Name: exploring infant sensitivity to visual language using eye tracking and the preferential looking paradigm
Uploaded: 2019-05-15T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm at JoVE.com

这项研究的数据收集工作在加州大学圣地亚哥分校的UCSD思维、体验和感知实验室(UCSD MEP实验室)进行。资金由NIH R01EY024623(博斯沃思和多布金斯)和NSF SBE-1041725(Petitto & Allen;向博斯沃思分奖)提供。我们感谢MEPLab学生研究小组,以及参与这项研究的加州圣迭戈的婴儿和家庭。

以下程序,涉及人类参与者,由加州大学圣地亚哥分校的人类研究保护计划批准。
1. 参与者筛选和准备
<ol><li>在规定年龄范围内(例如,5至14个月大)招募婴儿。使用多种方法,包括社交媒体、传单、邮政邮件。考虑与当地医院或政府办公室签订协议,检索记录,列出新生儿、他们的父母及其邮寄地址,以便通过邮寄直接联系他们。</li>
	<li>当感兴趣的父母致电实验室进行排班时,筛选婴...

<ol>
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我们使用优先外观范式来发现证据,表明婴儿对语言信号中的特定视觉提示可能敏感,尽管他们以前没有签名语言的经验。此外,这种敏感性只在年幼的婴儿中观察到,而不是年龄较大的婴儿,这是典型的感性缩小功能的一种表现。基于年龄的基于基于音节限制的格式良好的音节的偏好的证据,使我们能够进一步假设,音系可能是婴儿语言学习的重要提示7。刺激经过精心设计,提供两种截?...

