Name: using the race model inequality to quantify behavioral multisensory integration effects
Uploaded: 2019-05-10T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects at JoVE.com

目前的工作由国家卫生研究所(K01AG049813至JRM)的国家老龄问题研究所支持。补充资金由阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦医学院的雷斯尼克老年学中心提供。特别感谢所有志愿者和科研人员为这个项目提供的特殊支持。

所有参与者都提供了对实验程序的书面知情同意,这些程序得到了阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦医学院机构审查委员会的批准。
1. 参与者招聘、纳入标准和同意
<ol><li>招募一大群讲英语的人,他们可以独立工作,并且没有显著的感官损失;干扰实验评估的活跃神经或精神障碍;以及影响移动性的当前/未来的医疗程序。</li>
	<li>确保每位参与者都能成功完成感官筛查考试,在考试中,视觉、听觉...

<ol>
	<li>Foxe, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Auditory-somatosensory+multisensory+processing+in+auditory+association+cortex:+an+fMRI+study.">Auditory-somatosensory multisensory processing in auditory association cortex: an fMRI study.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 88 (1), 540-543 (2002).</li><li>Molholm, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multisensory+auditory-visual+interactions+during+early+sensory+processing+in+humans:+a+high-density+electrical+mapping+study.">Multisensory auditory-visual interactions during early sensory processing in humans: a high-density electrical mapping study.</a> Brain Research: Cognitive Brain Research. 14 (1), 115-128 (2002).</li><li>Murray, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Grabbing+your+ear:+rapid+auditory-somatosensory+multisensory+interactions+in+low-level+sensory+cortices+are+not+constrained+by+stimulus+alignment.">Grabbing your ear: rapid auditory-somatosensory multisensory interactions in low-level sensory cortices are not constrained by stimulus alignment.</a> Cerebral Cortex. 15 (7), 963-974 (2005).</li><li>Molholm, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Audio-visual+multisensory+integration+in+superior+parietal+lobule+revealed+by+human+intracranial+recordings.">Audio-visual multisensory integration in superior parietal lobule revealed by human intracranial recordings.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 96 (2), 721-729 (2006).</li><li>Peiffer, A. M., Mozolic, J. L., Hugenschmidt, C. E., Laurienti, P. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-related+multisensory+enhancement+in+a+simple+audiovisual+detection+task.">Age-related multisensory enhancement in a simple audiovisual detection task.</a> Neuroreport. 18 (10), 1077-1081 (2007).</li><li>Brandwein, A. 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J., Yuille, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Data Fusion for Sensory Information Processing Systems. , (1990).</li><li>Ernst, M. O., Banks, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humans+integrate+visual+and+haptic+information+in+a+statistically+optimal+fashion.">Humans integrate visual and haptic information in a statistically optimal fashion.</a> Nature. 415 (6870), 429-433 (2002).</li><li>Mahoney, J. R., Verghese, J., Dumas, K., Wang, C., Holtzer, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+multisensory+cues+on+attention+in+aging.">The effect of multisensory cues on attention in aging.</a> Brain Research. 1472, 63-73 (2012).</li><li>Mahoney, J. 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R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual-Somatosensory+Integration+in+Older+Adults:+Links+to+Sensory+Functioning.">Visual-Somatosensory Integration in Older Adults: Links to Sensory Functioning.</a> Multisensory Research. 29 (4-5), 397-420 (2016).</li><li>Couth, S., Gowen, E., Poliakoff, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Using+race+model+violation+to+explore+multisensory+responses+in+older+adults:+Enhanced+multisensory+integration+or+slower+unisensory+processing.">Using race model violation to explore multisensory responses in older adults: Enhanced multisensory integration or slower unisensory processing.</a> Multisensory Research. 31 (3-4), 151-174 (2017).</li><li>Gondan, M., Minakata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+tutorial+on+testing+the+race+model+inequality.">A tutorial on testing the race model inequality.</a> Attention, Perception &amp; Psychophysics. 78 (3), 723-735 (2016).</li><li>Gondan, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+permutation+test+for+the+race+model+inequality.">A permutation test for the race model inequality.</a> Behavior Research Methods. 42 (1), 23-28 (2010).</li><li>Kiesel, A., Miller, J., Ulrich, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Systematic+biases+and+Type+I+error+accumulation+in+tests+of+the+race+model+inequality.">Systematic biases and Type I error accumulation in tests of the race model inequality.</a> Behavior Research Methods. 39 (3), 539-551 (2007).</li><li>Mahoney, J., Cotton, K., Verghese, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multisensory+Integration+Predicts+Balance+and+Falls+in+Older+Adults.">Multisensory Integration Predicts Balance and Falls in Older Adults.</a> Journal of Gerontology: Medical Sciences. , (2018).</li><li>Mahoney, J. 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目前的研究目标是详细说明建立强大的多感官整合表型背后的过程。在这里,我们提供获得多感官积分效应所需的必要和关键步骤,这些效应可用于预测依赖类似神经电路的重要认知和运动结果。我们的总体目标是提供一个分步教程,用于计算多感官整合的幅度,以促进不同临床人群和年龄范围的创新和新颖的翻译多感官研究。
如上所述,Gondan 及其同事概述了这一点,因此保存个人?...

