Name: quantifying the relative thickness of conductive ferromagnetic materials using detector coil-based pulsed eddy current sensors
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作者要感谢迈克尔·贝伦斯和达米思·阿贝瓦达纳在设计和实施几个传感硬件组件方面所作的贡献。阿伦·阿伦皮耶维奇、特雷莎·维达尔-卡莱亚、加米尼·迪萨纳亚克和萨拉斯·科达戈达发挥的研究监督作用，以及资助和与关键管道项目合作的所有个人和组织所作的贡献也得到了承认.

1.从基于检测器线圈的 PEC 信号中提取衰减速率
<ol><li>以 ln_V（t）的对数形式表示可用的实验捕获 PEC 信号（即时域探测器线圈电压（表示为 V（t））。*以 ln_V（t） 表示的典型 PEC 信号如图1所示。</li>
	<li>以 使信号满足<img align="center" alt="Equation 2" src="/files/ftp_upload/59618/59618eq2g.jpg"><img align="center" alt="Equation 3" src="/files/ftp_upload/596...

<ol>
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提出了一种使用基于探测器线圈的PEC传感器量化导电铁磁性材料的相对厚度（即厚度相对于参考材料的百分比）的协议。此方法的主要优点是能够克服校准要求（即克服测量或估计被检测材料的磁渗透性和导电性以实现厚度量化的需要）。该协议涉及时域 PEC 信号的对数表示、在信号后期阶段识别线性区域、将直线拟合到线性区域并提取衰减率（即α），并通过方程<img align="center" alt="Equation...

