Name: in vivo intracerebral stereotaxic injections for optogenetic stimulation of long-range inputs in mouse brain slices
Uploaded: 2019-09-20T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices at JoVE.com

我们感谢贝特朗·马顿、梅里·纳萨尔、黄丽文和让·西蒙内特帮助开发早期版本的立体注射方案，并感谢马林·曼努埃尔和帕特里斯·杰古佐的技术支持。这项工作得到了法国教育和研究部（L.R.，L.S.）、国家空间研究中心（M.B.）和国家教育补助<span lang="FR" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 115%; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; color: rgb(41, 43, 49); background-image: initial; background-position: initial; background-size: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-attachment: initial; background-origin: initial; background-clip: initial;">协会（ANR-18-CE92-0051-01）的支持。

所有程序均按照欧洲共同体理事会指令（2010/63/EU）执行，并经巴黎笛卡尔大学道德委员会批准。实验者必须获得程序授权，才能遵守当地法规。
1. 实验规划
<ol><li>定义要瞄准的大脑区域。在小鼠大脑图集15的帮助下，确定注射部位的立体坐标。对于右背状的鼻腔核（ADN），坐标为：-0.82后，0.75横向，-3.2深度（毫米）相对于胸膜。坐标可能需要根据不同年?...

<ol>
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Disruption of the head direction cell network impairs the parahippocampal grid cell signal.</a> Science. 347 (6224), 870-874 (2015).</li><li>Fan, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity-dependent+decrease+of+excitability+in+rat+hippocampal+neurons+through+increases+in+I(h).">Activity-dependent decrease of excitability in rat hippocampal neurons through increases in I(h).</a> Nature Neuroscience. 8 (11), 1542-1551 (2005).</li><li>Takahashi, H., Magee, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathway+Interactions+and+Synaptic+Plasticity+in+the+Dendritic+Tuft+Regions+of+CA1+Pyramidal+Neurons.">Pathway Interactions and Synaptic Plasticity in the Dendritic Tuft Regions of CA1 Pyramidal Neurons.</a> Neuron. 62 (1), 102-111 (2009).</li><li>Dolleman-van der Weel, M. J., Lopes da Silva, F. H., Witter, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+nucleus+reuniens+and+entorhinal+cortex+projections+in+hippocampal+field+CA1+of+the+rat.">Interaction of nucleus reuniens and entorhinal cortex projections in hippocampal field CA1 of the rat.</a> Brain Structure &amp; Function. 222 (5), 2421-2438 (2017).</li><li>Callaway, E. M., Yuste, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stimulating+neurons+with+light.">Stimulating neurons with light.</a> Current Opinion in Neurobiology. 12 (5), 587-592 (2002).</li><li>Fino, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RuBi-Glutamate:+Two-Photon+and+Visible-Light+Photoactivation+of+Neurons+and+Dendritic+spines.">RuBi-Glutamate: Two-Photon and Visible-Light Photoactivation of Neurons and Dendritic spines.</a> Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 3, 2 (2009).</li><li>Mao, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Long-range+neuronal+circuits+underlying+the+interaction+between+sensory+and+motor+cortex.">Long-range neuronal circuits underlying the interaction between sensory and motor cortex.</a> Neuron. 72 (1), 111-123 (2011).</li><li>Zhang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetic+interrogation+of+neural+circuits:+technology+for+probing+mammalian+brain+structures.">Optogenetic interrogation of neural circuits: technology for probing mammalian brain structures.</a> Nature Protocols. 5 (3), 439-456 (2010).</li><li>Simonnet, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Activity+dependent+feedback+inhibition+may+maintain+head+direction+signals+in+mouse+presubiculum.">Activity dependent feedback inhibition may maintain head direction signals in mouse presubiculum.</a> Nature Communications. 8, 16032 (2017).</li><li>Nassar, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anterior+Thalamic+Excitation+and+Feedforward+Inhibition+of+Presubicular+Neurons+Projecting+to+Medial+Entorhinal+Cortex.">Anterior Thalamic Excitation and Feedforward Inhibition of Presubicular Neurons Projecting to Medial Entorhinal Cortex.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 38 (28), 6411-6425 (2018).</li><li>Fricker, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pyramidal+cells+of+rodent+presubiculum+express+a+tetrodotoxin-insensitive+Na++current.">Pyramidal cells of rodent presubiculum express a tetrodotoxin-insensitive Na+ current.</a> The Journal of Physiology. 587, 4249-4264 (2009).</li><li>Simonnet, J., Eug&#232;ne, E., Cohen, I., Miles, R., Fricker, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+neuroanatomy+of+rat+presubiculum.">Cellular neuroanatomy of rat presubiculum.</a> The European Journal of Neuroscience. 37 (4), 583-597 (2013).</li><li>Simonnet, J., Fricker, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cellular+components+and+circuitry+of+the+presubiculum+and+its+functional+role+in+the+head+direction+system.">Cellular components and circuitry of the presubiculum and its functional role in the head direction system.</a> Cell and Tissue Research. 373 (3), 541-556 (2018).</li><li>Paxinos, G., Franklin, K. B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> The Mouse Brain in Stereotaxic Coordinates. , (2013).</li><li>Huang, L. -. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Laminar+Localization+and+Projection-Specific+Properties+of+Presubicular+Neurons+Targeting+the+Lateral+Mammillary+Nucleus,+Thalamus,+or+Medial+Entorhinal+Cortex.">Laminar Localization and Projection-Specific Properties of Presubicular Neurons Targeting the Lateral Mammillary Nucleus, Thalamus, or Medial Entorhinal Cortex.</a> eNeuro. 4 (2), (2017).</li><li>Cruikshank, S. J., Urabe, H., Nurmikko, A. V., Connors, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathway-specific+feedforward+circuits+between+thalamus+and+neocortex+revealed+by+selective+optical+stimulation+of+axons.">Pathway-specific feedforward circuits between thalamus and neocortex revealed by selective optical stimulation of axons.</a> Neuron. 65 (2), 230-245 (2010).</li><li>Gonzalez-Sulser, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=GABAergic+Projections+from+the+Medial+Septum+Selectively+Inhibit+Interneurons+in+the+Medial+Entorhinal+Cortex.">GABAergic Projections from the Medial Septum Selectively Inhibit Interneurons in the Medial Entorhinal Cortex.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (50), 16739-16743 (2014).</li><li>Mathon, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Increasing+the+effectiveness+of+intracerebral+injections+in+adult+and+neonatal+mice:+a+neurosurgical+point+of+view.">Increasing the effectiveness of intracerebral injections in adult and neonatal mice: a neurosurgical point of view.</a> Neuroscience Bulletin. 31 (6), 685-696 (2015).</li><li>Nassar, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diversity+and+overlap+of+parvalbumin+and+somatostatin+expressing+interneurons+in+mouse+presubiculum.">Diversity and overlap of parvalbumin and somatostatin expressing interneurons in mouse presubiculum.</a> Frontiers in Neural Circuits. 9, 20 (2015).</li><li>Klapoetke, N. 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体内病毒注射以表达光敏蛋白酶在定义的脑区是一种选择方法，用于光遗传学分析远距离功能连接10，11，17，18。立体注射提供了精确定位大脑特定区域的可能性。与荧光报告器的蛋白酶的配合，方便地允许评估精确注射部位的成功表达和确认。使用AAV血清型2/5通常限制表达到目标的大脑区域。通过?...