发展科学的首要目标是研究婴儿和儿童认知功能、语言和社会认知的出现。眼动是由参与者的意图、理解、知识、兴趣和对外部世界的关注来调节的。收集婴儿的电运动反应,同时定向和扫描视觉静态或动态图像,可以提供有关婴儿对其外部视觉世界及其接收的语言输入的新兴理解和关注的信息。
虽然眼动追踪技术已经存在了一百多年,但直到最近,它才在效率和可用性方面有所进步,使得它可用于研究婴儿。在过去的十年里,眼动追踪揭示了很多关于婴儿的心理世界。例如,我们现在知道很多关于短期记忆,对象遮挡,以及从凝视行为1,2,3对即将到来的事件的预期。眼动追踪也可以用来学习婴儿语言学习4。一般来说,婴儿语言学习取决于辨别环境中存在的感官线索和识别语言传播最突出的线索的能力5,6。发育科学家试图更好地了解这些感官线索是什么,为什么它们吸引婴儿的注意力,以及如何关注这些线索,使婴儿的语言学习成为支架。本文提出了一个眼动追踪协议和一种优先的看模式,可以一起使用来研究婴儿对口头或签名语言中这种暗示的敏感性。
在Stone等人7,眼睛跟踪使用优先外观范式,以测试符号天真的婴儿是否具有对一组语音对比在符号语言的敏感性。这些对比因语系(即感性显著性)而不同,这是一种结构语言属性,存在于口语和符号语言 7、8、9、10、11中。 12,13.声名被认为对语音学限制在口语和符号语言中的音节形式很重要,因此,遵守基于音音的限制的音节被认为更"格式良好"。婴儿在听语音时,被观察到在多种语言的格式错误音节上表现出对良好格式音节的行为偏好,甚至在14、15之前从未听过的语言中也是如此。我们假设婴儿也会对签名语言中格式良好的音节表现出类似的偏好,即使他们以前没有签名语言的经验。
我们进一步假设,这种偏好-或敏感性-将受到感性缩小。这是语言习得现象,当婴儿接近其第一个生日时,婴儿对许多语言特征的早期普遍敏感度减弱为只有婴儿在语言中所接触的16种特征。 ,17.我们招募了更年轻(6个月大)和年龄较大的(12个月大)婴儿,选择这些年龄,因为他们处于感知缩小功能的两端,对新颖的语音对比敏感17,18, 19.我们预测,年轻的婴儿会表现出对符号语言中格式良好的音节的偏好,但年龄较大的婴儿不会。婴儿们观看了由良好格式和畸形的指法组成的视频,选择有两个原因。 首先,用流利的指法拼音的音节被解释为服从基于音音的语音限制8,提供了一个产生实验对比的机会,直接测试婴儿在早期是否对基于音名的提示敏感语言学习。其次,我们选择指法代替身体和面部的完整符号,因为手指拼写允许我们更严格地控制可能的感性混淆,包括手部运动的速度和大小,而完整的符号在签名时差异很大空间和移动速度。我们的研究只使用显示手的视频,但这种模式可以概括为显示签名者和说话者头部或全身的视频,甚至显示动物或无生命的物体,具体取决于所研究的科学问题和对比度。
使用偏好偏好范式来衡量对语言或感官对比的敏感度的价值是相对简单和易于控制。在这种范式中,婴儿被并排呈现两种刺激,它们仅因一个维度或与研究问题相关的特征而不同。婴儿有机会放弃这两种刺激。记录和分析每个刺激的总观察时间。这两种刺激的寻找行为的显著差异表明,婴儿可能能够感知两种刺激的不同维度。由于两种刺激同时显示,持续时间相等,因此整个实验对婴儿行为的特性(注意力不集中、寻找别处、挑剔、哭泣)进行了很好的控制。这与按顺序显示刺激的其他模式相比,在这种情况下,婴儿可能出于与刺激无关的原因,自发地对不同的刺激表现出不同程度的关注(例如,在有刺激的期间更挑剔)更多的试验刺激A比刺激B)。此外,不需要说明和理解刺激;婴儿只需要看看它。最后,这种模式不需要积极监测婴儿的行为作为标准,以改变刺激表达,这是常见的婴儿控制习惯范式16,20。外观偏好范式也适合测试有关查找首选项的假设,而不是差异。换句话说,除了婴儿能够区分刺激A和刺激B之外,研究人员还可以测试刺激导致看起来行为增加或减少,这可能有助于了解婴儿新生的偏见和新兴的认知。
更一般地说,现代非侵入性眼动追踪技术的优势是众多的。眼动追踪依赖于测量从设备发射并反射出参与者眼睛1,21的近红外光。这种红外光是不可见的,不可察觉的,完全安全的。眼动追踪实验不需要任何指令,只依赖于被动观察。当前模型通过简单的设置在短时间内生成大量注视数据。婴儿可以坐在父母的腿上,根据我们的经验,他们经常喜欢这个实验。大多数现代远程眼动仪不需要头部约束或放在婴儿身上的物品,并且对头部运动非常稳健,在眨眼、哭泣、移出范围或望向远方后会迅速恢复。如果需要,除了眼部位置数据外,还可以记录眼孔模式、头部位置数据和孔测仪。
进行婴儿眼动追踪研究的挑战是真实的,但不是不可克服的。由于婴儿的运动、注意力不集中、烦躁和嗜睡,眼动追踪数据可能会很嘈杂。实验必须经过设计,以便在大约 10 分钟或更短时间完成 - 这可能是一个优势,在实验室访问是快速,但也缺点是,如果您需要获得更多的数据或有几个实验条件。另一个重要的警告是,一个零发现并不意味着婴儿对实验操作不敏感。如果婴儿在 Stimuli A 和 Stimuli B 之间没有显著差异,则这一发现可能意味着 (1) 对 A 和 B 之间的差异不敏感,或者 (2) 未能引起行为偏好。例如,也许婴儿同样被A和B迷住了,即使婴儿对它们之间的差异很敏感。此问题可以通过添加第二个条件来解决,理想情况下使用相同的(或高度相似的)刺激,但测试沿不同的维度,已知婴儿确实表现出行为偏好。如果婴儿在第一个条件下没有表现出偏好,但在第二种情况中表现出偏好,那么可以解释婴儿能够证明对刺激的偏好,这有助于澄清对任何无效结果的解释。最后,精确校准眼动仪至关重要。校准必须准确,同时具有较低的空间和时间误差,以便眼睛凝视数据可以精确映射到实验刺激。换句话说,"你的学习只和校准一样好。刺激演示前后的校准检查可以提供额外的置信度。详细和优秀的评论校准眼跟踪与婴儿已在其他地方发表1,21,22,23,24,25, 26,27.

