Name: lexical decision task for studying written word recognition in adults with and without dementia or mild cognitive impairment
Uploaded: 2019-06-25T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment at JoVE.com

我们感谢明娜·莱赫托宁、图莫·亨尼宁、梅里亚·哈利伊宁和希尔卡·索伊宁对这里报道的数据收集和处理所作的贡献。数据收集得到了欧盟支持VPH痴呆症研究的支持,授权协议号为601055。

该议定书遵循北萨沃医院区道德委员会(IRB00006251)的指导方针。
1. 参与者筛选
<ol><li>招募视力正常或矫正、以语言为母语的年轻和老年人,除非该研究涉及有关第二语言习得的特定研究问题。</li>
	<li>对于健康对照组,不包括有神经或精神疾病史的参与者。</li>
	<li>对于临床组,招募被诊断患有阿尔茨海默氏症15或轻度认知障碍16,17的个人。<...

<ol>
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本研究使用不需要语言制作的简单语言任务,调查了各种词汇变量对神经健康的年轻人和老年人以及阿尔茨海默氏症患者单词识别的影响。或轻度认知障碍。招募"老年人"所用的年龄范围可能取决于具体的研究兴趣;然而,健康老年人群体的范围应尽可能与为同一研究招募的MCI或AD患者的年龄范围和分布相匹配。
为了避免预测变量之间的共线性,词法变量被正交到主分量中,并添加?...

单词存储在高度互联的网络的心理词典中。单词之间的连接可能反映共享属性,如语义相似性(例如,狗和猫),形成相似性(狗和雾),或常见语言使用中频繁发生(例如,狗和猫)勒什)。语言的认知理论,如基于用法的理论1,认为语言使用者每次遇到一个词都会对单词的心理表现产生影响。根据 Exemplar 理论,单词的表示由许多范例组成,这些范例由语言使用的各个标记建立而成,表示给定类别存在的可变性。使用频率 2通过增强范例1的强度来影响内存中的表示。
词识别速度可以揭示心理词汇的特点。衡量单词识别速度的常用实验范式是词汇决策任务。在此任务中,在监视器上向参与者显示字母字符串,一次一个。他们被指示通过按下相应的按钮,尽快决定屏幕上的字母字符串是否是真字。
通过检查真实单词的反应时间,研究人员可以解决许多有关语言处理的重要问题。例如,确定哪些因素使识别速度更快,可以检验关于心理词典结构的假设,并揭示其结构。此外,对不同参与者群体的表现进行比较可以帮助我们理解各种语言体验的影响,或者,在衰老或神经退行性疾病(如阿尔茨海默氏病)的情况下,认知的作用下降。
某些因素(例如使用频率)对单词识别的影响大于其他因素(例如,单词长度)。随着年龄的增长,人们识别书面文字的方式可能会改变3,4。年轻人往往严重依赖一个词的语义(基于意义)方面,例如有多少化合物(例如,牛头犬)或派生词(例如,狗)与目标词(在本例中为狗)共享形式和含义的方面。老年人的单词识别似乎更受基于表单的方面的影响,例如两个后续字母在语言中共同出现的频率(例如,字母组合在英语单词中出现的频率比组合语更频繁)斯克)
为了确定影响不同组单词识别速度的因素,研究人员可以操纵刺激集中的某些变量,然后测试这些变量预测单词识别速度的能力。例如,为了测试单词识别是由语义因素还是基于表单的因素驱动,刺激集应包括反映单词与心理词典中语义邻居的连接程度或与其他单词的连接性的变量共享其部分形式。
该方法在目前的研究中用于研究单词识别速度是否受年轻人和老年人以及患有阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)或轻度认知障碍(MCI)3的人的不同因素的影响。此处描述的方法基于视觉单词识别,但可以适应听觉模式。但是,在典型的视觉词汇决策实验中,一些变量是反应时间的重要预测器,它们可能无法预测听觉词词决策中的响应延迟,或者可能具有相反的效果。例如,语音邻域在这两种模式中具有相反的效果 5:具有较大语音邻域的单词对视觉单词识别具有促进作用,但会导致在听觉词汇决定6。
老年人的寻字困难通常归因于难以访问语音词的形式,而不是语义表示8的细目。然而,AD研究主要集中于语义衰退9,10,11,12,13,14。重要的是解开语义和正交因素如何影响在衰老中识别文字,有认知衰退,没有认知衰退。与形式相关的因素的影响在老年人中比在年轻人中更为明显,在MCI或AD3患者中仍然显著。因此,这种方法可以帮助我们发现不同人群的精神词典的特征,并识别词典组织随年龄和神经病理学而变化。在测试神经病理学患者时,一个顾虑是他们可能难以获得与任务相关的知识。然而,词汇决策任务是一个简单的任务,没有负担的工作记忆或其他复杂的认知技能,许多患者表现出问题。它被认为适合AD和MCI人群。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>E-Prime</td>
			<td>Psychology Software Tools</td>
			<td>version 2.0.10.356.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PC with Windows and Keyboard</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>R</td>
			<td>R Foundation for Statistical Computing</td>
			<td>R Core Team (2018). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria. URL https://www.R-project.org/.</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lexical decision task for studying written word recognition in adults with and without dementia or mild cognitive impairment