定义大脑区域之间的连接是了解神经回路所必需的。经典的解剖追踪方法允许建立区域间连接，病变研究有助于理解信息流的分层组织。例如，空间方向和头部方向信号的大脑电路涉及信息从丘脑到前子的定向流动。这已经通过病变研究证明，在下游背水前，以及副海马网格细胞信号1，2降低头部方向信号。
大脑区域之间的功能连接在细胞和亚细胞水平上更难建立。在海马区，高度有组织的解剖允许使用切片制备中的电模拟来研究路径特定的突触连接。放置在CA1地层辐射层的刺激电极可用于专门刺激CA33的舍弗附带输入。置于CA1层乳糖分子的刺激电极将激活对CA14，5的穿孔路径输入。电刺激激活来自斧子端子的神经递质释放;然而，它激活神经元与索马塔附近的刺激位点以及通过的斧子。因此，当不同原产区的纤维在目标结构中混合时，研究来自定义大脑区域的亲子关系是有限用途的，就像新皮质中的典型情况一样。
神经元也可能受到光的刺激。光学方法包括笼中谷氨酸的光活化，可与单光或双光子激光扫描相结合。多个紧密间隔的位点可以按顺序刺激，对组织没有机械损伤6。这已经成功地用于映射突触受体以及激活单个神经元7。虽然谷氨酸未凝固可用于局部电路分析，但它不允许特定激活远程输入。
研究神经元回路中远距离连通性的一种选择方法是使用病毒介导的通道性多普辛表达。使用体内立体注射，如这里所述，光门电通道的表达可以定向，并在空间上限制到所需的大脑区域。通过这种方式，通道性多普辛能够有效地映射从一个区域到其目标的兴奋性或抑制性连接。转染的斧头端子可以在脑切片制备中受到光的刺激，而作为读出的贴片夹记录可以检查大脑中特定电路组件的功能和强度8。光遗传学方法结合病毒的立体注射提供了前所未有的特异性和基因控制9。用光刺激另外允许高时空精度10，11。
前体是海马和准海马形成12、13过渡的六层皮质结构。它接收来自ADN11的重要突触输入，但也从其他几个皮质和皮下区域14接收。因此，在目前切片内选择性刺激的血性偶联体电心端子，在电刺激和谷氨酸未凝固时是不可能的。该协议中所述的方法，使用表达光门通道的病毒载体的精确立体注射来确定大脑区域（ADN 和前子体）之间的功能连接。还描述了在目标区域中投射神经元的斧头终端的光刺激，以及脑切片制备中突触后神经元的全细胞贴片-夹子记录。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">0.5 mm bur&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">724962</td>
			<td style="width:365px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">10 &#181;L Hamilton syringe</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">1701 RN - 7653-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">10X PBS solution</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AM9624</td>
			<td>&#160;text</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">36% PFA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">F8775</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">470 nm LED&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Cairn Research</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P1105/470/LED&#160; DC/59022m</td>
			<td style="width:365px;">use with matched excitation filter 470/40x&#160; and emission filter for GFP&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">AAV5.Syn.Chronos-GFP.WPRE.bGH</td>
			<td>Penn Vector Core</td>
			<td>AV-5-PV3446</td>
			<td>lot V6026R, qTiter GC/ml 4.912e12, ddTiter GC/ml 2.456e13&#160;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">All chemicals</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Bath temperature controler</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Luigs &#38; Neumann</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">SM7</td>
			<td>Set at 34&#176;C&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">beveled metal needle</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Hamilton</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">7803-05</td>
			<td>33 gauge, 13mm, point style 4-20&#176;</td>
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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Big scissors</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Dahle Allround</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">50038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Biocytin</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">B4261</td>
			<td>final 1-3 mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Borosilicate Capillaries</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Havard Apparatus</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">GC150-10</td>
			<td>1.5 mm outer, 0.86 inner diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Brown Flaming electrode puller</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P-87</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">BupH Phosphate Buffered Saline pack</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">28372</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">butterfly needle for perfusion</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Braun&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Venofix A</td>
			<td>24G</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">CCD Camera</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Andor&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DL-604M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Confocal Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">LSM710</td>
			<td>20X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">curved forceps</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">FST&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">11011-17</td>
			<td></td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">CY5 configuration (confocal)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:365px;">Helium-Neon 633nm (5,0 mW) laser; Mirror: MBS 488/561/633&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:243px;">CY5 configuration (epifluo)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Nikon/Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:365px;">Fluorescent light (Intensilight); Excitation filter: BP645/30; Dichroic mirror: 89100 BS ; Emission filter: BP705/72</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">D9542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:243px;">DAPI configuration (epifluo)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Nikon/Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:365px;">Fluorescent light (Intensilight); Cube: Semrock Set DAPI-5060C-000-ZERO (Excitation: BP 377/50; Mirror: BS 409; Emission: BP 447/60)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Digidata 1440A</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Axon Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Digital handheld optical meter</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">ThorLabs</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">PM100D</td>
			<td>Parametered on 475 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Double egde stainless steel razor blades</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">72000</td>
			<td>Use half of the blade in the slicer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Dual Fluorescent Protein Flashlight</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Nightsea</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">DFP-1</td>
			<td style="width:365px;">excitation, 440-460 nm; emission filter on glasses, 500 nm longpass.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:243px;">EGTA</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">E4368</td>
			<td>final 0,2 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:243px;">Epifluorescence Microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Eclipse TE-2000E</td>
			<td>10 or 20X</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:243px;">Filter paper</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Whatman</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Fluoro-Ruby 10%</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Millipore</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">AG335</td>
