Name: analysis of interactions between endobiotics and human gut microbiota using in vitro bath fermentation systems
Uploaded: 2019-08-23T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Interactions between Endobiotics and Human Gut Microbiota Using In Vitro Bath Fermentation Systems at JoVE.com

这项研究由中国自然科学基金（第31741109号）、湖南省自然科学基金（第2018JJ3200号）和湖南科技大学应用特色学科建设项目资助。我们感谢LetPub（www.letpub.com）在编写本手稿期间提供的语言帮助。

本议定书遵循湖南科学与工程大学（中国湖南）和浙江公学（浙江，中国）伦理委员会的指导方针。
1. 细菌的制备
<ol><li>制备双歧杆菌中溴<ol>
<li>在950 mL蒸馏水中结合以下成分：肉提取物，5 g/L;酵母提取物，5克/升;病例蛋白，10克/升;大豆，5克/升;葡萄糖，10克/升;K2HPO4， 2.04 g/L;MgSO4±7H2O，0.22 g/L;MnSO4.H20， 0.05 g/L;纳Cl，5克/升;?...

<ol>
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S., Ghosh, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+the+Holobiont:+how+microbial+metabolites+affect+human+health+and+shape+the+immune+system.">Understanding the Holobiont: how microbial metabolites affect human health and shape the immune system.</a> Cell Metabolism. 26 (1), 110-130 (2017).</li><li>Kramer, P., Bressan, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Humans+as+superorganisms:+how+microbes,+viruses,+imprinted+genes,+and+other+selfish+entities+shape+our+behavior.">Humans as superorganisms: how microbes, viruses, imprinted genes, and other selfish entities shape our behavior.</a> Perspectives on Psychological Science. 10 (4), 464-481 (2015).</li><li>Malfertheiner, P., Nardone, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gut+microbiota:+the+forgotten+organ.">Gut microbiota: the forgotten organ.</a> Digestive Diseases. 29 (6), (2011).</li><li>Andoh, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+gut+microbiota+is+a+new+organ+in+our+body.">The gut microbiota is a new organ in our body.</a> The Japanese journal of Gastro-Enterology. 112 (11), 1939-1946 (2015).</li><li>Mika, A., Van, W. 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在过去十年中，在了解人类肠道微生物群的组成和活动方面取得了重大进展。由于这些研究，全息生物概念已经出现，它代表宿主和相关微生物群落之间的相互作用，如在人类和他们的肠道微生物群之间19，20。此外，人类甚至现在被视为超级生物21，其中肠道微生物群已被确认为人类功能器官之一22，23。<sup ...