老年人比年轻人识别视觉物体的速度要慢。识别字母字符串是真实单词的情况也是如此。患有阿尔茨海默氏病(AD)或轻度认知障碍(MCI)的人,在书面单词识别中表现出比老年人对照组更长的反应。尽管在衰老和神经认知障碍中识别速度普遍较慢,但无论年龄或神经病理学如何,单词的某些特征都会影响单词识别速度(例如,单词的使用频率)。我们在这里提出了一个协议,用于检查词汇特征对单词识别响应时间的影响,在一个简单的词汇决策实验中,对年轻和老年人以及MCI或AD患者进行管理。在本实验中,要求参与者尽可能快速准确地决定给定的字母字符串是否是实际单词。我们还描述了混合效应模型和主要组件分析,可用于检测不同类型的词汇变量或参与者的个体特征对单词识别速度的影响。

表 1显示了从三个不同的源(语料库、字典和测试项的试验测试)获取的变量的列表,这些变量作为固定效应预测变量包含在分析中。这些变量中有许多以前报告会影响单词识别速度。
<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always"><tbody>
<tr>
<td>语料库：</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
<tr>
<td>基本频率</td>
			<td>单词以各种形式出现在语料库中的次数(例如,儿童和儿...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment at JoVE.com

Lexical Decision Task for Studying Written Word Recognition in Adults with and without Dementia or Mild Cognitive Impairment

本文介绍如何实施一个简单的词法决策实验,以评估神经健康参与者以及痴呆症和认知衰退患者的书面单词识别度。我们还使用主要成分分析 (PCA) 和混合效应建模提供了反应时间分析的详细说明。

研究成人有无痴呆症或轻度认知障碍的文字识别的词汇决策任务

Older adults are slower at recognizing visual objects than younger adults. The same is true for recognizing that a letter string is a real word. People ...

词汇决策任务用于测量单词识别速度。这项任务可以揭示精神词典的特征，以及词典如何随衰老和神经退行性疾病而变化。许多语言任务需要语言和认知的其他方面的协调。词汇决策任务并不严重依赖其他认知能力，这在某些人群中可能会受到损害，例如痴呆症患者。我们的实验室经理达利娅·加西亚（Dalia Garcia）将帮助我们演示这一程序。将学员放在计算机显示器前，在通常照明的房间中观看距离约为 80 厘米。旅程怎么样？很好如果单词是真词，请按左键。通过按下两个相应的按钮之一，指示学员尽可能快速准确地决定屏幕上的字母字符串是否为真字。以练习单元开始实验，该练习单元包括少量试验，每个试验水平显示一个单词，使视觉角度达到大约 5 度。将实验分成几个方块，在练习课后和两个方块之间进行短暂的休息，让参与者休息眼睛，减少疲劳。接下来，用一些常见名词（如狗、姐妹或年）的填充项开始每个新块，这些项将不包括在分析中。以随机顺序呈现项目。开始每个实验试验，在屏幕中心出现一个固定标记 500 毫秒，然后再显示一个空白屏幕 500 毫秒。紧接着空白屏幕，显示 1，500 毫秒的字母字符串，或直到参与者响应。最后，在做出响应后，再次使用空白屏幕，直到从试用开始开始 3，000 毫秒。首先打开演示程序的输出文件，获取每个试验的反应时间（以毫秒为单位）。例如，使用读取将数据导入 R。表函数。安装包 lme4 和 lmerTest。将包与函数库或要求一起附加。使用 boxcox 函数检查转换需求，因为反应时间数据的分布通常高度偏斜。使用倒置转化反应时间或反应时间二进制对数来转换反应时间值，因为这些转换往往在词汇决策实验中为反应时间提供比原始反应时间值更正常的分布。接下来，排除伪单词和填充试验以及不正确的回答和遗漏。排除响应时间超过 300 毫秒的试验，因为它们通常表示参与者对以前的刺激做出响应太晚。接下来，构建一个基本的线性混合效应模型，将反应时间确定为结果测量值，将主题项和试验确定为随机效应。添加随机效果，以估计每个随机效果的随机拦截。以理论激励的顺序添加解释变量。例如，添加基于单词的频率作为固定效果。将变量（如基次或曲面频率）插入模型，其变换可产生更高斯分布形状。如果添加每个预测变量与没有预测值的模型相比，显著提高了模型的预测能力，请使用 anova 函数进行检查。如果新模型的拟合与更简单的模型没有显著差异，请选择预测变量较少的最简单模型。然后，使用 AIC 函数检查每个模型的 Akaike 信息标准。值越低表示更适合数据。接下来，检查预测变量之间的理论激励交互。例如，添加一个交互术语，即按年龄对基频的日志。然后按参与者随机坡度添加预测变量，在变量名称之前包括一个加号，然后添加一个垂直条形，然后按对象添加，因为参与者的反应时间可能受其个体特征或单词词汇特征的影响。分别运行每个参与者组的分析，或运行所有数据的分析，将组作为固定效果预测变量，然后测试由重要预测变量进行组的交互。为了消除可能的异常值的影响，排除绝对标准化残差超过 2.5 标准差的数据点，并采用新数据重新拟合模型。最后，在探索性数据驱动分析中，使用向后步回归。在初始分析中包括所有变量，然后逐步从模型中删除非重大变量。这些结果表明，对于年轻人和老年人来说，单词识别速度可能有所不同。在年轻人中，只有两个主要组件，PC1和PC4很重要。三个组成部分是老年人控制模型中的重要预测因素，有轻度认知障碍的人和阿尔茨海默病患者。第三个组件 PC2 被解释为反映了单词基于形式方面对单词识别速度的影响。此外，三个老年群体之间出现了一个有趣的差异。教育显著预测了老年人控制和轻度认知障碍患者的单词识别速度，但对患有阿尔茨海默氏症的人则不显著。这种方法可以应用于有关心理词典的其他类型的问题和其他人群，如多语种和失语症患者。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Crossmodal Congruency Task as a Means to Obtain an Objective Behavioral Measure in the Rubber Hand Illusion Paradigm

