Name: evaluation of photosynthetic behaviors by simultaneous measurements of leaf reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence analyses
Uploaded: 2019-08-09T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of Photosynthetic Behaviors by Simultaneous Measurements of Leaf Reflectance and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analyses at JoVE.com

我们感谢东北大学(Koki Hikosaka博士)鼓励讨论、协助工作空间和实验工具。这项工作部分得到了KAKENHI[赠款编号18K05592,18J40098]和奈藤基金会的支持。

1. 种植阿拉伯植物
<ol><li>浸泡阿拉伯突子沙利亚纳种子在微管中灭菌的去离子水中,在黑暗中4°C孵育2天。</li>
	<li>使用微移液器将大约四个浸渍的冷处理种子放在土壤表面。分别在22°C和20°C下,用16小时光(120μmol光子m+2s+1)和8小时暗期在生长室中孵育种植的盆栽。 </li>
	<li>发芽后,通过稀释其他幼苗,每盆种植一株。准备至少五个罐子。在生长室中孵育植物4周。实验用三种植?...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+leaf+CO2+assimilation+and+Photosystem+II+photochemistry+from+chlorophyll+fluorescence+and+the+photochemical+reflectance+index.">Modeling leaf CO2 assimilation and Photosystem II photochemistry from chlorophyll fluorescence and the photochemical reflectance index.</a> Plant, Cell and Environment. 42 (2), 730-739 (2019).</li><li>Brooks, M. D., Sylak-Glassman, E. J., Fleming, G. R., Niyogi, K. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+photochemical+reflectance+index+provides+an+optical+indicator+of+spring+photosynthetic+activation+in+evergreen+conifers.">The photochemical reflectance index provides an optical indicator of spring photosynthetic activation in evergreen conifers.</a> New Phytologist. 206 (1), 196-208 (2015).</li><li>Miyake, C., Amako, K., Shiraishi, N., Sugimoto, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Acclimation+of+Tobacco+Leaves+to+High+Light+Intensity+Drives+the+Plastoquinone+Oxidation+System&#8212;Relationship+Among+the+Fraction+of+Open+PSII+Centers,+Non-Photochemical+Quenching+of+Chl+Fluorescence+and+the+Maximum+Quantum+Yield+of+PSII+in+the+Dark.">Acclimation of Tobacco Leaves to High Light Intensity Drives the Plastoquinone Oxidation System&#8212;Relationship Among the Fraction of Open PSII Centers, Non-Photochemical Quenching of Chl Fluorescence and the Maximum Quantum Yield of PSII in the Dark.</a> Plant and Cell Physiology. 50 (4), 730-743 (2009).</li><li>Munekage, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cyclic+electron+flow+around+photosystem+I+is+essential+for+photosynthesis.">Cyclic electron flow around photosystem I is essential for photosynthesis.</a> Nature. 429 (6991), 579-582 (2004).</li><li>Tubuxin, B., Rahimzadeh-Bajgiran, P., Ginnan, Y., Hosoi, F., Omasa, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimating+chlorophyll+content+and+photochemical+yield+of+photosystem+II+(&#934;PSII)+using+solar-induced+chlorophyll+fluorescence+measurements+at+different+growing+stages+of+attached+leaves.">Estimating chlorophyll content and photochemical yield of photosystem II (&#934;PSII) using solar-induced chlorophyll fluorescence measurements at different growing stages of attached leaves.</a> Journal of Experimental Botany. 66 (18), 5595-5603 (2015).</li></ol>

在这项研究中,我们获得了额外的证据,表明PRI通过同时测量叶绿素荧光和叶反射率来代表桑索菲尔颜料。
具有类似阳光波长的卤素光被改编为活动光源,以激活光合作用。我们最初使用白色 LED 光源来避免叶表面的热损伤,但这会产生缓慢的暗松弛动力学和异常高的 qI(光抑制淬火),可能通过光损伤 PSII。因此,我们使用内置冷过滤器对卤素灯进行了改造,以减少热量产生。此光源在?...