胃微生物群在人类肠道的功能和宿主健康中起着重要的作用。因此，肠道微生物群最近成为疾病预防和治疗的重要目标。此外，肠道细菌与宿主肠道细胞相互作用，调节基本宿主过程，包括代谢活动、营养利用、免疫系统调节，甚至大脑功能和决策2，3.内生菌具有影响肠道微生物群的细菌组成和多样性的巨大潜力。因此，内生菌和人类肠道微生物群之间的相互作用吸引了越来越多的研究关注4，5，6，7，8，9。
由于生物伦理学和经济限制，很难评估内生菌与体内人类肠道微生物群之间的相互作用。例如，未经美国食品和药物管理局许可，无法进行调查内生菌与人类肠道微生物群之间相互作用的实验，招募志愿者的成本很高。因此，动物模型经常用于此类调查。然而，由于动物与人类相关的社区成分不同，且多样性，动物模型的使用受到限制。探索内生菌与人类肠道微生物群相互作用的体外替代方法是利用批量培养实验。
外聚糖（EPS）是益生菌，对维持人类健康有重大贡献10。由不同的单糖组合物和结构组成的不同 EPS 可以表现出不同的功能。以前的分析已经确定了Bif EPS的组成，这是当前研究11中具有代表性的异种生物。然而，在EPS组成和多样性方面，没有考虑到宿主相关的代谢效应。
此处描述的协议使用来自 12 名志愿者的粪便微生物群来发酵 Bif EPS。然后，结合使用薄层色谱法 （TLC）、16S rRNA 基因高通量测序和气相色谱 （GC） 来研究 EPS 与人类肠道微生物群之间的相互作用。与体内实验相比，该协议的明显优点是成本低，避免了宿主新陈代谢的干扰作用。此外，所述协议可用于其他研究，研究内生菌和人类肠道微生物群之间的相互作用。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>0.22 &#181;m membrane filters</td>
			<td>Millipore</td>
			<td>SLGP033RB</td>
			<td>Use to filter samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>0.4-mm Sieve</td>
			<td>Thermo Fischer</td>
			<td>308080-99-1</td>
			<td>Use to prepare human fecal samples</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl &#946;-D-galactopyranoside (X-Gal)</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>X1010</td>
			<td>Use to prepare color plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>71251</td>
			<td>Standard sample for SCFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agar</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>YZ-1012214</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anaerobic chamber</td>
			<td>Electrotek&#160;</td>
			<td>AW 400SG</td>
			<td>Bacteria culture and fermentation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Autoclave</td>
			<td>SANYO</td>
			<td>MLS-3750</td>
			<td>Use to autoclave</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bacto soytone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>70178</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Baking oven</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yiheng Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd</td>
			<td>DHG-9240A</td>
			<td>Use to heat and bake</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Beef Extract</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>G8270</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bifidobacterium longum Reuter</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>ATCC&#174; 51870&#8482;</td>
			<td>Bacteria</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bile Salts</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>YZ-1071304</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Butyric</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>19215</td>
			<td>Standard sample for SCFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CaCl2</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>C7250</td>
			<td>Salt solution of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Capillary column</td>
			<td>SHIMADZU-GL</td>
			<td>InertCap FFAP (0.25 mm &#215; 30 m &#215; 0.25 &#956;m)</td>
			<td>Used to SCFA detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Casein Peptone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>39396</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>Sorvall ST 8</td>
			<td>Use for centrifugation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CoSO4.7H2O</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>C7490</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CuSO4.5H2O</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>203165</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cysteine-HCl</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>L1550</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>E7023</td>
			<td>Use to prepare vitamin K1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FeSO4.7H2O</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>YZ-111614</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>399388</td>
			<td>Used to TLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gas chromatography</td>
			<td>Shimadzu Corporation</td>
			<td>GC-2010 Plus</td>
			<td>Used to SCFA detection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass beaker</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>FB10050</td>
			<td>Used for slurry preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glucose</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>G8760</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Haemin</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>H8130</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HCl</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>30721</td>
			<td>Basic solution used to adjust the pH of the buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isobutyric</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>46935-U</td>
			<td>Standard sample for SCFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isovaleric Acids</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>129542</td>
			<td>Standard sample for SCFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>K2HPO4</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>D9880</td>
			<td>Salt solution of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KCl</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>P9921</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KH2PO4</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>P7392</td>
			<td>Salt solution of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LiCl.3H2O</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>C8380</td>
			<td>Use to prepare color plate</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Meat Extract</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich-Aldrich</td>
			<td>70164</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metaphosphoric Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>B7350</td>
			<td>Standard sample for SCFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgCl2.6H2O</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>M8160</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MgSO4.7H2O</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>M8300</td>
			<td>Salt solution of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MISEQ</td>
			<td>Illumina</td>
			<td>MiSeq 300PE system</td>
			<td>DNA sequencing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MnSO4.H20</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>M8179</td>
			<td>Salt solution of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mupirocin</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>YZ-1448901</td>
			<td>Antibiotic</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaCl</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>YZ-100376</td>
			<td>Salt solution of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaHCO3</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>792519</td>
			<td>Salt solution of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NanoDrop ND-2000</td>
			<td>NanoDrop Technologies</td>
			<td>ND-2000</td>
			<td>Determine DNA concentrations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NaOH</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>30620</td>
			<td>Basic solution used to adjust the pH of the buffers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>n-butanol</td>
			<td>ChemSpider</td>
			<td>71-36-3</td>
			<td>Used to TLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NiCl2</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>746460</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Orcinol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>447420</td>
			<td>Used to prepare orcinol reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Propionic</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>94425</td>
			<td>Standard sample for SCFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>QIAamp DNA Stool Mini Kit</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>51504</td>
			<td>Extract bacterial genomic DNA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ready-to-use PBS powder</td>
			<td>Sangon Biotech (Shanghai) Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>A610100-0001</td>
			<td>Used to prepare the lipid suspension</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Resazurin</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>R8150</td>
			<td>Anaerobic Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Speed Vacuum Concentrator</td>
			<td>LABCONCO</td>
			<td>CentriVap</td>
			<td>Use to prepare EPSs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Starch</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>YZ-140602</td>
			<td>Use to the carbon source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sulfuric Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>150692</td>
			<td>Used to prepare orcinol reagents</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T100 PCR</td>
			<td>BIO-RAD</td>
			<td>1861096</td>
			<td>PCR amplification</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TLC aluminium sheets</td>
			<td>MerckMillipore</td>
			<td>116835</td>
			<td>Used to TLC</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypticase Peptone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z699209</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tryptone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T7293</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tween 80</td>
			<td>Solarbio</td>
			<td>T8360</td>
			<td>Salt solution of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Valeric</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>75054</td>
			<td>Standard sample for SCFA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vitamin K1</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>V3501</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vortex oscillator</td>
			<td>Scientific Industries</td>
			<td>Vortex.Genie2</td>
			<td>Use to vortexing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Y1625</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ZnSO4.7H2O</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>Z0251</td>
			<td>The component of medium</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

analysis of interactions between endobiotics and human gut microbiota using in vitro bath fermentation systems