脉冲涡流（PEC）传感技术也许是涡流（EC）无损评估（NDE）技术系列中用途最广的成员，在缺陷检测和定量以及金属和金属结构的几何形状方面有许多应用。导电铁磁壁状结构的厚度定量，壁厚不超过几毫米至几十毫米，是基础设施结构健康监测领域的一项高需求工程服务。能源、水、石油和天然气行业通常都有由铁磁合金制造的关键基础设施，需要这种服务。虽然PEC传感器可以按照几种架构进行设计，但基于探测器线圈的架构被确定为在铁磁性材料2、3、4、5的状态评估中最为有效和最常用的。因此，基于检测线圈的PEC传感器架构为导电铁磁性材料厚度量化问题奠定了基础。
探测器线圈的PEC传感器架构通常由两个同心缠绕、空气芯、导电线圈2、3、4、5、6（通常是铜线圈）组成。风这些线圈呈圆形2、3、4、5、6是很常见的，但偶尔，矩形线圈6被使用。从传感器中的两个线圈中，一个作为激励线圈，另一个充当探测器线圈。在 PEC 传感器中，激励器线圈由电压脉冲激发 - 原则上可以描述为强步功能。此脉冲激发在传感器周围产生瞬态磁场（称为主磁场）。当传感器放置在导电测试件（例如，导电铁磁性壁状结构）附近时，此瞬态磁场在测试件中产生随时间变化的涡流。这些涡流产生一个二次磁场（称为次磁场），与主磁场相反。为了响应主磁场和二级磁场的产生效应，探测器线圈中会产生瞬态电压，这成为该工作感兴趣的时域 PEC 信号。
PEC传感器检测器线圈电压衰减率（表示为β）已报告6，7，8，以显示相称性<img align="center" alt="Equation 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/59618/59618eq7a.jpg">[]2，当一个信号被获取，放置一个PEC传感器在磁渗透性的导电铁磁性层*，电导率=，和厚度d。虽然此衰减率信号特征对传感器尺寸、传感器形状和提升6、7、8等参数具有相当大的抗扰度，这使得衰减率非常适合具有挑战性的 NDE 方案，如原位管道状况评估9、10、11），但必须校准此功能（即，估计被检查材料的α，=±]），以便实现厚度（即）。 ，d） 量化。为了使传统的衰变率方法基于厚度定量6，8，这种校准必须通过提取校准样品6，8或涉及涡流为基础的材料属性表征方法12，13。或者，通过以相对厚度的形式表示厚度，可以避免校准的复杂性。假设进行 NDE 练习并从信号中提取α值，则从质量上代表测试件中最大厚度点的α值将被视为参考值（即αref <img align="center" alt="Equation 7" src="/files/ftp_upload/59618/59618eq7a.jpg"> </img> _d最大值2）;然后，任何其他位置的厚度可以表示为形式<img align="center" alt="Equation 1" src="/files/ftp_upload/59618/59618eq1g.jpg">中最大厚度的百分比，将相对厚度作为输出，这仍然是有用的定性信息作为 NDE 输出，也具有不必为*，进行校准的简单性。此处介绍的协议描述了为此应遵循的步骤。
由于衰减速率=显示了探测器线圈的PEC传感器架构的通用性，同时表现出对传感器设计参数以及升空6、7、8、14的抗扰度，因此，从业者可以使用他们选择的任何探测器线圈PEC传感系统，按照此处的协议进行相对厚度量化。导电铁磁性材料的PEC传感器设计示例可供感兴趣的读者15使用。这项工作中提出的信号和结果，是利用悉尼科技大学6、8号开发的PEC系统获得的。PEC系统获得代表结果的导电铁磁性材料是从澳大利亚悉尼9号、10号、11号管道试验台中提取的灰铸铁。
需要注意的是，本出版物中提出的方法、结果和讨论明确侧重于利用基于探测器线圈的PEC传感器架构的时域信号的衰减率对导电铁磁性材料进行厚度量化。该出版物没有包括关于PEC传感原则和传感器配置的一般惯例的更广泛讨论。其他已出版的作品16，17，18可以帮助读者更深入地了解PEC传感器配置，而不是基于探测器线圈的传感器架构。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>A Detector Coil-based PEC Sensing System.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The representative results in this work were generated using the PEC system developed by University of Technology Sydney (UTS), Australia and published in works 6,8. This system may be accessible to readers via collaborating with UTS.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A suitable conductive ferromagnetic material of varying thickness.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The representative results in this work were generated by acquiring PEC measurements on grey cast iron test pieces extracted from a pipe test-bed located in Sydney Australia, whose location and vintage details are available in references 9-11. The pipe test-bed as well as the extracted calibration samples may be accessible to readers via collaborating with UTS.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>A computation platform for PEC signal processing</td>
			<td>MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>A computation platform in which the PEC signal processing algorithm can be coded and executed is required. In this publication, PEC signal processing was done using a software executable named &#34;PEC_Signal_Processor&#34;, produced using MATLAB R2017b, Publisher: MathWorks, Natick, MA, USA.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>An application that can produce a table containing raw PEC signals (e.g., Microsoft Office Excel).</td>
			<td>Microsoft Corporation, One Microsoft Way, Redmond, Washington, USA.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Microsoft Office Excel (Office 16) was used for the work of this publication.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

quantifying the relative thickness of conductive ferromagnetic materials using detector coil-based pulsed eddy current sensors

通过无损评价（NDE）对导电铁磁性材料进行厚度定量是基础设施结构健康监测的重要组成部分，特别是用于评估大直径导电材料的状况。能源、水、石油和天然气领域的铁磁管。脉冲涡流 （PEC） 传感，尤其是基于探测器线圈的 PEC 传感器架构，多年来已成为服务于这一目的的有效手段。在以前的作品中，已经介绍了设计PEC传感器和处理信号的方法。近年来，研究了利用探测器线圈的时域PEC信号的衰变率进行厚度定量。这些工作证明，基于衰变率的方法对基于探测器线圈的传感器结构具有一定的抗性，对传感器形状和尺寸、线圈转动次数和激励电流等因素具有一定程度的抗扰度。此外，该方法在灰铸铁大管的NDE中显示出其有效性。根据这些文献，这项工作的重点是明确PEC传感器探测器线圈电压衰减率为基础的导电铁磁性材料厚度定量。然而，这种方法面临的挑战是校准的难度，特别是当涉及到诸如原位管道状况评估等应用时，因为测量某些管道材料的电气和磁性特性或获得校准样品在实践中是困难的。受这一挑战的激励，与估计以前某些工作所完成的实际厚度不同，这项工作提出了一种使用基于衰减率的方法量化相对厚度（即特定位置相对于最大厚度），无需校准。