			<td>disolve 10 mg in 100 &#181;l of distilled water ; inject 150 to 300 nl</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:243px;">GFP configuration (epifluo)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Nikon/Chroma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td style="width:365px;">Fluorescent light (Intensilight); Cube: Filter Set Nikon B-2E/C FITC (Excitation: BP 465-495; Mirror: BS 505; Emission: BP 515-555)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Heatingplate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Physitemp</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">HP4M</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Heparin choay 5000 U.I./ml</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sanofi</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>5 ml vial</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">HEPES</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">H3375</td>
			<td>final 10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">High speed rotary micromotor kit</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Foredom</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">K.1070</td>
			<td>maximum drill speed 38,000 rpm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Internal solution compounds :</td>
			<td style="width:183px;"></td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Isolated Pulse Stimulator</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">A-M Systems</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">2100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">KCl</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P4504</td>
			<td>final 1,2 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Ketamine 1000</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Virbac</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Ketofen 10%</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Merial</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>100 mg/ml : dilute 1 &#181;l in 1ml total (0,1%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Laocaine (lidocaine)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">MSD</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>16,22 mg/ml : dilute 1 ml in 4 ml total (around 4%)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">LED hi power spot for surgery</td>
			<td>Photonic (via Phymep)</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">10044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:243px;">LED Power Supply</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Cairn Research</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">OptoLED Light Source</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Manipulators</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Luigs &#38; Neumann</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">SM-7</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Mg-ATP 2H20</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">A9187</td>
			<td>final 4 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">63069</td>
			<td>final 2 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Micro temperature controler</td>
			<td>Physitemp</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">MTC-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Milk powder</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Carnation</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">MultiClamp 700B</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Axon Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Na Phosphocreatine</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P7936</td>
			<td>final 10 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Na3-GTP 2H20</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">G9002</td>
			<td>final 0.4 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:243px;">needle holder/hemostat</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">13005-14</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">pClamp acquisition software</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Axon Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Peristaltic pump</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Minipuls 3</td>
			<td>14-16 on the display for 2-3 ml/min&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Potassium gluconate (K-gluconate)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">G4500</td>
			<td>Final 135 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">ProLong Gold antifade mounting medium</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">P36390</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Rompun 2% (xylazine)</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Bayer</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">small scissors</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">FST</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">14060-09</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Sodium chloride 0.9%&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Virbac</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td>dilute 8.5 mL in 10 ml total</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereomicroscope VISISCOPE SZT</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">630-1584</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Stereotaxic frame with digital display</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Kopf</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">Model 940</td>
			<td>Small animal stereotaxic instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Streptavidin-Cy3 conjugate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Life technologies&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">434315</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Streptavidin-Cy5 conjugate</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Thermofisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">S32357</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Superglue3 Loctite</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Dutscher</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">999227</td>
			<td>1g tube</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:243px;">Suture filament Ethilon II 4-0 polyamid</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Ethicon</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">F3210</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Syringe pump</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">kdScientific</td>
			<td>Legato 130 - 788130</td>
			<td>Use Infuse and Withdraw modes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Tissue slicer</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Leica</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">VT1200S</td>
			<td>speed 0.07, amplitude 1.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">tubing</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Gilson</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">F117942, F117946</td>
			<td>Yellow/Black, Purple/Black</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">upright microscope</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Olympus</td>
			<td style="width:136px;">BX51W1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:243px;">Versi-dry bench absorbant paper</td>
			<td style="width:183px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:136px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