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Eye Tracker</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Tobii</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:639px;">Model X120</td>
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		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:223px;">Experiment Presentation &#38; Gaze Analysis Software</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Tobii</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td style="width:639px;">Tobii Studio Pro</td>
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		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:223px;">Experimenter Monitor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Dell</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td>Dell Professional P2210 22&#34; Wide Monitor</td>
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			<td height="22" style="height:23px;width:223px;">Stimulus Monitor</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Dell</td>
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			<td>Generic 17&#34; Monitor</td>
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			<td style="width:71px;">Dell</td>
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			<td style="width:639px;">Dell Precision T5500 Advanced with 2.13 Ghz Quad Core Intel Xeon Processor and 4 GB DDR3 Memory) with 250 GB SSD hard disk and standard video output cards.</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Webcamera</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Logitech</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td>Logitech C150 HD Cam</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Video Capture Card</td>
			<td style="width:71px;">Osprey</td>
			<td style="width:71px;"></td>
			<td>Osprey 230 Video Capture Card (to capture stimulus that is output to Stimulus Monitor)</td>
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exploring infant sensitivity to visual language using eye tracking and the preferential looking paradigm

我们讨论了在眼动追踪研究中使用优先外观范式,以研究婴儿如何发展、理解和关注周围的世界。眼动追踪是一种安全且非侵入性的方式,可以收集婴儿的凝视数据,而优先外观模式设计简单,只需要婴儿注意屏幕。通过同时显示两个在一个维度上不同的视觉刺激,我们可以评估婴儿是否对任一刺激表现出不同的外观行为,从而表现出对这种差异的敏感性。这种实验方法的挑战是,实验必须保持简短(不超过10分钟),并小心控制,使两种刺激仅以一种方式不同。还必须认真考虑对无效结果的解释。在本文中,我们演示了一个成功的婴儿眼动追踪研究的成功例子,该研究具有优先的观察范式,发现 6 个月大的婴儿对签名语言的语言线索很敏感,尽管他们以前没有接触过签名语言,暗示婴儿对这些线索有内在或先天的敏感性。

在斯通等人的样本中,有16名婴儿(平均年龄=5.6~0.6个月;范围=4.4-6.7个月;8名女性)和13名年龄较大的婴儿(平均年龄=11.8~0.9个月;范围=10.6-12.8个月;7个女性)。这些婴儿以前都没见过手语。首先,我们评估了各年龄组之间总观察时间的差异,没有发现显著差异(以:48.8 s vs. 36.7 s;t(27) = 1.71;p = 0.10)。这排除了对以下结果进行无关年龄相关解释的可能性(例如,注意力、转头、眨眼)。在有子状...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm at JoVE.com

Exploring Infant Sensitivity to Visual Language using Eye Tracking and the Preferential Looking Paradigm

使用优先外观范式的眼动追踪研究可用于研究婴儿对外部视觉世界的新理解和关注。

利用眼动追踪和偏好外观范式探索婴儿对视觉语言的敏感度

We discuss the use of the preferential looking paradigm in eye tracking studies in order to study how infants develop, understand, and attend to the world ...

