Name: using looming visual stimuli to evaluate mouse vision
Uploaded: 2019-06-13T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了 NIH R01 Y028915 (TI) 和 RPB 赠款的支持。

所有实验和动物护理都是根据韦恩州立大学动物护理和使用机构委员会批准的议定书 (第17-11-0399 号议定书) 进行的。
1. 实验准备
<ol><li>在隐约出现的视觉刺激演示文稿时, 建造一个长方形的开盖外壳来容纳鼠标。我们使用铝制框架和 PVC 面板构建了一个40厘米 x 50 厘米 x 33 厘米的外壳 (图 1a, b)。铺一张纸, 覆盖外壳的整个地板, 以确保在两次...

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随着视觉刺激系统的临近, 大多数 (97%)健康的眼鼠表现出飞行反应。29只老鼠中的一只没有表现出明显的飞行反应。然而, 老鼠向圆顶走去, 一直呆在圆顶附近, 直到隐约消失, 这表明当即将到来的刺激发生时, 老鼠至少是谨慎的。因此, 即将到来的刺激不断引起健康眼鼠天生的恐惧反应。另一方面, 三只盲鼠并没有对即将到来的 (初步结果) 做出任何反应。总之, 我们证明了隐约出现的实验是对小鼠有?...

视觉系统从视网膜开始, 视觉信号被光感受器捕捉, 引导到双极细胞 (2 阶神经元), 最后传递到神经节细胞 (第3 阶神经元)。视网膜2阶和第3级神经元被认为形成多个神经通路, 传达视觉信号的特定方面, 如颜色、运动或形状。这些不同的视觉特征被传递到外侧膝状核和视觉皮层。相反, 导致眼球运动的视觉信号被发送到上大肠杆菌。经典地, 两个视网膜皮质通路已被确定: 磁细胞和副细胞通路。这些路径分别编码移动和静止物体, 它们的存在体现了并行处理1,2,3,4,5, 6。最近, 超过15种双极细胞7,8,9, 10,11和神经节细胞 12,13,14在包括灵长类视网膜在内的许多物种的视网膜中, 有15,16例。这些细胞的区别不仅在于形态方面, 而且还表现出不同的标记和基因8,10,17, 18,这表明, 各种特征视觉信号是平行处理的, 比最初预期的要复杂得多。
细胞和分子技术有助于我们了解视觉处理和异常视觉处理可能产生的潜在疾病机制。这样的理解可能有助于人工眼睛的发育。尽管细胞检查和分析在细胞层面提供了深入的知识, 但行为实验和细胞实验的结合将显著增强我们目前对微小视觉过程的理解。例如, Yoshida 等人 19发现, 星爆 amacrine 细胞是小鼠视网膜运动检测的关键神经元。在进行细胞实验后, 他们进行了视动性眼球震颤 (OKN) 行为实验, 以表明星爆 amacrine 细胞功能失调的突变小鼠对运动物体没有反应, 从而证实了它们的细胞调查。此外, Pearson 等人20 在小鼠视网膜进行光感受器移植, 以恢复患病小鼠的视力。他们不仅进行了细胞实验, 而且还通过使用光爆反应记录和水迷宫任务测量了老鼠的行为, 从而使皮尔逊等人能够验证移植的光感受器是否恢复了以前失明的视力小 鼠。总之, 行为实验是评估老鼠视力的有力工具。
有多种方法可用于测量鼠标视觉。这些方法有其优点和局限性。在体内 ERG 提供有关小鼠视网膜, 特别是光感受器和双极细胞, 是否对光刺激做出适当反应的信息。Erg 可以在苏格兰或光子条件下进行测试 21,22。然而, ERG 需要麻醉, 这可能会影响输出测量23。视感反射 (OKR) 或光耦合器响应 (OMR) 是一种用于评估对比度灵敏度和空间分辨率的可靠方法, 这两个功能成分都是小鼠视觉的组成部分。然而, OKR 需要手术给老鼠头骨24 上安装固定装置。OMR 既不需要手术, 也不需要小鼠训练;然而, 它需要训练, 让实验者主观地检测到微妙的鼠标头部运动, 以响应一个移动的光栅在一个光学鼓 25,26。小学生光反射测量瞳孔收缩对光刺激的反应, 这不需要麻醉, 并表现出客观和稳健的反应19。虽然瞳孔反射在体内模拟视网膜光的反应, 但反射主要是由本质上光敏视网膜神经节细胞 (弹性角膜) 27介导的。由于 ipRGCs 只占 Rgc 的一小部分, 并不作为传统的形成图像的神经节细胞, 因此这种测量不能提供与大多数神经节细胞有关的信息。
这种隐约出现的光实验此前并不被认为是测量老鼠视力的主要测试。然而, 它也是一个强大和可靠的视觉测试, 对各种物种, 如老鼠28,29, 斑马鱼30, 蝗虫31,32, 和人类33,34,35. 重要的是, 即将到来的实验是测试图像形成途径的仅有的方法之一----它不是反射路径----因为中枢神经系统中的视觉和边缘系统参与了这一电路 36, 37,38。我们已经建立了一个隐约的视觉刺激系统, 并已证明它的能力, 以诱导运动检测在鼠标, 我们使用它作为一个代理来评估鼠标视觉系统的不变性。