叶反射率用于远程感应植被指数,反映植物1、2中的光合作用或特征。基于红外反射信号的标准化差植被指数(NDVI)是探测叶绿素相关特性的最广为人知的植被指数之一,在生态学和农业科学中作为树木或作物的环境反应指标3。在实地研究中,虽然许多参数(如叶绿素指数、水指数等)已经得到开发和使用,但很少详细核实这些参数是否直接(或间接)检测过使用突变体。
叶绿素荧光的脉冲振幅调制(PAM)分析是测量光合反应和光系统II(PSII)4中涉及的过程的有效方法。叶绿素荧光可以通过相机检测,并用于筛选光合作用突变体5。然而,对叶绿素荧光的相机检测需要复杂的方案,如暗处理或光饱和脉冲,这在实地研究中很难实现。
叶吸收的太阳能主要消耗光合反应。相比之下,吸收多余的光能会产生活性氧,从而对光合分子造成损害。多余的光能必须通过非光化学淬火(NPQ)机制6作为热量消散。光化学反射指数(PRI)反映叶片反射参数的光线相关变化,来自531和570nm(参考波长)7、8的窄带反射率。据报道,在叶绿素荧光分析9中,它与NPQ相关。但是,由于 NPQ 是一个复合参数,包括 xanthophyll 周期、状态传统和光抑制,因此需要详细验证以了解 PRI 参数的度量。我们专注于黄体素循环,一种热耗散系统,涉及黄藻素颜料的脱氧抗氧化(葡萄松素对安他拉桑辛和玉米黄素),以及NPQ的主要成分,因为PRI和这些的转换之间的相关性颜料在以前的研究中已经报道8。
许多光合作用相关的突变体在阿拉伯经体中被分离和鉴定。npq1突变体不积累玉米黄素,因为它携带一个突变在葡萄松素脱环酶(VDE),催化葡萄松素转化为玉米黄素10。为了确定PRI是否只检测桑索植物色素的变化,我们同时测量了NPq1和野生型同一叶区的PRI和叶绿素荧光,然后在暗松弛的不同时间尺度上解剖NPQ,以提取与xanthophyll相关的组分11。这些同步测量为植被指数的分配提供了宝贵的技术。此外,由于 PRI 与总初级生产率 (GPP) 相关,因此将 PRI 精确分配给一个组件的能力在生态学12中具有重要的应用价值。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Halogen light source</td>
			<td>OptoSigma</td>
			<td>SHLA-150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light quantum meter</td>
			<td>LI-COR</td>
			<td>LI-1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAM chlorophyll fluorometer</td>
			<td>Walz</td>
			<td>JUNIOR-PAM</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PAM controliing software</td>
			<td>Walz</td>
			<td>WinControl-3.27</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Reflectance standard</td>
			<td>Labsphere, Inc.</td>
			<td>SRT-99-050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectral radiometer</td>
			<td>ADS Inc.</td>
			<td>Field Spec3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spectral radiometer controlling software</td>
			<td>ADS Inc.</td>
			<td>RS3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluation of photosynthetic behaviors by simultaneous measurements of leaf reflectance and chlorophyll fluorescence analyses

叶绿素荧光分析被广泛用于测量完整植物的光合行为,并产生了许多能有效测量光合作用的参数。叶反射率分析提供了生态和农业中的几个植被指数,包括光化学反射率指数(PRI),该指数可用作光合作用期间热能量耗散的指标,因为它与非光化学淬火(NPQ)。但是,由于 NPQ 是复合参数,因此需要验证 NPQ 以了解 PRI 参数的性质。为了获得评价PRI参数的生理证据,我们同时测量了桑索菲尔循环缺陷突变体(npq1)和野生型阿拉伯霉菌植物的叶绿素荧光和叶反射率。此外,qZ参数,可能反映xanthophyll周期,是从叶绿素荧光分析的结果中提取的,通过监测NPQ的松弛动力学关闭后。这些同步测量使用脉冲振幅调制(PAM)叶绿素荧光计和光谱辐射计进行。两个仪器的光纤探头彼此靠近,以检测来自同一叶片位置的信号。利用外部光源激活光合作用,从PAM仪器提供测量灯和饱和光。该实验系统使我们能够监测完整植物中光依赖性PRI,并发现PRI的轻依赖性变化在野生型和npq1突变体之间存在显著差异。此外,PRI 与 qZ 密切相关,这意味着 qZ 反映了 xanthophyll 周期。这些测量表明,同时测量叶片反射率和叶绿素荧光是参数评估的有效方法。