本条内的代表性结果已使用作为参考文献的补充材料提供的PEC信号生成;如上所述，这些信号是在从澳大利亚悉尼的管道试验台提取的灰铸铁样品上捕获的，其位置和年份细节载于参考文献9、10、11。
图 1显示了从基于探测器线圈的 PEC 传感器捕获的时域信号（以对数...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Quantifying the Relative Thickness of Conductive Ferromagnetic Materials Using Detector Coil-Based Pulsed Eddy Current Sensors at JoVE.com

Quantifying the Relative Thickness of Conductive Ferromagnetic Materials Using Detector Coil-Based Pulsed Eddy Current Sensors

在这里，我们提出一个协议，用探测器线圈脉冲涡流传感器量化导电铁磁性材料的相对厚度（即，厚度相对于参考的百分比），同时克服校准要求。

使用基于检测器线圈的脉冲涡流传感器量化导电铁磁性材料的相对厚度

Thickness quantification of conductive ferromagnetic materials by means of non-destructive evaluation (NDE) is a crucial component of structural health ...

脉冲涡流传感是一种电磁传感技术，用于评估导电（有时是铁磁材料）的某些物理特性和影响。我们将介绍利用从探测器线圈传感器架构捕获的脉冲涡流信号的软件接口，以及如何从这些信号中提取信息。该协议使用脉冲涡流传感，实现铁磁金属羊毛结构的相对厚度定量。该技术能够测量铁磁羊毛的腐蚀、石墨化或羊毛损耗程度，如结构，用于评估其结构，并构建和集成。对于脉冲涡流信号处理器安装，定位并执行 PEC 信号处理器。exe 文件，当接口出现时，单击"下一步"。打开下一个界面时，指定要安装的文件位置，并选中向桌面复选框添加快捷方式以将软件图标添加到桌面。单击"下一步"并指定所需运行时环境的安装位置。安装完成后，单击"完成"。将显示桌面图标。在开始分析之前，使用探测器线圈脉冲涡流传感单元和基于检测线圈的传感器，从感兴趣的金属结构中收集脉冲涡流信号。在扫描结束时，将收集的信号从传感单元导出到兼容的可编辑字处理器，并确认信号排列为表。将表复制到桌面，双击桌面图标以运行应用程序。接口将打开。要加载信号，请单击负载信号选项卡并选择包含信号的文件，以将信号导入软件接口。当包含原始信号的表中包含的信号数出现时，单击锅信号，并观察以对数刻度绘制的信号。单击缩放选项卡并调整线性区域的绘图窗口，直到其清晰可见。下边缘和上边距应包含信号光阴影内的直线区域。如果不确定，我们建议使用多个边距生成相对厚度值，然后比较结果。输入区域的合理下边距和上边距后，单击"绘制边距"并等待以绿色绘制边距。单击提取要素，直线段将绘制为红色。单击"计算相对厚度"以观察计算相对厚度值的直方图的绘图。单击"保存相对厚度"以保存计算出的相对厚度值。输入文件名，然后单击"确定"。然后再次单击"确定"以确认文件名。相对厚度值将保存为桌面上的表。屏幕上显示的相对厚度值以分数的形式显示。一个表示 100% 参考的最大厚度。此处显示了从探测器线圈脉冲涡流传感器捕获的对数形式表示的时域信号的典型形状。可以观察到对数信号后期的指示性线性区域，t 值远大于 0，并从中提取衰减率特征 beta。在这里，显示了一组在不同厚度的灰铸铁上捕获的信号。此信号对应于最大厚度与集中的最大 beta 值。可以使用指示的方程选择这些值作为参考 beta 值，以便于对相对厚度进行量化。在此表中，显示了从具有代表性的实验的脉冲涡流电流信号获得的 beta 值计算的实际相对厚度值和相对厚度值。在这里，可以观察到脉冲涡流信号相对厚度估计值与实际相对厚度值之间的核化。线性关系所描绘的高相关性证明了该方法的有效性。注意避开脉冲涡流信号的电流区域，并选择光级的线性区域，以允许提取 beta 特征。脉冲电流和其他涡流技术通常用于异常检测、物理性能测量以及评估覆盖金属结构的非金属涂层。