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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">10.1&#34; monitor (2&#176; display)</td>
			<td style="width:148px;">Elecrow</td>
			<td style="width:903px;">Elecrow 10.1 Inch Raspberry Pi 1920x1080p Resolution Display</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">14&#34; Business Class Laptop 5490</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>84 / rcrc961481-4860836</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">20&#34; x 50&#34; Absorbant Liners</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>AL2050</td>
			<td>works well to protect floor of arena, could use any type of liner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">21.5&#34; monitor (1&#176; display)</td>
			<td>Acer</td>
			<td>Acer R221Q bid 21.5-inch IPS Full HD Display</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">CCD Camera</td>
			<td>Lumenera Corporation</td>
			<td>Infiniyy3S-1UR</td>
			<td>excellent for behavioral studies due to high fps rate (60 fps)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Enclosure (alminum frames and PVC panels)</td>
			<td>80/20 Inc.</td>
			<td>4x cat.#9010, 4x cat.#9005, 1x cat.#9000, 5x cat.#65-2616</td>
			<td>excellent, used quick build tab to find PVC, joints, and frame</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Ethanol</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-032-601</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Excel Spreadsheet Software</td>
			<td>Microsoft Office</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>user friendly and widespread knowledge of Microsoft Office software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Freearm</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used to mount camera to the table, could use any mountable extendable arm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">ImagePro Premiere 3D</td>
			<td>Media Cybernetics</td>
			<td>version 9.3</td>
			<td>good program, could use some updating with the automated tracking feature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Matlab software (Psychotoolbox 3)</td>
			<td>MathWorks</td>
			<td>Matlab R2018b 64-bit (9.5.0.944444)</td>
			<td>excellent software to generate pattern stimuli of any conditions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">SteamPix sorftware</td>
			<td>Norpix</td>
			<td>StreamPix 7 64-bit Single Camera</td>
			<td>works well, a few problems with frame dropping but good customer service</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">WD My Book External Hard Drive</td>
			<td>Western Digital</td>
			<td>WDBBGB0080HBK hard drive 8 TB USB 3.0</td>
			<td>necessary if using .avi files with no compression codec due to large size of files</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Wide angle lens</td>
			<td>Navitar</td>
			<td>NMV-5M23</td>
			<td>excellent and necessary to capture entire arena</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