感官系统的相互作用对于日常功能至关重要。虽然使用各种感官组合和不同的神经科学方法在广泛的人群中测量多感官整合效应,包括但不限于心理物理、电生理学和神经成像方法]1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,目前的黄金标准缺乏多感官整合的量化。鉴于多感官实验通常包含行为成分,反应时间(RT)数据经常被检查,以确定是否存在一种称为冗余信号效应10的众所周知的现象。顾名思义,同时的感官信号提供冗余信息,这通常会产生更快的RT。 种族和共激活模型被用来解释上述冗余信号效应11。在竞赛模型下,处理速度最快的单感官信号是比赛的获胜者,并负责产生行为反应。然而,当对多感官刺激的反应比种族模型预测的要快时,就会发生共同激活的证据。
早期版本的种族模型是固有的争议12,13,因为他们被一些人称为过于保守的14,15,并据称包含关于独立性的限制在多感官条件中固有的组成单感官检测时间16。为了解决其中一些限制,科洛尼乌斯和迪迪里希16开发了一个更传统的种族模型测试:
<img alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/59575/59575eq1.jpg">,
将单感官条件的累积分布频率(CDF)(例如,A和B;上限为1)与同时多感官条件(例如AB)的CDF进行比较,以达到任何给定的延迟(t )11, 16,17.一般来说,CDF确定RT在给定RT范围内发生的频率,除以刺激演示的总数(即试验)。如果实际多感官条件的<img alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/59575/59575eq2.jpg">CDF 小于或等于从单感官条件派生的预测 CDF
<img alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/59575/59575eq3.jpg">,
然后种族模型被接受,并且没有感官整合的证据。但是,当多感官 CDF 大于从单感官条件派生的预测 CDF 时,将拒绝比赛模型。对种族模型的排斥表明,来自冗余感官源的多感官相互作用以非线性方式结合,导致RT加速(例如RT促进)加速到多感官刺激。
多感官研究人员面临的一个主要障碍是如何最好地量化整合效应。例如,在最基本的行为多感官范式中,要求参与者执行简单的反应时间任务,收集有关准确性和速度的信息。这种多感官数据可以在面值下使用,或使用各种数学应用进行操作,包括但不限于最大可能性估计18、19、CDFs11以及各种其他统计方法。我们以前的大多数多感官研究都采用定量和概率方法,其中多感官综合效应的计算方法为 1)从平均反应时间将平均反应时间 (RT) 减去到多感官事件(RT)到最短的单感官事件,2)通过使用CDF来确定RT促进是否由多余感官信息8、20、21的协同相互作用产生。22,23.然而,前一种方法可能对综合过程中的个体差异不敏感,研究人员自认为,后来的方法(即CDFs)可以为量化多感官提供更好的代理综合效应24。
Gondan和Minakata最近发表了一个教程,关于如何准确测试种族模型不平等(RMI),因为研究人员经常在获取和预处理阶段的RT数据收集和准备25无数错误。首先,作者认为,在设置了某些优先次序最小值和最大 RT 限制的情况下,应用数据修整过程是不利的。他们建议将慢速和省略的响应设置为无穷大,而不是排除。其次,鉴于 RMI 在任何延迟时都可能遭到违反,因此通常使用多个 t 检验测试在不同时间点(即分位数)测试 RMI;不幸的是,这种做法导致第一类错误增加,统计能力大大降低。为了避免这些问题,建议在一个特定时间范围内测试 RMI。一些研究人员认为,测试反应的最快四分位数(0-25%)26或一些预先识别的窗口(即10-25%)24,27是有意义的,因为通常观察到多感官积分效应在那个时间间隔内;但是,我们认为要测试的百分位数范围必须由实际数据集决定(请参阅协议第 5 节)。依赖来自年轻人的已公布数据或计算机模拟的问题在于,老年人的RT分布非常不同,这可能是由于与年龄相关的感觉系统下降。种族模型显著性测试只应在研究组实际和预测 CDF 之间组平均差波的违反部分(正值)进行测试。
为此,使用传统测试16和Gondan及其同事25提出的原则,证明了健康老年人多感官整合的保护作用。事实上,视觉感觉RMI(多感官整合的代理)的较大幅度被发现与更好的平衡性能、较低的事故坠落概率和增加的空间步态性能有关28,29 。
当前实验的目的是为研究人员提供一个分步教程,以使用 RMI 计算多感官集成效应的大小,从而促进跨区域增加各种翻译研究的编制许多不同的临床人群。请注意,目前研究中提供的数据来自最近发表的对健康老年人28、29进行的视觉体感实验,但这种方法可以应用于不同人群的不同实验设计,利用多感官组合的宽阵列。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>stimulus generator</td>
			<td>Zenometrics, LLC; Peekskill, NY, USA</td>
			<td>n/a</td>
			<td>custom-built</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Excel</td>
			<td>Microsoft Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>spreadsheet program</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eprime</td>
			<td>Psychology Software Tools (PST)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>stimulus presentation software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using the race model inequality to quantify behavioral multisensory integration effects