人类肠道微生物已成为促进人类健康、预防疾病的重要研究对象。因此，研究内生菌（如药物和益生菌）与肠道微生物群之间的相互作用已成为一个重要的研究课题。然而，由于生物伦理学和经济限制，在体内与人类志愿者进行的实验对于此类研究来说并不理想。因此，动物模型被用来评估体内的这些相互作用。然而，动物模型研究仍然受到生物伦理学考虑的限制，此外，动物和人类的微生物群的组成和多样性也各不相同。另一种研究策略是使用批量发酵实验，允许评估体外生物和肠道微生物群之间的相互作用。为了评估这一策略，双歧杆菌（比夫）外聚糖（EPS）被用作具有代表性的异种生物。然后，利用薄层色谱（TLC）、16S rRNA基因高通量测序的细菌群落成分分析、气相色谱等多种方法，对Bif EPS与人类肠道微生物群的相互作用进行了研究。短链脂肪酸（SCFA）。这里介绍的是一个协议，研究内生菌和人类肠道微生物群之间的相互作用，使用体外批次发酵系统。重要的是，该协议也可以修改，以研究其他内生菌和肠道微生物群之间的一般相互作用。

在厌氧孵育72小时后，在PYG板上的B.长膜培养中观察到粘膜EPS的产生（图1A）。培养物的离心，随后是乙醇沉淀和干燥，导致纤维素样EPS的收集（图1B）。干燥EPS和可溶性淀粉然后用作发酵培养的碳源。TLC因其成本低、结果周转快而用于寡糖分离和纯度分析。虽然人类粪便微生物群淀粉的降解速度比Bif EPS快（图2）...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Analysis of Interactions between Endobiotics and Human Gut Microbiota Using In Vitro Bath Fermentation Systems at JoVE.com

Analysis of Interactions between Endobiotics and Human Gut Microbiota Using In Vitro Bath Fermentation Systems

内生菌与人类肠道微生物群使用体外浴发酵系统的相互作用分析

本文描述了一种使用体外批次发酵系统研究内生菌与人类肠道微生物群之间的相互作用的协议。

Human intestinal microorganisms have recently become an important target of research in promoting human health and preventing diseases. Consequently, ...

我们的协议可以广泛用于高通量和快速筛选内生生物与人类肠道微生物群之间的相互作用。成本低，避免干扰作用，从宿主的新陈代谢。此过程有可能用于诊断。首先，将BIF EPS和淀粉单独溶解在热水中，在磁搅拌器上使两者均浓度为每升8克。在准备好的基本培养基VI中，添加100毫升的BIF EPS溶液，使培养VI BIF溶液。加入100毫升的淀粉溶液，制成培养VI淀粉溶液。用碳源和不含碳源的介质在121摄氏度下15分钟，将两种介质进行分管。允许他们冷却到室温，并添加干草和半胱氨酸。将每个介质中五毫升的子样本转移到培养管。并存放在厌氧培养箱中。将剩余的介质存放在摄氏四度。要制备人类粪便样本，在玻璃烧杯中将一克新鲜粪便样品转移到 10 毫升 0.1 摩尔厌氧 PBS 中。然后用玻璃棒搅拌它，以达到泥浆。在厌氧室中，将过滤的粪便浆的500微升单独加入三个准备好的发酵介质中。然后，在37摄氏度下孵育。24小时48小时后，在厌氧室收集两毫升发酵样品。然后在6000次G的腔室外离心，三分钟。小心地将超盐转移到新的离心管中，用于多糖降解分析和短链脂肪酸测量。将离心颗粒存放在 80 摄氏度。将 0.2 微升发酵超酸液加载到每个预涂覆硅胶 60 TLC 铝板上，并旋转以展开。然后用热空气吹风机晾干。将取样板的一端浸入20毫升的甲酸：n-butanol：水溶液几分钟，直到电泳几乎延伸到另一端。然后用钳子拿出盘子，然后用吹风机擦干。然后将盘子浸泡在奥西诺试剂中两分钟，进行染色。再干一次将盘子转移到120摄氏度的烤炉中加热3分钟。然后拍摄板的照片，通过测量TLC波段来评估EPS的降解。为了研究EPS对SCFA生产的影响，在两毫升离心管中加入1毫升发酵超钠，并在每个样品中加入0.2毫升25重量/体积百分比的元磷酸。漩涡，彻底混合溶液。将混合物在13，000倍G下离心20分钟。同时，在管中准备120毫摩尔醋酸、丙酮、丁基、异丁、谷酸和异丙酸的溶液。然后将每份已准备好的酸的一毫升添加到含有 1.2 毫升的管中，其中 25 重量/体积百分之元磷酸。并把它们装进气色仪的样品瓶作为标准鸡尾酒。将管子从离心机中拿出，然后将超级纳特器转移到新鲜管中。使用装有 0.22 微米过滤器的注射器将超自然液过滤到新管中，用于气相色谱分析。在这项研究中，在厌氧孵育72小时后，在PYG板上的双纤维长培养物中观察到粘液EPS的产生。培养刮伤的离心，然后是乙醇沉淀和干燥，导致纤维素状EPS的收集。TLC分析表明，人类粪便微生物群淀粉降解速度比BIF EPS快。主要坐标分析显示培养VI BIF和培养VI淀粉组，彼此聚集，表明EPS和淀粉可用性差异形成人类粪便细菌群落。对效果大小的线性鉴别分析表明，在培养VI BIF样品中，基子半杆菌、副杆菌和罗多普多多酮在培养物VI BIF样品中明显比在培养VI淀粉样品中丰富得多。此外，GC测量显示，从发酵培养物中测量的SCFA包括醋酸、丙酸、异丁、丁酸、异黄酸和谷酸。经过24小时48小时的发酵后，6个SCFA浓度中的5个相似，培养VI BIF、培养VI淀粉和培养VI组之间没有统计学上上的不同。然而，经过48小时的发酵，培养VI BIF组的丙体酸浓度明显高于培养VI淀粉组。在厌氧条件下进行此实验，然后尽快将固定样品转移到厌氧培养箱中。某些 TLC 试剂是危险的。您应该小心使用它们。

