Name: measuring the interaction force between a droplet and a super-hydrophobic substrate by the optical lever method
Uploaded: 2019-06-14T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method at JoVE.com

作者感谢天津市自然科学基金(第18JCQNJC04800号),《摩擦学国家重点实验室摩擦科学基金》(第18号)。SKLTKF17B18)和中国国家自然科学基金(授权号51805367)的支持。

1. SOL校准系统的装配
<ol><li>根据图2所示的原理图组装SOL校准系统。</li>
	<li>将激光固定到支架上,使激光与水平方向之间的角度为 45°。</li>
	<li>将 PSD 固定到另一个支架上,使 PSD 垂直于激光。将 PSD 连接到数据采集设备,将数据采集设备连接到计算机。 注:这些角度由实验者的视觉测量确定,不需要精确为 45° 或 90°。</li>
	<li>将悬臂的较宽端固定到保持装置?...

<ol>
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在此协议中,组装和校准了基于光学杠杆方法的测量系统,用于测量液滴与超疏水基板之间的相互作用力。在所有步骤中,使用静电校准 SOL至关重要。校准实验的结果验证Eq.(8):P(1/Vp1-1/Vp2)与2(1/Vs12-1/Vs22)成正比,从而可以获得通过 PSD 的输出电压测量的力。通过测量不同疏水性液滴与超疏水基板之间的相互作用力的实验...