图1显示了用于同时测量叶绿素荧光和叶反射率的实验设置的示意图。PAM 和光谱辐射计的光纤探头垂直地设置在定制样品台上叶架的叶面上,使用卤素灯从左右两个方向进行活动光照射,无需铸造任何阴影。使用独立系统的软件检测到 PAM 和叶片反射信号。该实验系统用于比较阿拉伯兰多普西野生型(科尔)和npq1突变体(缺乏玉米黄素)植物(<strong class...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of Photosynthetic Behaviors by Simultaneous Measurements of Leaf Reflectance and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analyses at JoVE.com

Evaluation of Photosynthetic Behaviors by Simultaneous Measurements of Leaf Reflectance and Chlorophyll Fluorescence Analyses

我们描述了一种研究高植物的光合反应的新方法,包括使用PAM和光谱辐射计同时测量叶绿素荧光和叶反射率,以检测来自在阿拉伯的叶子面积相同。

通过叶反射和叶绿素荧光分析同步测量的光合行为评价

Chlorophyll a fluorescence analysis is widely used to measure photosynthetic behaviors in intact plants, and has resulted in the development of many ...

使用已知的突变植物模型，叶反射率与叶绿素荧光分析同时测量，有助于建立新的反射参数。通过该方法构建新叶反射参数，可以实时监测自然环境条件下植物行为的变化。在开始实验之前，设置一个测量系统，如本示意图所示。具有样品级、光源、PAM 荧光计和光谱辐射计。接下来，将一个直径为 1 厘米的 10 厘米方形钢板连接到定制样品阶段。将两个薄纤维探头紧密地安装在一起。用塑料胶带包裹探头。然后使用支架将贴录的探头夹在样品舞台上。将探头垂直放置到样品级。并在卤素光源上连接由玻璃纤维制成的双叉导光。然后以大约 45 度角从两个方向擦除样品阶段。调整光源，使光线均匀地照亮样品舞台，而不会投射阴影。为了同时测量左侧反射和叶绿素荧光分析，在绿色玻璃纸灯的暗室中，在样品阶段的叶架上放置一个测试装置，将叶子对着舞台上钢板的孔。关闭 PAM 荧光计的弱绿灯后，用测量灯擦除叶样品。移动调节器，使荧光强度测量约 100，并测量探头与叶之间的距离。将调节器固定到位，并在调节器上记录距离值。然后关闭测量灯并拆下测试设备。对于行为光强度测量，将光量子定时器放置在样品叶放置的位置。并照射来自卤素光源的光，以测量光源强度。确定光源表盘的哪个位置产生强度为 30、60、120、240 和 480 微摩尔质子/平方米/秒。将白板作为反射标准放在叶样品的位置。打开光谱辐射计。调整 350 到 850 纳米之间的光谱反射。此时没有光谱数据，因为没有照射光。打开卤素灯，以每平方米每平方米 480 微摩尔光子/秒的速度照射。在此测试中的最高辐照强度，并调整辐射计的检测强度以避免饱和。然后记录照明下的光谱反射率，每平方米每平方米 30、60、120、240 和 480 微摩尔光子。用于同时测量叶片反射和叶绿素荧光分析，将植物从生长室转移到温度和湿度相同的暗室。一小时后，将一种阿拉伯植物放在叶样本位置。将样品叶固定到叶上，使叶面垂直于检测探头。打开 PAM 荧光计并启动曲线记录。此值称为零。打开测量灯并等待约 30 秒，让曲线响应。此值称为 F 零。从 PAM 中，以 0.8 秒的速度提供每平方米 4，000 微摩尔光子的饱和脉冲，从 PAM 获得曲线尖峰的最高值，荧光强度增加。此值称为 Fm.然后使用公式计算照片系统二在黑暗中的最大量子产量。为了测量稳定状态的光合作用行为，在记录Fm后，用每平方米30微摩尔光子照射叶样品。打开光谱辐射计以监测叶片反射。等待至少20分钟，使光合作用反应达到稳定状态。在此反应期间，饱和脉冲将每隔一分钟提供一次。稳定状态的荧光强度称为Fs.脉冲光20分钟后达到的最大荧光值称为Fm等值。此时记录光谱反射。为了计算稳定状态下的光合作用活动，计算光子系统二的量子产量，可以通过在行为光下用饱和脉冲照射来估计。从光系统两个反应中心估计线性电子通量。然后计算非光化学淬火，计算531和570纳米的光化学反射指数。获得 Fs 后，叶反射会关闭行为光，并在黑暗放松期间每隔一分钟提供饱和脉冲。暗下饱和脉冲引起的最大荧光值称为 Fm 双底。并在关闭行为光后，将 Fm 双素数数据保存在 2 分钟和 10 分钟。要计算从松弛连接剂的非光化学淬火参数，用两分钟暗自调Fm双极值数据估计qE。计算赞氧从相关淬火，qZ，用10分钟暗自调Fm双素数数据。然后计算照片抑制状态。下一次测量时，以每平方米每平方米60微摩尔光子/秒的速度打开行为光，并重复相同的测量。在这个具有代表性的实验中，比较了野生植物和突变的阿拉伯植物。光化学反射指数（PRI）的变化，根据叶片反射率计算，是根据PAM荧光计估计的光依赖线性电子流绘制的。在这个实验中，PRI的变化与野生型植物的线性电子流动呈负相关，但在突变植物中却没有。表示 xanthophyll 周期的 qZ 从非光化学淬火的黑暗松弛连接中分馏，并且根据 PRI 的变化绘制了。在此分析中，qZ也与两种植物菌株的PRI变化密切相关，这意味着PRI反映了 xanthophyll 周期。对于使用相同的光源或强度同时测量同一叶面积，请使用固定装置中的相同检测光纤垂直定位叶。反射光谱学有可能用于分析各种表型，在野生型植物和突变植物中阐明植物分子机制。