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

Human T Lymphocyte Isolation, Culture and Analysis of Migration In Vitro

迁移人T淋巴细胞分离，培养和分析<em在体外</em

The migration of T lymphocytes involves the adhesive interaction of cell surface integrins with ligands expressed on other cells or with extracellular ...

科研

免疫与感染

Invasion of Human Cells by a Bacterial Pathogen

由细菌病原体入侵人体细胞

Here we will describe how we study the invasion of human endothelial cells by bacterial pathogen Staphylococcus aureus . The general protocol can be ...

A Novel In vitro Model for Studying the Interactions Between Human Whole Blood and Endothelium

A Novel In vitro Model for Studying the Interactions Between Human Whole Blood and Endothelium

一种新型<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;模型研究人类全血细胞间的相互作用

The majority of all known diseases are accompanied by disorders of the cardiovascular system. Studies into the complexity of the interacting pathways ...

A New Method for Qualitative Multi-scale Analysis of Bacterial Biofilms on Filamentous Fungal Colonies Using Confocal and Electron Microscopy

一种用于丝状真菌菌落细菌生物膜的定性多尺度分析的新方法利用共聚焦和电子显微镜

Bacterial biofilms frequently form on fungal surfaces and can be involved in numerous bacterial-fungal interaction processes, such as metabolic ...

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

Analysis of Lymphocyte Extravasation Using an In Vitro Model of the Human Blood-brain Barrier

使用的淋巴细胞外渗分析<em&gt;体外</em&gt;人类血脑屏障模型

Lymphocyte extravasation into the central nervous system (CNS) is critical for immune surveillance. Disease-related alterations of lymphocyte ...

In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis

In Vitro Methods for Comparing Target Binding and CDC Induction Between Therapeutic Antibodies: Applications in Biosimilarity Analysis

体外方法比较标的结合和CDC诱导治疗性抗体之间：应用在Biosimilarity分析

Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are relevant to the treatment of different pathologies, including cancers. The development of biosimilar mAbs by ...

Human Colonoid Monolayers to Study Interactions Between Pathogens, Commensals, and Host Intestinal Epithelium

人类舱内单聚物研究病原体、共脉和宿主肠道上皮细胞之间的相互作用

Human 3-dimensional (3D) enteroid or colonoid cultures derived from crypt base stem cells are currently the most advanced ex vivo model of the intestinal ...

An In Vitro Batch-culture Model to Estimate the Effects of Interventional Regimens on Human Fecal Microbiota

评估介入疗法对人体粪便微生物群影响的体内批处理培养模型

The emerging role of the gut microbiome in several human diseases demands a breakthrough of new tools, techniques and technologies. Such improvements are ...

Coincubation Assay for Quantifying Competitive Interactions between Vibrio fischeri Isolates

Coincubation Assay for Quantifying Competitive Interactions between Vibrio fischeri Isolates

用于量化Vibrio Fischeri分离物之间竞争交互的联合孵化测定

This manuscript describes a culture-based, coincubation assay for detecting and characterizing competitive interactions between two bacterial populations. ...

Analysis of Group IV Viral SSHHPS Using In Vitro and In Silico Methods

第四组病毒SSHHPS使用体外和西里科方法的分析

Alphaviral enzymes are synthesized in a single polypeptide. The nonstructural polyprotein (nsP) is processed by its nsP2 cysteine protease to produce ...