水滴和超疏水表面的接触在日常生活和工业生产中很常见:水滴从莲叶1、2的表面滑落,水滴在水中快速移动3 ,4,5,6.船舶外表面的超疏水涂层可以帮助降低船舶的腐蚀程度,降低航行7、8、9、10的阻力。在研究液滴和超疏水表面的接触过程方面,工业生产和仿生学研究具有十分重要的意义。
为了观察液滴在固体表面上的扩散过程,Biance使用高速相机拍摄了接触过程,发现惯性系统持续时间主要由11的液滴大小固定。Eddi使用高速相机从底部和侧面拍摄了滴滴与透明板之间的接触过程,全面揭示了粘性滴接触半径的变化与时间12。保罗森将一种电气方法与高速摄像机观察相结合,从而将响应时间缩短到10ns13,14。
原子力显微镜 (AFM) 也用于测量水滴/气泡与固体表面之间的相互作用力。Vakarelski使用AFM悬臂测量两个小气泡(约80-140μm)在水溶液中的相互作用力,在微米到纳米15的受控碰撞中。施用AFM和反射干涉对比显微镜(RICM)的组合,同时测量气泡和不同疏水的云母表面之间的相互作用力和时空演化。16,17.
然而,由于AFM中使用的商业悬臂太小,悬臂上照射的激光点将被飞沫或气泡淹没。AFM 难以测量空气中液滴和液滴/基板之间的相互作用力。
本文设计了一种基于光学杠杆方法的测量系统,用于测量液滴与超疏水基板之间的相互作用力。光学杠杆(S OL)的力灵敏度通过静电18进行校准,然后通过测量系统测量液滴与不同超疏水基板之间的相互作用力。
测量系统的示意图如图1所示。激光和位置敏感探测器 (PSD) 构成光学操纵器系统。毫米硅悬臂用作系统中的敏感组件。基板固定在纳米定位z级上,可以垂直移动。当基板接近滴时,相互作用力导致悬臂弯曲。因此,激光点在 PSD 上的位置将发生变化,PSD 的输出电压也将发生变化。PSD Vp的输出电压与交互力Fi成正比,如 Eq. (1) 所示。
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/59539/59539eq1.jpg">⑴
为了获得相互作用力,必须首先校准SOL。静电作为SOL校准的标准力。如图2所示,悬臂和电极组成一个平行板电容器,可产生垂直方向的静电。静电F由直流电源Vs的电压决定,如Eq.(2)19、20、21 所示。 
<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/59539/59539eq2.jpg">(2)
其中C是平行板电容器的电容,z是悬臂自由端的位移,dC/dz称为电容梯度。电容可以通过电容桥进行测量。C和z之间的数学关系可以通过二次多项式来拟合,如 Eq. (3 所示)。
<img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/59539/59539eq3.jpg">(3)
其中 Q、P 和 CT 分别是二次项、主项和常量项的系数。因此,静电F es可以表示为Eq.(4)。
<img alt="Equation 4" src="/files/ftp_upload/59539/59539eq4.jpg">(4)
由于电容器两个板的重叠面积非常小,根据胡克定律,悬臂上的弹性力可以表示为 Eq.(5):
<img alt="Equation 5" src="/files/ftp_upload/59539/59539eq5.jpg">(5)
其中k是悬臂的刚度。
当施加在悬臂上的弹性力和静力相等时(即,Fi = Fes),悬臂处于平衡状态。Eq. (6) 可以从 Eq 派生。(1)、(2)和(5):
<img alt="Equation 6" src="/files/ftp_upload/59539/59539eq6.jpg">(6)
为了降低校准结果的不确定性,采用差值法计算SOL。两个实验的结果被作为Vs1,Vp1和Vs2,Vp2,并被替换到Eq.(6):
<img alt="Equation 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/59539/59539eq7.jpg">(7)
变换方程,从Eq.(7)的上方程中减去下方程,参数Q和k被消除。然后得到SOL的校准公式,如Eq.(8)所示:
<img alt="Equation 8" src="/files/ftp_upload/59539/59539eq8.jpg">(8)
执行一系列实验,以P(1/Vp1-1/Vp2)为坐标,2(1/Vs12-1/Vs22)作为腹肌。曲线的斜率为 SOL。
获得SOL后,电极将被不同的超疏水基板所取代。液滴和超疏水基板之间的相互作用力将通过如图1所示的系统进行测量。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Camera</td>
			<td>Shenzhen Andonstar Tech Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>digital microscope A1</td>
			<td>Frame rate: 30 frames/sec; Focal distance: 5 mm - 30 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capacitive bridge</td>
			<td>Andeen-Hagerling</td>
			<td>AH2550A</td>
			<td>The capacitive bridge is used to measure the capacitance between the cantilever and the plate electrode.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Data acquisition device</td>
			<td>National Instruments</td>
			<td>USB-4431</td>
			<td>The data acquisition device is used to read the output voltage data.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DC power supply</td>
			<td>Keithley</td>
			<td>2410</td>
			<td>Voltage range: &#177;5 &#956;V; Accuracy: 0.012%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grid</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy China</td>
			<td>AGH100, AGH150, AGH300</td>
			<td>The grid fractions of AGH100, AGH150 and AGH300 are 46.18%, 51.39% and 58.79% respectively</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laser</td>
			<td>Shenzhen Infrared Laser Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>HW650AD100-10BD</td>
			<td>Laser wavelength: 650 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanoparticle</td>
			<td>Rust-Oleum</td>
			<td>274232</td>
			<td>NeverWet Multi-Surface Liquid Repelling Treatment is a revolutionary super hydrophobic coating.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nanopositioning z-stage</td>
			<td>Physik Instrumente</td>
			<td>P622.ZCD</td>
			<td>Travel ranges 50 &#181;m to 250 &#181;m (350 &#181;m open loop); Resolution to 0.1 nm; Linearity error only 0.02%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Position sensitive detector</td>
			<td>Hamamatsu Photonics K.K.</td>
			<td>S1880</td>
			<td>The two-dimensional PSD is used to translate optical signals into electrical signals.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring the interaction force between a droplet and a super-hydrophobic substrate by the optical lever method

本文旨在研究空气中液滴与超疏水基板之间的相互作用力。设计了一种基于光学杠杆方法的测量系统。在测量系统中,毫米悬臂用作力敏感元件。首先,使用静电对光学杠杆的力灵敏度进行校准,这是测量相互作用力的关键步骤。其次,用纳米粒子和铜网格制备三种具有不同网格分数的超疏水基板。最后,通过系统测量了液滴与具有不同网格分数的超疏水基板之间的相互作用力。该方法可用于测量亚微牛顿尺度上的力,分辨率为纳米牛顿。深入研究液滴和超疏水性结构的接触过程,有助于提高涂层、薄膜和印刷的生产效率。本文设计的力测量系统也可用于微力测量的其他领域。