using looming visual stimuli to evaluate mouse vision

中枢神经系统中的视觉系统处理不同的视觉信号。虽然整体结构的特点是从视网膜通过外侧膝状核到视觉皮层, 系统是复杂的。已经进行了细胞和分子研究, 以阐明支持视觉处理的机制, 进而阐明疾病机制。这些研究可能有助于人工视觉系统的发展。为了验证这些研究的结果, 行为视觉测试是必要的。在这里, 我们表明, 隐约刺激实验是一个可靠的鼠标视觉测试, 需要一个相对简单的设置。即将进行的实验是在一个大的外壳中进行的, 一个角落有一个掩体, 天花板上有一个电脑显示器。位于计算机显示器旁边的 CCD 摄像机用于观察鼠标行为。一只老鼠被放置在圈内 10分钟, 并允许它适应和探索周围的环境。然后, 监视器将程序产生的隐约刺激投射了10倍。老鼠对刺激的反应不是冷冻, 就是逃到藏身之处。记录了鼠标在隐约刺激前后的行为, 并使用运动跟踪软件对视频进行了分析。在隐约出现的刺激后, 老鼠的运动速度发生了显著变化。相比之下, 在盲鼠中没有观察到任何反应。我们的结果表明, 简单的隐约实验是对老鼠视觉的可靠测试。

一只眼睛健康的老鼠被放置在圈内, 并允许它适应10分钟。在天花板上有监视器的竞技场保持在介光条件下 (7 x10 5 光子 2).在适应期间, 老鼠探索了这个空间, 发现不透明的圆顶是一个避难所。当鼠标离开避难所时, 视频捕获开始, 然后开始视觉刺激。为了应对即将到来的刺激, 大多数老鼠跑进圆顶 (飞行反应), 在31只老鼠中的 30只 (97%) 中观察到了圆顶 (97%)。一些老鼠在逃跑前表现出冷...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision at JoVE.com

Using Looming Visual Stimuli to Evaluate Mouse Vision

为了检查鼠标的视觉, 我们进行了一个即将到来的测试。老鼠被安置在一个大的广场竞技场上, 天花板上有一个显示器。隐约约的视觉刺激一直会在小鼠体内引起冷冻或飞行反应。

利用视觉刺激技术评价小鼠视力

The visual system in the central nervous system processes diverse visual signals. Although the overall structure has been characterized from the retina ...

我们的协议是小鼠的视觉测试。它既坚固又易于复制。虽然有许多小鼠视觉测试可用，但即将进行的实验是测试图像形成路径的少数方法之一，而图像形成路径不是视觉反射通路。虽然许多其他视觉行为分析需要动物手术的广泛培训，但隐约可见的技术几乎不需要实验训练。首先，使用铝制框架和 PVC 面板构建矩形开放式盖外壳，在隐约可见的视觉刺激演示期间将鼠标放在一起。铺一张纸，覆盖整个外壳地板，以确保在试验之间轻松清理。然后，在外壳的一角添加一个不透明的避难所，入口朝向竞技场的中心，以便于进入和出口。将带广角镜头的摄像机固定到外壳旁边的桌子支架上，以便捕获鼠标的行为。接下来，在机柜顶部设置计算机监视器。准备一个隐约的模式，使用实验软件编码一个不断扩大的黑圈。将刺激设置为以两度为视角开始，并在 250 毫秒内扩展到 50 度，并设置代码以 1 秒的间隔重复刺激 10 次。首先选择一只老鼠做实验，以及三只盲鼠，以确保对隐约刺激的反应是真正视觉引导的行为。将健康的小鼠放在外壳中，让它在刺激开始前自由探索周围环境7至15分钟。在刺激前 10 秒，在相机上开始视频捕获。一旦鼠标离开避难所，在开放的竞技场上自由移动，开始隐约可见的视觉刺激。最后，将鼠标放回原笼。通过喷洒 70% 乙醇喷洒墙壁和避难所，将其擦拭并更换，并在脏污时更换纸张地板衬里，为下一只鼠标清洁外壳。如果在动物转移和外壳清洁过程中移动，将避难所重新定位到相同的初始位置。在计算机上，将 AVI 格式的每只鼠标的视频剪辑保存在不进行文件压缩的情况下，以确保在传输到分析软件期间不会丢失数据。然后，使用分析软件在刺激演示之前、期间和之后跟踪动物在竞技场上的运动。计算鼠标与避难所的速度和距离。如果竞技场的图像因视频角度而失真，请先在计算前更正 x 和 y 协调。最后，比较即将启动的刺激开始前和之后的参数，以确定小鼠对刺激的反应。无论是通过冻结，逃离，或证明没有改变的行为。使用具有手动跟踪功能的商业分析软件对捕获的视频剪辑进行分析。使用跟踪功能，在隐约的刺激之前、期间和之后的视频每帧中识别鼠标的位置。飞行时，速度突然加快，与避难所的距离也相应缩短。相比之下，当老鼠结冰时，速度接近零毫米/秒。与隐约可见的控制相比，速度降低了，在此期间，到圆顶的距离没有改变。重要的是要记住，在刺激开始之前获得运动基线，或者无法确定对刺激的定量反应。进行多项测试以进行精确视觉评估非常重要。瞳孔光反射是常用的方法之一，它确保小鼠有健康的眼睛。迫在眉睫的反应机制尚未完全了解。这项技术可能为神经科学家探索移动物体识别和恐惧反应的机制提供机会。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Using Eye Movements to Evaluate the Cognitive Processes Involved in Text Comprehension