多感官整合研究研究大脑如何处理同时的感官信息。对动物(主要是猫和灵长类动物)和人类的研究表明,完整的多感官整合对于现实世界中的功能至关重要,包括认知和身体活动。在过去几十年中进行的大部分研究都记录了使用各种心理物理、电生理学和神经成像技术进行多感官整合的影响。虽然已经报道了它的存在,但用于确定多感官整合效应程度的方法各不相同,通常面临许多批评。下面概述了以前行为研究的局限性,并提供了一个分步教程,用于使用稳健的概率模型计算多感官积分效应的幅度。

本研究的目的是提供一个分步教程,介绍一种有条不紊的方法,以量化VS积分效应的规模,促进使用类似的实验设计和设置出版新的多感官研究(见图1) ).根据RMI AUC测量,得出多感官积分效应的幅度所需的每个步骤和计算的屏幕截图,在上面进行了描绘,如图2-8所示。
图 9显示了在 0-10% 百分位数范围内发生的组平均冲突(虚线跟?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects at JoVE.com

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

使用种族模型不平等来量化行为多感官整合效应

目前的研究旨在提供一个逐步教程,用于计算多感官整合效应的幅度,以促进不同临床人群的转化研究的产生。

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) ...

建立一种可重复的方法来计算多感官整合效应的大小非常重要，因为它将有助于促进未来不同临床人群的转化研究。我们技术的主要优点是，我们能够量化一个健壮的多感官整合表型，该表型随后与衰老中重要的认知和运动结果（如平衡、跌倒、步态和执行功能）相关。首先使用刺激演示软件对一个简单的反应时间实验进行编程，实验条件有三个，视觉单独，躯体感觉单独，同时视觉体感。使用带三个控制盒的刺激发生器。左右控制箱包含用于视觉刺激的双边蓝色发光二极管和具有 0.8 G 振动振幅的双边电机，振动用于躯体感官刺激，以及用于刺激器的塑料外壳。接下来，将一个中心虚拟控制箱与左右控制框等距放置，并贴上可视目标贴纸作为固定点。实验设置后，护送学员到测试室。让参与者直立坐着，舒适地把手放在左右控制箱上。战略性地将食指放在安装在控制箱背面的振动电机上，并在 LED 下控制箱前部竖起大拇指，以不阻挡光线。通过向参与者提供耳机，确保躯体感官刺激听不到，在舒适的水平上播放连续的白噪声。让学员使用右脚下的脚踏板作为响应垫。最后，让参与者尽快响应每个刺激，无论他们是否感觉到、看到它或感觉到它并看到它。首先分析，排除在任何一个刺激条件下不能达到 70% 正确或更高的精度的参与者。如果参与者未能在设定的响应时间内对刺激做出响应，则将试验考虑不准确，并设置相应的反应时间（RT）为无穷大，而不是将试验排除在分析之外。RT 数据按实验条件按升序排序。将视觉、感觉和 VS 条件放在已排序的 RT 数据单独的列中。确保每行表示一个试用版，每个单元格表示实际的 RT。请注意，不要使用删除非常慢的 RT 的数据修整过程，因为这将偏向 RT 数据的分布。确保明显异常值的 RT 设置为无穷大。