表1显示了板电极的位移和悬臂与电极之间相应的电容。电容C和位移z之间的关系由二次多项式使用MATLAB中的多合函数拟合,如图4所示。 一阶系数 P 可以通过拟合函数获得。P的最终值为0.2799 pF/mm,这是根据10个实验结果计算的平均值。
表2显示了一个实验中PSD的电源电压和相应的输出电压。PSD Vp的输出电...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method at JoVE.com

Measuring the Interaction Force Between a Droplet and a Super-hydrophobic Substrate by the Optical Lever Method

该协议旨在研究水滴和空气中超疏水基板之间的相互作用。这包括校准测量系统,测量具有不同网格分数的超疏水基板的相互作用力。

用光学杠杆方法测量液滴和超疏水基板之间的相互作用力

The goal of this paper is to investigate the interaction force between droplets and super-hydrophobic substrates in the air. A measurement system based on ...

该方法有助于回答仿生和流体力学领域关键问题，如荷叶的超疏水结构和液滴凝结过程。该技术的主要优点是，可以测量亚微牛顿尺度上的力，其分辨率为纳米牛顿。该方法可以深入了解液滴和超疏水结构的接触过程。并可应用于微力测量的其他领域。从未执行过这种技术的个人将挣扎，因为液滴和超疏水基质之间的距离难以精确控制。在适当的实验室工作台上准备测量系统。系统的中心是硅悬臂，它悬浮在纳米位置的Z级。五毫米长悬臂安装在支架的端。高速摄像机位于与悬臂垂直的视线。纳米定位 Z 级具有支撑，该支架可支撑此时的电极。最后，安排了激光和位置敏感探测器来测量悬臂偏转。测量电容梯度后，使用计算机控制的直流电源校准光学操纵杆。此示意图提供校准设置的和视图。板电极位于纳米定位 Z 级。它位于悬臂下方100微米，重叠长度为半毫米。悬臂和电极形成电容器，直流电源的正拉力与悬臂连接，负极拉与板电极相连。接下来，调整激光、位置敏感探测器和悬臂的相对位置。排列它们，使激光束由悬臂反射到探测器。在计算机上，将探测器输出电压的数据采集速率设置为千赫。在直流电源控制软件中，将启动电压设置为零伏特。将端电压设置为 125 伏。以 25 伏增量增加电压。保持每个电压值五秒钟。当电压变化时，监控位置敏感检测器的电压输出。完成此测量序列后，执行类似的序列，从电压为 125 伏，以 25 伏的增量减至零伏。使用五个完整测量数据创建一个图，其中斜率是相互作用力和位置敏感探测器输出电压之间的比例的常数。为准备测量，请断开直流电源与板和悬臂的连接。接下来，使用纳米定位 Z 阶段。确定其板支架上的电极，然后通过从舞台上拧开支架来拆下两个电极。代替他们，在继续之前，将新板支撑拧到 z 阶段。确保高速摄像机的视线垂直于悬臂。接下来，为板支撑获得一个超疏水结构。使用接触角近 180 度的结构将悬垂悬吊从悬臂上的水滴。对于实验，请将此结构贴在 Z 舞台上的板支撑上。使用微移液器，在超疏水结构上放置两微升水滴。现在开始使用纳米定位阶段软件。在此软件中，转到速度对话框，将速度设置为 10 微米/秒。单击前进按钮，开始液滴向上移动。当液滴接触悬臂的自由端时，单击"停止"。一两秒钟后，手动将 Z 级移离悬臂。半球水滴应悬挂在悬臂的下表面。要继续，从板支撑上去除超疏水结构，并获取超疏水基板来代替它。这种基板由一个铜砂砾组成，喷在纳米颗粒上。基板粘在圆柱上。该基板的网格分数为 46.18% 将基板放在板支撑上。调整超疏水基板的位置，使其离悬臂上的半球滴有100微米。在探测器、激光和摄像机打开后，使用纳米定位控制软件重新工作。在速度对话框中，将速度设置为 10 微米/秒。单击前进按钮，启动基板向上移动。当基板和液滴接触时，单击停止。单击后退按钮，将超疏水基板向下移动。当基板和液滴分离时，单击停止按钮。在这些互动力诗句时间的情节中有不同的场景。首先关注黑曲线中的数据，即对于具有栅格分数46.18%的基板，最初基板和液滴与接触点很远。此时，力为零。当基板和液滴之间的距离减小时，产生排斥力。这反映在武力的增加上。一旦基板和液滴接触，两者之间的力变得有吸引力，导致曲线下降，因为液滴通过毛细管作用逐渐弄湿基材。最终，悬臂围绕平衡位置振荡。当使用其他较高的栅格分数时，液滴和基板之间的力级减小。在尝试此过程时，必须记住激光、PSD 和悬臂之间的相关位置不能更改。可以保证测量结果的准确性。开发后，该技术为张力测量领域的研究铺平了道路，以探索液滴与空气中基板接触期间的力。

