 17478-062-35</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-dissecting scissors</td>
			<td>Pentair</td>
			<td>9M</td>
			<td>Watchmaker&#39;s Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-dissecting tweezers</td>
			<td>Dumont</td>
			<td>M5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Taq 5X Master Mix</td>
			<td>New England Biolabs</td>
			<td>M0285L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modeling breast cancer via an intraductal injection of cre-expressing adenovirus into the mouse mammary gland

乳腺癌是一种异质疾病,可能是由于不同来源细胞和致癌事件之间的复杂相互作用。鼠标模型有助于深入了解这些复杂过程。虽然已经开发了许多小鼠模型来研究各种致癌事件和原源细胞对乳腺肿瘤发生的贡献,但这些模型往往不是细胞型或器官特异性的,或者不能诱导乳腺肿瘤的启动。时间控制的方式。在这里,我们描述了一个协议,以生成一种新型的乳腺癌小鼠模型,基于在电感中注射Cre-表达腺病毒(Ad-Cre)到小鼠乳腺(Mg)。由于直接将 Ad-Cre 注射到乳腺导管中,这种方法是 MG 特异性,在其他器官中没有任何不需要的癌症诱导。内导注射程序可以在小鼠MG发育的不同阶段进行(因此,它允许从3-4周起对癌症诱导进行时间控制)。细胞类型特异性可以通过使用不同的细胞类型特异性启动子来驱动腺病毒载体中的Cre表达。我们表明,在角蛋白8或角蛋白5促进剂的控制下,通过Ad-Cre的内导注射,可以紧紧围绕基于Cre/loxP的基因操作的发光和基底乳腺上皮细胞(MECs)。通过合并有条件的Cre报告器(例如,Cre/loxP诱导的Rosa26-YFP报告),我们表明Ad-Cre所针对的MECs和从它们中提取的肿瘤细胞,可以通过在电内注射后跟踪报告者阳性细胞来追踪。

R26Y和Trp53L等位基因的代表性PCR基因分型结果如图1所示。 
虽然原则上,所有10个MG都可以接受电内注射程序,但实际上,两个四分之一的内念MG通常被选择注射,因为它们更容易获得和更大的MG尺寸(图2)。在手术过程中,保持消毒和整洁的工作区域,用无菌工具进行手术?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Breast Cancer via an Intraductal Injection of Cre-expressing Adenovirus into the Mouse Mammary Gland Video at JoVE.com

Modeling Breast Cancer via an Intraductal Injection of Cre-expressing Adenovirus into the Mouse Mammary Gland Video (Video) | JoVE

该协议的目的是描述一种新的乳腺癌建模方法,该方法基于将Cre-表达腺病毒注射到小鼠乳腺的电位内。这种方法允许以时间控制的方式对致癌事件进行细胞型和器官特异性操作。

通过将表达的腺病毒注射到小鼠乳腺腺中,模拟乳腺癌

Breast cancer is a heterogeneous disease, possibly due to complex interactions between different cells of origins and oncogenic events. Mouse models are ...

该协议将帮助研究人员生成一种新型小鼠模型，从乳腺上皮细胞的不同子集综述人类乳腺癌的发展。这项技术允许研究人员以特定的方式在发育阶段组织中生成乳腺癌小鼠模型，而无需大量小鼠繁殖。若要开始此过程，请生成、维护和麻醉像文本协议中描述的浮子小鼠。将鼠标带到与要进行手术分开的区域。通过进行手趾捏来确认麻醉后，注射 Meloxicam 作为镇痛皮，每公斤5毫克的剂量，为手术做准备。通过应用几滴脱毛霜来暴露奶嘴手术现场。使用柔软的纸巾去除过多的奶油和松弛的头发。不建议剃须以避免对奶嘴造成损坏。首先使用碘磷消毒手术现场，然后使用 70% 酒精进行消毒，最后使用磨砂碘磷。使用纱布海绵或棉尖施用器，从工作区中心向外围方向进行圆周运动。重复循环三到四次。在整个外科手术过程中使用无菌技术。在皮肤上做一个切口部位，长度大约为一厘米，介于两个四分之一的乳腺之间。小心地将皮肤皮瓣与胸膜分离，以便直观地看出乳腺导管树。小心地用制表师的钳子握住奶嘴，无需使用微切除剪刀切割任何附近的皮肤即可去除外部奶嘴。将大约三到五微升的 Cre-adenovirus 注射混合物装入 25 微升汉密尔顿注射器中，并贴有 33 量金属轮毂针。根据混合物中包含的蓝色染料估计注射器中注射混合物的体积。用细弯钳轻轻握住皮肤皮瓣的边缘，将Cre-adeno病毒注射混合物缓慢注入奶嘴，同时监测蓝色染料在乳腺导管树中的扩散。尽可能缓慢地保持喷射速度，以避免损坏导管流明。成功进行电内注射，通过在整个导管树中扩散的注入流体表示，而不会泄漏到频闪室。轻轻地从奶嘴上取针，以避免注射液的任何泄漏。检查乳腺的毛体侧或注射的奶嘴的周围区域。染料扩散到附近的频闪，如此处所示，表明乳腺脂肪垫注射，而不是成功的电内注射。用伤口夹关闭皮肤上的手术伤口。将鼠标从麻醉中取出，放在清洁笼内的加热垫上，进行恢复。监测乳腺肿瘤的发展，如文本协议所述。能够成功进行电内注射的最年轻的雌性小鼠是大约三周大的雌性小鼠。虽然大多数乳腺肿瘤诱导实验，年轻的成年雌性小鼠使用。在早孕到中孕期间，可对雌性小鼠进行具有较大体积注射混合物的电内注射，以靶向阿尔维奥细胞。针对不同乳腺上皮细胞亚细胞子组进行乳腺肿瘤诱导，在不同乳腺上皮细胞子特异性启动子的控制之下使用Cre-adeno病毒进行注射。例如，在角蛋白8促进剂的控制之下的Cre-adeno病毒用于靶向发光乳腺上皮细胞。在角蛋白5促进剂的控制之下的克里腺病毒瞄准了基底血统，导致只有基底乳腺上皮细胞的基因标记。对于一只患有ROSA26-YFP记者的雌性P53絮状同源小鼠来说，角蛋白8 Cre-adeno病毒的电内注射导致注射几个月后乳腺肿瘤的发展。由于包含有条件的R26-Y检测器，肿瘤上皮细胞通常以YFP标记，可以通过流式细胞学检测。通过YFP正细胞的流动排序，可以丰富细胞，用于进一步分析。尝试此程序时，要记住的最重要的事情是使用小注射量，缓慢注射，并慢慢取针。按照这个程序，可以通过流动细胞学或注射腺体的联合免疫荧光染色，监测目标YFP阳性乳腺上皮细胞到恶性前和癌症阶段的进展。这项技术将为研究人员研究乳腺癌起源细胞、它们对不同自生事件的反应以及它们如何向癌细胞发展铺平道路。腺病毒和注射针头都有潜在的危险。因此，在进行电管注射时，应始终戴上手套并使用安全针和注射器。