使用眼动来评估文本理解中涉及的认知过程

The present article describes how to use eye  tracking methodologies to study the cognitive processes involved in text  comprehension. Measuring eye ...

科研

行为学

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

不相干的刺激和动作控制：通过分心 - 响应绑定范式忽略刺激的影响分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

Methods to Test Visual Attention Online

方法在线测试视觉注意

Online data collection methods have particular appeal to behavioral scientists because they offer the promise of much larger and much more representative ...

Recording Mouse Ultrasonic Vocalizations to Evaluate Social Communication

录制鼠标超声波发声评价社会交往

Mice emit ultrasonic vocalizations in different contexts throughout development and in adulthood. These vocal signals are now currently used as proxies ...

A Method to Quantify Visual Information Processing in Children Using Eye Tracking

一种方法来量化视觉信息加工儿童使用眼动追踪

Visual problems that occur early in life can have major impact on a child's development. Without verbal communication and only based on observational ...

Implantation and Recording of Wireless Electroretinogram and Visual Evoked Potential in Conscious Rats

植入和无线电图记录和视觉诱发电位清醒大鼠

The full-field electroretinogram (ERG) and visual evoked potential (VEP) are useful tools to assess retinal and visual pathway integrity in both ...

Using a Split-belt Treadmill to Evaluate Generalization of Human Locomotor Adaptation

用分体式跑步机评价人类运动适应的泛化

Understanding the mechanisms underlying locomotor learning helps researchers and clinicians optimize gait retraining as part of motor rehabilitation. ...

Using the Visual World Paradigm to Study Sentence Comprehension in Mandarin-Speaking Children with Autism

用视觉世界范式研究自闭症普通话儿童的句子理解

Sentence comprehension relies on the ability to rapidly integrate different types of linguistic and non-linguistic information. However, there is ...

Multi-Modal Signals for Analyzing Pain Responses to Thermal and Electrical Stimuli

分析疼痛对热和电刺激反应的多模态信号

The assessment of pain relies mostly on methods that require a person to communicate. However, for people with cognitive and verbal impairments, existing ...

Integrating Visual Psychophysical Assays within a Y-Maze to Isolate the Role that Visual Features Play in Navigational Decisions

在 Y-Maze 中集成视觉心理物理分析,以隔离视觉特征在导航决策中扮演的角色

Collective animal behavior arises from individual motivations and social interactions that are critical for individual fitness. Fish have long inspired ...