Research

Education

JoVE Core

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Mechanical Engineering

Engineering

Unit 1

Kinetics of a Particle: Force and Acceleration

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Fabricating Metamaterials Using the Fiber Drawing Method

制造超材料使用光纤拉丝法

Metamaterials are man-made composite materials, fabricated by assembling components much smaller than the wavelength at which they operate 1. They owe ...

科研

工程学

Taking Advantage of Reduced Droplet-surface Interaction to Optimize Transport of Bioanalytes in Digital Microfluidics

以减少液滴表面的相互作用来优化Bioanalytes运输中的数字微流体

Digital microfluidics (DMF), a technique for manipulation of droplets, is a promising alternative for the development of &#8220;lab-on-a-chip&#8221; ...

Patterning via Optical Saturable Transitions - Fabrication and Characterization

通过光学吸收跃迁图案 - 制备与表征

This protocol describes the fabrication and characterization of nanostructures using a novel nanolithographic technique called Patterning via Optical ...

Experiments on Ultrasonic Lubrication Using a Piezoelectrically-assisted Tribometer and Optical Profilometer

使用超声波润滑实验一压电辅助摩擦试验机和光学轮廓

Friction and wear are detrimental to engineered systems. Ultrasonic lubrication is achieved when the interface between two sliding surfaces is vibrated at ...

Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence

测量的方向和旋转速率方法3D打印在湍流颗粒

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing ...

Standardized Method for Measuring Collection Efficiency from Wipe-sampling of Trace Explosives

从微量炸药的擦拭取样测量收集效率的标准化方法

One of the limiting steps to detecting traces of explosives at screening venues is effective collection of the sample. Wipe-sampling is the most common ...

Experimental Implementation of a New Composite Fabrication Method: Exposing Bare Fibers on the Composite Surface by the Soft Layer Method

一种新的复合制备方法的实验实现: 用软层法对复合材料表面裸露纤维进行曝光

The bipolar plate is a key component in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) and vanadium redox flow batteries (VRFBs). It is a multi-functional ...

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy (ATOM)

Microfluidic Imaging Flow Cytometry by Asymmetric-detection Time-stretch Optical Microscopy ATOM

微流控成像流式细胞仪通过不对称检测时间延伸光学显微镜（ATOM）

Scaling the number of measurable parameters, which allows for multidimensional data analysis and thus higher-confidence statistical results, has been the ...

A Pipette-Tip Based Method for Seeding Cells to Droplet Microfluidic Platforms

一种基于管尖的液滴微流化平台种子细胞的方法

Amongst various microfluidic platform designs frequently used for cellular analysis, droplet-microfluidics provides a robust tool for isolating and ...

A Random-displacement Measurement by Combining a Magnetic Scale and Two Fiber Bragg Gratings

通过组合磁量表和两个光纤布拉格光栅进行随机位移测量

Long-distance displacement measurements using optical fibers have always been a challenge in both basic research and industrial production. We developed ...