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Modeling Breast Cancer via an Intraductal Injection of Cre-expressing Adenovirus into the Mouse Mammary Gland

Intra-iliac Artery Injection for Efficient and Selective Modeling of Microscopic Bone Metastasis

Intra-iliac Artery Injection for Efficient and Selective Modeling of Microscopic Bone Metastasis Video (Video) | JoVE

内髂动脉注射显微骨转移的效率和选择性建模

Intra-iliac artery (IIA) injection is an efficient approach to introduce metastatic lesions of various cancer cells in animals. Compared to the widely ...

科研

癌症研究

Utilizing Functional Genomics Screening to Identify Potentially Novel Drug Targets in Cancer Cell Spheroid Cultures

Utilizing Functional Genomics Screening to Identify Potentially Novel Drug Targets in Cancer Cell Spheroid Cultures Video (Video) | JoVE

利用功能基因组筛选识别在肿瘤细胞球体培养潜在的新药物靶标

The identification of functional driver events in cancer is central to furthering our understanding of cancer biology and indispensable for the discovery ...

Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection to Produce Mouse Models of Brain Metastasis

Intracarotid Cancer Cell Injection to Produce Mouse Models of Brain Metastasis Video (Video) | JoVE

颈动脉肿瘤细胞注射，产生脑转移瘤小鼠模型

Metastasis, the spread and growth of malignant cells at secondary sites within a patient&#39;s body, accounts for &#62; 90% of cancer-related mortality. ...

Sectioning Mammary Gland Whole Mounts for Lesion Identification

Sectioning Mammary Gland Whole Mounts for Lesion Identification Video (Video) | JoVE

切片乳腺全身为病变鉴别

Normal mammary gland development may be altered by exposure to environmental toxicants and pharmaceutical products, excessive exposure to hormones, and ...

Modeling Osteosarcoma Using Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Patient-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells

Modeling Osteosarcoma Using Li-Fraumeni Syndrome Patient-derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells Video (Video) | JoVE

应用 Fraumeni 综合征诱导多潜能干细胞建模骨肉瘤

Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) is an autosomal dominant hereditary cancer disorder. Patients with LFS are predisposed to a various type of tumors, including ...

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mice Mammary Fat Pad

Orthotopic Injection of Breast Cancer Cells into the Mice Mammary Fat Pad Video (Video) | JoVE

乳腺癌细胞原位注射到小鼠乳房脂肪板

A proper animal model is crucial for a better understanding of diseases. Animal models established by different methods (subcutaneous injections, ...

Rat Mammary Epithelial Cell Transplantation into the Interscapular White Fat Pad

Rat Mammary Epithelial Cell Transplantation into the Interscapular White Fat Pad Video (Video) | JoVE

大鼠乳腺内皮细胞移植到间膜白脂肪垫

As early as the 1970s, researchers have successfully transplanted mammary epithelial cells into the interscapular white fat pad of rats. Grafting mammary ...

Modeling Brain Metastases Through Intracranial Injection and Magnetic Resonance Imaging

Modeling Brain Metastases Through Intracranial Injection and Magnetic Resonance Imaging Video (Video) | JoVE

通过颅内注射和磁共振成像对大脑转移进行建模

Metastatic spread of cancer is an unfortunate consequence of disease progression, aggressive cancer subtypes, and/or late diagnosis. Brain metastases are ...

Modeling Breast Cancer in Human Breast Tissue using a Microphysiological System

Modeling Breast Cancer in Human Breast Tissue using a Microphysiological System Video (Video) | JoVE

使用微生理系统模拟人体乳房组织中的乳腺癌

Breast cancer (BC) remains a leading cause of death for women. Despite more than $700 million invested in BC research annually, 97% of candidate BC drugs ...

Modeling Brain Metastasis Via Tail-Vein Injection of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells

Modeling Brain Metastasis Via Tail-Vein Injection of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells Video (Video) | JoVE

通过炎症性乳腺癌细胞的尾静脉注射模拟脑转移

Metastatic spread to the brain is a common and devastating manifestation of many types of cancer. In the United States alone, about 200,000 patients are ...