in vivo intracerebral stereotaxic injections for optogenetic stimulation of long-range inputs in mouse brain slices

了解细胞型特定突触连接是了解大脑范围神经元回路的关键先决条件。远距离连接的功能调查需要对单个神经元进行有针对性的记录，并结合对已识别的远输入的特定刺激。这通常很难用传统和电刺激技术来实现，因为来自上游大脑区域的正克斯可能混合在目标区域。对特定大脑区域进行立体定向，以表达光敏电通道的病毒介导性，允许选择性地刺激来自该区域的光的斧头。除了整个大脑的其他皮下或皮质区域外，脑内立体性注射可用于很好的限定结构，如前脑核。
这里描述的是一套技术，用于精确立体地注射在小鼠大脑中表达通道性多普辛的病毒载体，随后在脑切片制备中对斧子终端进行光刺激。这些协议简单且广泛适用。结合来自后同步连接神经元的全细胞贴片夹记录，对斧头的光刺激可以检测功能性突触连接、药理表征和评价其强度。此外，记录神经元的生物细胞素填充可用于午睡后神经元的时态形态识别。

这里介绍的程序用于表达一种蓝色光敏通道，通过立体注射异位腺相关病毒，在丘拉他（ADN）的前背核中融合到GFP。立体坐标根据小鼠大脑图图确定，并通过注射200 nL荧光示踪荧光荧光荧光荧光红宝石进行测试。注射后10分钟，动物被牺牲，大脑被提取并固定过夜。冠状脑部分准备检查注射部位，该位置被正确放置在ADN中，并限制在ADN（图1A，B）。
<p class="jov...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices at JoVE.com