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Cell Biology

Bioengineering

Unit 1

Chloroplasts and Photosynthesis

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Thermodynamics of Membrane Protein Folding Measured by Fluorescence Spectroscopy

荧光光谱法测定膜蛋白质折叠的热力学

Membrane protein folding is an emerging topic with both fundamental and health-related significance.  The abundance of membrane proteins in cells ...

科研

生物工程

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor (IRIS)

Biomolecular Detection employing the Interferometric Reflectance Imaging Sensor IRIS

生物分子检测的干涉反射成像传感器（IRIS）

The sensitive measurement of biomolecular interactions has use in many fields and industries such as basic biology and microbiology, ...

Evaluation of Biomaterials for Bladder Augmentation using Cystometric Analyses in Various Rodent Models

膀胱膀胱分析各种啮齿类动物模型中使用的增广的生物材料评价

Renal function and continence of urine are critically dependent on the proper function of the urinary bladder, which stores urine at low pressure and ...

Evaluation of Polymeric Gene Delivery Nanoparticles by Nanoparticle Tracking Analysis and High-throughput Flow Cytometry

高分子基因传递纳米粒子的纳米粒子跟踪分析和高通量流式细胞仪评价

Non-viral gene delivery using polymeric nanoparticles has emerged as an attractive approach for gene therapy to treat genetic diseases1 and as a ...

Aplysia Ganglia Preparation for Electrophysiological and Molecular Analyses of Single Neurons

Aplysia Ganglia Preparation for Electrophysiological and Molecular Analyses of Single Neurons

阿普利西亚 单一神经元电生理学和分子分析的甘利亚制备

A major challenge in neurobiology is to understand the molecular underpinnings of neural circuitry that govern a specific behavior. Once the specific ...

High-resolution Spatiotemporal Analysis of Receptor Dynamics by Single-molecule Fluorescence Microscopy

受体动力学通过单分子荧光显微镜的高分辨率时空分析

Single-molecule microscopy is emerging as a powerful approach to analyze the behavior of signaling molecules, in particular concerning those aspect (e.g., ...

3D Orbital Tracking in a Modified Two-photon Microscope: An Application to the Tracking of Intracellular Vesicles

3d轨道跟踪的改进双光子显微镜之应用：细胞内的囊泡的跟踪

The objective of this video protocol is to discuss how to perform and analyze a three-dimensional fluorescent orbital particle tracking experiment using a ...

Dissection, MicroCT Scanning and Morphometric Analyses of the Baculum

在中短肛解剖，显微扫描和分析形态

Modern morphometrics provides powerful methods to quantify size and shape variation. A basic requirement is a list of coordinates that define landmarks; ...

Construction and Setup of a Bench-scale Algal Photosynthetic Bioreactor with Temperature, Light, and pH Monitoring for Kinetic Growth Tests

用于动态生长测试的温度，光照和pH监测的台式藻类光合生物反应器的构建和设置

The optimal design and operation of photosynthetic bioreactors (PBRs) for microalgal cultivation is essential for improving the environmental and economic ...

Engineering 'Golden' Fluorescence by Selective Pressure Incorporation of Non-canonical Amino Acids and Protein Analysis by Mass Spectrometry and Fluorescence