然后，要装箱 RT 数据，请确定最快和最慢的 RT。从最快速度中减去最慢的 RT，以便计算个人在所有测试条件下的 RT 范围。将 0% 到 100% 增量的 Bin RT 数据通过采取最快的 RT 并逐渐将 5% 添加到先前计算的 RT 范围，直到占 100% 的 RT 数据，从而产生 21 个时间箱。接下来，在计算机电子表格中，使用频率函数，其中数组 1 等于其中一个实验条件的实际 RT，而数组 2 等于以前计算的 21 个量化 RT bin 除以每个条件的试验总数 45。然后，通过求和三个实验条件中每个计算箱中的概率总数求和来创建累积分布频率或 CDF。多感官条件的 CDF 表示实际 CDF。要计算预测的 CDF，请将两个单感官 CDF 相和，上限设置为 1。在 21 个量化时间箱中每个时间条区中使用此公式。从零百分位开始，一直一直一直向下一直向下至 bin 21 的第 100 个百分位。接下来，要执行种族模型不等式测试，从 21 个量化时间箱的每个实际 CDF 中减去预测的 CDF 以获取差值。将这 21 个值绘制为线图，其中 x 轴表示每个量化时间箱，y 轴表示实际和预测 CDF 之间的概率差。在这里，任何延迟的正值表示单感官刺激的集成，并反映对 RMI 的违反。要量化组级别的多感官效果，请对所有参与者的单个 RMI 数据进行分组平均。使用电子表格将个人分配给行，将时间箱分配给列。然后，在一个新的电子表格中，将以前计算的 21 个差值放入单个行和时间条箱中的平均值，以创建一个组平均差值波形。然后，将组平均值 21 绘制为线图，其中 x 轴表示每个量化时间箱，y 轴表示 CDF 之间的概率差。最后，使用参与者的数据作为示例，计算每个人曲线下的面积。将时间 bin 1 的 CDF 差值与时间 bin 2 的 CDF 差值相和，然后除以 2。目视检查包含正值的每个连续对时间箱。然后，求和这些结果，在 0.00 到 0.10 的被侵犯百分位数范围内生成 CDF 差分波的总 AUC。结果显示，对333名老年人的样本，在零到10%的范围内发生群体平均违规。这三个量比的正值为零、一、二或三，确定一个人分别被分配到哪个多感官分类组，即缺陷、差、好或优越。正如我们前面描述的那样，避免数据修整过程至关重要，因为它偏向了RT分布。反应时间慢和省略试验需要设置为无穷大。这里的主要目标是开发一个强大的多感官集成表型。话虽如此，我们意识到在老化时的差异多感官集成模式，我们的下一步将是发现负责这种集成过程的神经网络，同时确定特定的结构或功能变化如何促成差分集成模式。我们正在努力确定与衰老中视觉-躯体感觉整合相关的神经相关，我们相信，这种发展将提供对几种疾病的见解，包括但不限于阿尔茨海默氏症和帕金森氏症。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Stereotactic Injection of MicroRNA-expressing Lentiviruses to the Mouse Hippocampus CA1 Region and Assessment of the Behavioral Outcome