一致性的任务作为一种手段来获取目标行为的措施中的橡胶手错觉范式Crossmodal

The rubber hand illusion (RHI) is a popular experimental paradigm. Participants view touch on an artificial rubber hand while the participants' own hidden ...

科研

行为学

Uncovering Beat Deafness: Detecting Rhythm Disorders with Synchronized Finger Tapping and Perceptual Timing Tasks

A set of behavioral tasks for assessing perceptual and sensorimotor timing abilities in the general population (i.e., non-musicians) is presented here ...

Transferring Cognitive Tasks Between Brain Imaging Modalities: Implications for Task Design and Results Interpretation in fMRI Studies

传输认知任务的脑成像方法：对任务的设计和结果判读的功能磁共振成像研究

As cognitive neuroscience methods develop, established experimental tasks are used with emerging brain imaging modalities. Here transferring a paradigm ...

The Attentional Set Shifting Task: A Measure of Cognitive Flexibility in Mice

在注意定势转移任务：测量小鼠认知的灵活性

Cognitive impairment, particularly involving dysfunction of circuitry within the prefrontal cortex (PFC), represents a core feature of many ...

The Emotional Stroop Task: Assessing Cognitive Performance under Exposure to Emotional Content

情绪Stroop任务：评估下暴露的认知表现的情感内容

The emotional Stroop effect (ESE) is the result of longer naming latencies to ink colors of emotion words than to ink colors of neutral words. The ...

Comparing the Frequency Effect Between the Lexical Decision and Naming Tasks in Chinese

在比较中国的词汇判断和命名任务之间的频率效应

In psycholinguistic research, the frequency effect can be one of the indicators for eligible experimental tasks that examine the nature of lexical access. ...

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

四山测试：空间记忆的一个简短的测试与高灵敏度的预痴呆诊断阿尔茨海默氏病

This protocol describes the administration of the 4 Mountains Test (4MT), a short test of spatial memory, in which memory for the topographical layout of ...

The "Motor" in Implicit Motor Sequence Learning: A Foot-stepping Serial Reaction Time Task

隐式电机序列学习中的 "马达": 步进串行反应时间任务

This protocol describes a modified serial reaction time (SRT) task used to study implicit motor sequence learning. Unlike the classic SRT task that ...

A Networked Desktop Virtual Reality Setup for Decision Science and Navigation Experiments with Multiple Participants

面向多参与者的决策科学与导航实验的网络化桌面虚拟现实设置

Investigating the interactions among multiple participants is a challenge for researchers from various disciplines, including the decision sciences and ...

The Unpredictable Chronic Mild Stress Protocol for Inducing Anhedonia in Mice

诱导小鼠快感缺失的不可预测慢性轻度应力协议

Depression is a highly prevalent and debilitating condition, only partially addressed by current pharmacotherapies. The lack of response to treatment by ...