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Unit 1

Sources of Magnetic Fields

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Micro 3D Printing Using a Digital Projector and its Application in the Study of Soft Materials Mechanics

微三维打印使用数字投影机和软材料力学的研究及其应用

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new ...

科研

工程学

Fabrication of Nano-engineered Transparent Conducting Oxides by Pulsed Laser Deposition

制备纳米设计的脉冲激光沉积透明导电氧化物

Nanosecond Pulsed  Laser Deposition (PLD) in the presence of a background gas allows the deposition  of metal oxides with tunable morphology, structure, ...

Using Neutron Spin Echo Resolved Grazing Incidence Scattering to Investigate Organic Solar Cell Materials

使用中子自旋回声解决放牧发生率散射调查有机太阳能电池材料

The spin echo resolved grazing incidence scattering (SERGIS) technique has been used to probe the length-scales associated with irregularly shaped ...

Using Microwave and Macroscopic Samples of Dielectric Solids to Study the Photonic Properties of Disordered Photonic Bandgap Materials

利用微波和电介质固体的宏观样本，研究无序光子带隙材料的光子特性

Recently, disordered photonic materials have been suggested as an alternative to periodic crystals for the formation of a complete photonic bandgap (PBG). ...

Formation of Thick Dense Yttrium Iron Garnet Films Using Aerosol Deposition

浓稠钇铁石榴石薄膜的形成使用气溶胶沉积

Aerosol deposition (AD) is a thick-film deposition process that can produce layers up to several hundred micrometers thick with densities greater than 95% ...

Detection and Recovery of Palladium, Gold and Cobalt Metals from the Urban Mine Using Novel Sensors/Adsorbents Designated with Nanoscale Wagon-wheel-shaped Pores

检测和钯的回收，从城市矿山黄金和钴金属使用标有纳米货车车轮形的孔隙新型传感器/吸附剂

Developing low-cost, efficient processes for recovering and recycling palladium, gold and cobalt metals from urban mine remains a significant challenge in ...

Characterization of Full Set Material Constants and Their Temperature Dependence for Piezoelectric Materials Using Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy

全套材料常数表征及其温度依赖性的压电材料使用共振超声波谱

During the operation of high power electromechanical devices, a temperature rise is unavoidable due to mechanical and electrical losses, causing the ...

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

Electrospray Deposition of Uniform Thickness Ge23Sb7S70 and As40S60 Chalcogenide Glass Films

厚度均匀葛电沉积<sub&gt; 23</sub&gt;锑<sub&gt; 7</sub&gt;取值<sub&gt; 70</sub&gt;和As<sub&gt; 40</sub&gt;取值<sub&gt; 60</sub&gt;硫系玻璃薄膜

Solution-based electrospray film deposition, which is compatible with continuous, roll-to-roll processing, is applied to chalcogenide glasses. Two ...

Characterization of Ultra-fine Grained and Nanocrystalline Materials Using Transmission Kikuchi Diffraction

超细晶和纳米晶材料的表征采用透射菊池衍射

One of the challenges in microstructure analysis nowadays resides in the reliable and accurate characterization of ultra-fine grained (UFG) and ...

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

用于智能传感器制造的混合打印

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, ...