立体定向注射的microRNA表达慢病毒的小鼠海马CA1区和行为结果的评估

MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small regulatory single-stranded RNA molecules around 22 nucleotides long that may each target numerous mRNA transcripts and dim an ...

科研

行为学

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station (INBEST)

Behavioral Phenotyping of Murine Disease Models with the Integrated Behavioral Station INBEST

小鼠疾病模型的集成行为车站行为表型（INBEST）

Due to rapid advances in genetic engineering, small rodents have become the preferred subjects in many disciplines of biomedical research. In studies of ...

The Forced Swim Test as a Model of Depressive-like Behavior

在强迫游泳试验作为抑郁样行为的模型

The goal of the present protocol is to describe the forced swim test (FST), which is one of the most commonly used assays for the study of depressive-like ...

Applying Stereotactic Injection Technique to Study Genetic Effects on Animal Behaviors

应用立体定向注射技术在研究动物行为的遗传效应

Stereotactic injection is a useful technique to deliver high titer lentiviruses to targeted brain areas in mice. Lentiviruses can either overexpress or ...

Vagus Nerve Stimulation as a Tool to Induce Plasticity in Pathways Relevant for Extinction Learning

迷走神经刺激作为一种工具来诱导可塑性相关途径灭绝学习

Extinction describes the process of attenuating behavioral responses to neutral stimuli when they no longer provide the reinforcement that has been ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

一种方法来量化视觉信息加工儿童使用眼动追踪

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Behavioral Disturbances: An Innovative Approach to Monitor the Modulatory Effects of a Nutraceutical Diet

行为障碍：一个创新的方法来监控保健品饮食的调节作用

In dogs, diets are often used to modulate behavioral disturbances related to chronic anxiety and stress caused by intense and restless activity. However, ...

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies

Using the FishSim Animation Toolchain to Investigate Fish Behavior: A Case Study on Mate-Choice Copying In Sailfin Mollies

利用fishsim动画工具链调查鱼类行为--以鱼翅钼中的选物复制为例

Over the last decade, employing computer animations for animal behavior research has increased due to its ability to non-invasively manipulate the ...

Behavioral Assessments of Spontaneous Locomotion in a Murine MPTP-induced Parkinson's Disease Model

小鼠 mptp 诱导的帕金森病模型中自发性运动的行为评估

Parkinson&#8217;s disease (PD) is a common neurodegenerative disorder disease, causing the phenomenon of shaking, rigidity, slowness of movement and ...

Assessing the Autonomic and Behavioral Effects of Passive Motion in Rats using Elevator Vertical Motion and Ferris-Wheel Rotation

使用电梯垂直运动和摩天轮旋转评估大鼠被动运动的自主性和行为效应

The overall goal of this study is to assess the autonomic and behavioral effects of passive motion in rodents using the elevator vertical motion and ...