眼动追踪是研究婴儿如何了解周围环境的理想之选。以及他们如何利用这些环境线索来学习语言。在这里，我们研究那些可能指导婴儿语言学习的感性暗示。眼动追踪和我们这里介绍的方法的主要优点是，它是一种安全、可靠和非侵入性的方式，可以在短时间内收集大量的注视数据。首先设计查找首选项范式，其中两个不同的视频刺激同时显示，每个刺激在屏幕的一半上。确保两种刺激因一个特征而不同，并且对于所有其他视觉元素都相同。在每次试验前插入注意力抓取图像，以在试验开始前保持婴儿的注意力并将其重定向到屏幕中心。在实验序列的开头和结束，插入一个由三张幻灯片组成的三点校准检查过程，每个幻灯片都有一个目标出现在左上角、屏幕中心和右下角。接下来，将眼动仪直接放在刺激监测器下，以低角度放置，以便它尽可能直接面对婴儿的脸。使用标尺和数字角度计测量眼动仪和监视器的位置和角度。将单独的 Web 摄像机（通常称为用户或场景摄像机）放在刺激监视器上方，以记录实验期间参与者的全脸。最后，设置了实验演示软件，通常使用眼动仪提供，用于显示刺激、记录眼部运动、记录用户或场景摄像头、在实验期间显示凝视点，以及可选地执行凝视数据分析。首先护送父母和婴儿进入测试室。解释程序，并获得签名同意继续进行实验。收集标准的人口统计学和医疗信息，以及有关婴儿语言和技术环境的信息。然后，调暗实验室的灯光，并确保房间里没有其他明显的视觉干扰。使用窗帘遮挡婴儿的视野，使婴儿远离房间内的所有干扰物。请家长坐在椅子上，让婴儿坐在他们的腿上。为了提供更多的稳定性，父母可能会将婴儿绑在放在父母腿上的软助推器座椅上。使用眼动仪软件确认婴儿的眼睛对眼动仪可见。接下来，根据眼动仪说明执行五点校准程序。校准成功验证后，开始三点校准检查的实验。手动控制每个目标的持续时间，当婴儿在一张幻灯片中固定目标时，立即向下一个目标移动。然后继续实验，从第一次试验前的吸引注意力开始。手动控制注意力抓取器显示的时间，并在婴儿固定在注意力抓取器上时开始试用。显示所有试验后，再次执行相同的三点校准检查程序，以测试试验过程中是否可能发生的信号漂移或校准更改。实验完成后，提供补偿，如果同意分享额外的传单，或材料，供家长分发给他们的同龄人，以协助招聘。最后，通过绘制两个感兴趣的区域 AOIs 来分析数据，每个区域用于屏幕的每一侧。确保 AOIs 略大于可视元素本身，以适应任何轻微的校准不准确或标准仪器错误。在屏幕中心的两个 AOIs 之间保持大约 25 像素或更大的间隙。然后，通过汇总 AOI 内的所有注视点，并将此计数乘以采样间隔，计算每个试验的每个 AOI 的总查找时间。结果表明，尽管从未接触过手语，但年龄较大的婴儿对手语中基于声音的语音限制很敏感。此外，年轻和年长的婴儿有不同的观赏偏好直立，和倒置签名刺激。具体来说，年幼的婴儿看直立刺激的时间较长，而年龄较大的婴儿看倒置刺激的时间较长。一些重要的事情要记住。首先，确保在记录过程中没有像婴儿的位置那样的重大变化。您不希望身体有大动作，也不希望光线发生变化。此外，重要的是，呈现给婴儿的两种刺激只以一种方式不同，因此，如果婴儿喜欢看其中之一，那么您将知道原因，结果可以解释为与一个视觉特征。眼动追踪技术使科学家能够更好地了解婴儿如何感知和组织他们世界中的线索。集成的跟踪软件和设备变得更加先进和通用，使我们能够更轻松地测试婴儿并解决问题，这是 10 年前我们无法更好地了解婴儿发育的方式。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

一种方法来量化视觉信息加工儿童使用眼动追踪

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

科研

行为学

Eye Tracking During Visually Situated Language Comprehension: Flexibility and Limitations in Uncovering Visual Context Effects

视觉语言理解中的眼动追踪: 发现视觉语境效果的灵活性和局限性

The present work is a description and an assessment of a methodology designed to quantify different aspects of the interaction between language processing ...

Using Eye Movements Recorded in the Visual World Paradigm to Explore the Online Processing of Spoken Language

利用视觉世界范式中的眼球运动探索口语的在线处理

In a typical eye tracking study using the visual world paradigm, participants' eye movements to objects or pictures in the visual workspace are recorded ...

Eye-tracking to Distinguish Comprehension-based and Oculomotor-based Regressive Eye Movements During Reading

眼动追踪在阅读中区分基于理解的和基于眼球的退行性眼球运动

Regressive eye movements are eye movements that move backwards through the text and comprise approximately 10-25% of eye movements during reading. As ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

用视觉世界范式研究自闭症普通话儿童的句子理解

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

Gaze in Action: Head-mounted Eye Tracking of Children's Dynamic Visual Attention During Naturalistic Behavior

行动中的目光: 在自然主义行为中对儿童动态视觉注意力的头戴式眼动

Young children's visual environments are dynamic, changing moment-by-moment as children physically and visually explore spaces and objects and interact ...

Investigating the Deployment of Visual Attention Before Accurate and Averaging Saccades via Eye Tracking and Assessment of Visual Sensitivity

通过视觉跟踪和视觉灵敏度评估, 探讨准确、平均的视频前视觉注意的部署

This experimental protocol was designed to investigate whether visual attention is obligatorily deployed at the endpoint of saccades. To this end, we ...

Defining the Role Of Language in Infants' Object Categorization with Eye-tracking Paradigms

用眼动跟踪范式界定语言在婴儿对象分类中的作用

Assessing infant category learning is a challenging but vital aspect of studying infant cognition. By employing a familiarization-test paradigm, we ...

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing

测量衰老对句子处理影响的实验范式

Previous studies have found that older adults have greater difficulties in processing syntactically complex sentences than younger adults. However, the ...

A Methodology for Capturing Joint Visual Attention Using Mobile Eye-Trackers

使用移动眼动追踪器捕捉联合视觉注意力的方法

With the advent of new technological advances, it is possible to study social interactions at a microlevel with unprecedented accuracy. High frequency ...