In Vivo Intracerebral Stereotaxic Injections for Optogenetic Stimulation of Long-Range Inputs in Mouse Brain Slices

该协议描述了一组方法，利用外体脑切片中的光遗传学刺激，确定来自遥远大脑区域的远程输入的细胞类型特定功能连接。

在Vivo脑内立体注射中，用于小鼠脑切片中远距离输入的光遗传学刺激

Knowledge of cell-type specific synaptic connectivity is a crucial prerequisite for understanding brain-wide neuronal circuits. The functional ...

这种方法的目的是利用大脑切片中的光刺激，识别来自遥远大脑区域的远距离输入的功能连接。特定大脑区域的立体轴对准，用于各种光敏感离子通道的中位表达，允许选择性地刺激来自该区域与光的轴子。演示这个程序的将是路易斯·里奇沃，一个博士生，从我小组。手术前，验证动物是否用手趾捏麻醉良好。轻轻地拉出舌头，以方便呼吸。然后，剃颅毛。将20微升盐酸利多基在头部皮肤下进行局部麻醉，等待5分钟。要暴露头骨，在头皮上做一个切口。然后，将动物放在立体的帧中。插入耳条，并把它们放在骨头上稍微到耳朵的左上，并拉下皮肤，创造良好的访问头骨。拧紧耳条并安装鼻片。使用高度调整支撑，水平保持动物的身体和头部水平。在动物下面放置一个加热垫，以保持其在生理温度。然后用棉签涂抹0.9%氯化钠去除软组织，以清洁头骨。调整头骨，使布雷格玛羔羊访问被调平。然后，根据后部和中焦定位头骨上的注射部位，并在上面放置注射针。用一次性针头标记头骨。随后，将注射针向上移动四厘米。使用 0.5 毫米毛刺，以最大速度的一半在标记上创建一毫米直径的颅骨切除术。如果发生出血，用纸巾擦拭。接下来，用泵将其完全弹出，将汉密尔顿注射器中所含的水排空以储存。只有针头里装满了水。将病毒溶液解冻，然后从冰上短暂去除，然后用微管获得700纳米升溶液。接下来，在一块石蜡薄膜上存一滴。将石蜡膜放在颅骨切除术的顶部。将针头插入病毒溶液的滴中，而不改变前柱和侧向位置。之后，使用泵的提取功能在石蜡膜上用约500纳米的病毒溶液填充注射器。在立体镜下执行此过程，观察跌落消失，并确保不吸入任何空气。确保注射器已正确填充。通过向下驾驶柱塞测试喷射系统，以测试喷射一小滴液体。随后，将针头插入大脑到所选深度。按下用于喷射的运行按钮。然后，慢慢取针三到五分钟。立即用干净的蒸馏水清洗针头，将针头灌装数次，以避免堵塞。之后，将动物从立体轴框架中取下。缝合皮肤，使三或四针绑与2-1-1标准手术结。要提取大脑，从颈部到鼻子的皮肤进行切割，然后用剪刀从头骨上切开最后一根椎骨。缩回皮肤，沿着中线切开头骨，从骨道向旋转方向。小心地取出前骨的肠骨和骨质部分。通过插入大脑和颅地板之间，切入嗅觉球、视神经和其他颅神经和小脑，用小圆铲提取大脑。轻轻地将大脑淹没在冰冷的切割溶液中。随后，将大脑转移到滤纸上，轻轻干燥皮质表面。将大脑皮层粘附到振动器的标本支架上，将角侧朝向刀片，以切割水平脑切片。接下来，用冰冷氧切割溶液填充切割室，使大脑完全融合。节300微米厚片与振动组的速度为07毫米/秒，在一毫米振幅。在此阶段，建议使用荧光手电筒和相应的滤镜，简要检查三元色中的 Chronos-GFP 表达。要执行全细胞贴片夹记录，请轻轻地将包含海马复合物的大脑切片传输到记录室。连续在记录室中用 34 摄氏度 ACSF 冒泡，每分钟 2 到 3 毫升。简要检查感兴趣区域轴端子中的 Chronos-GFP 表达式，蓝色 LED 照明的放大倍率为 4 倍。更改为 63 倍沉浸式目标并调整焦点。检查表示 Chronos-GFP 的轴星，并选择一个金字塔神经元进行修补记录。接下来，用葡萄糖酸钾内部溶液填充移液器。将它安装在头台的移液器支架上。在电压夹配置中修补电池。接近识别的神经元，并巧妙地按移液器尖端到索马。正压应在膜表面产生酒窝。然后，释放压力以创建一个千兆密封。密封后，将保持电压设置为负 65 毫伏。用负压的极脉冲打破膜。记录神经元在全细胞电流夹紧模式下对超极化和去极化电流步数的反应。记录电流或电压夹紧后对表达 Chronos 的 475 纳米 LED 全场刺激的射流光纤的射电反应。以20赫兹的10次刺激刺激，持续两毫秒。在全细胞贴片夹配置中记录了第三层中超极化和去极化电流步骤的舱前神经元的活性。刺激 ADN 轴突终端表达 Chronos-GFP 在电流夹紧模式下在上子三主要细胞的上子层中产生兴奋性后突触电位。根据光强，EPSP 可能达到行动潜在阈值。在电压夹紧模式下也观察到突触后反应，因为引起兴奋性突触后电流。这里展示的是一个层三金字塔神经元包围的丘脑轴子表示Chronos-GFP在超小表面层与DAPI染色图像与荧光显微镜。这张照片是在一个更高的放大倍率下用共和显微镜拍摄的。在用荧光示踪剂进行试验实验时，小心地沿轴水平水平定位，对于提高立体喷射的精度至关重要。此过程还可用于通过注射对两种不同波长敏感的两个生成场景来研究不同区域的收敛投影。这项技术的发展使得远程大脑区域之间能够以细胞类型特定的方式进行精确的解剖和功能回路分析。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation

Selective Viral Transduction of Adult-born Olfactory Neurons for Chronic in vivo Optogenetic Stimulation

慢性成人出生的嗅觉神经元的选择性病毒转导在体内 Optogenetic刺激

Local interneurons are continuously regenerated in the olfactory bulb of adult rodents1-3. In this process, called adult neurogenesis, neural stem cells ...

科研

神经科学

Functional Neuroimaging Using Ultrasonic Blood-brain Barrier Disruption and Manganese-enhanced MRI

使用超声波血脑屏障破坏和锰增强MRI的脑功能成像

Although mice are the dominant model system for studying the genetic and molecular underpinnings of neuroscience, functional neuroimaging in mice remains ...

Fiber-optic Implantation for Chronic Optogenetic Stimulation of Brain Tissue

光纤植入慢性Optogenetic刺激脑组织

Elucidating patterns of neuronal connectivity has been a challenge for both clinical and basic neuroscience. Electrophysiology has been the gold standard ...

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

In vivo Postnatal Electroporation and Time-lapse Imaging of Neuroblast Migration in Mouse Acute Brain Slices

成神经细胞迁移的小鼠急性脑片在体内电穿孔产后和时间推移成像

The subventricular zone (SVZ) is one of the main neurogenic niches in the postnatal brain. Here, neural progenitors proliferate and give rise to ...

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

In vivo Optogenetic Stimulation of the Rodent Central Nervous System

在啮齿动物中枢神经系统的体内光遗传学刺激

The ability to probe defined neural circuits in awake, freely-moving animals with cell-type specificity, spatial precision, and high temporal resolution ...

Optogenetic Stimulation of the Auditory Nerve

听觉神经的光遗传学刺激

Direct electrical stimulation of spiral ganglion neurons (SGNs) by cochlear implants (CIs) enables open speech comprehension in the majority of implanted ...

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

Ex Vivo Optogenetic Dissection of Fear Circuits in Brain Slices

在脑片恐惧电路体外光遗传学解剖

Optogenetic approaches are now widely used to study the function of neural populations and circuits by combining targeted expression of light-activated ...

Stereotaxic Surgery for Genetic Manipulation in Striatal Cells of Neonatal Mouse Brains

新生小鼠脑巴细胞基因调控的立体定向手术

Many genes are expressed in embryonic brains, and some of them are continuously expressed in the brain after birth. For such persistently expressed genes, ...

Assessment of Long-term Depression Induction in Adult Cerebellar Slices

成人脑切片长期抑郁症诱导评估

Synaptic plasticity provides a mechanism for learning and memory. For cerebellar motor learning, long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmissions from ...

Ballistic Labeling of Pyramidal Neurons in Brain Slices and in Primary Cell Culture

脑切片和原细胞培养中金字塔神经元的弹道标记

It has been reported that the size and shape of dendritic spines is related to their structural plasticity. To identify the morphological structure of ...