Name: highlighting and reducing the impact of negative aging stereotypes during older adults' cognitive testing
Uploaded: 2020-01-24T12:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing at JoVE.com

这项工作的一部分得到了阿尔茨海默氏人文和社会科学基金会（AAP SHS 2013："阿尔茨海默病的社会认知方面"对F.里加洛和M.Mazerolle）的支持。

本研究是按照法国标准进行的，每个参与者都提供了知情同意，程序符合美国心理学协会的指导方针。
1. 在实验室内存测试中突出显示和减少基于年龄的构造型威胁
<ol><li>参与者筛选<ol>
<li>招募所需年龄范围的参与者（例如，年轻参与者：18~35岁;年龄较大的参与者：60-85岁），对一般智力和/或情绪对各种认知任务和问卷的影响进行研究。</li>
		<li>确保参与者是母语人士，有...

<ol>
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S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sydney+Memory,+Ageing+Study+Team.+Factors+predicting+reversion+from+mild+cognitive+impairment+to+normal+cognitive+functioning:+a+population-based+study.">Sydney Memory, Ageing Study Team. Factors predicting reversion from mild cognitive impairment to normal cognitive functioning: a population-based study.</a> PloS One. 8, e59649 (2013).</li><li>R&#233;gner, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aging+stereotypes+must+be+taken+into+account+for+the+diagnosis+of+prodromal+and+early+Alzheimer's+disease.">Aging stereotypes must be taken into account for the diagnosis of prodromal and early Alzheimer's disease.</a> Alzheimer Disease &amp; Associated Disorders - An International Journal. 30 (1), 77-79 (2016).</li><li>Chasteen, A. L., Bhattacharyya, S., Horhota, M., Tam, R., Hasher, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=How+feelings+of+stereotype+threat+influence+older+adults'+memory+performance.">How feelings of stereotype threat influence older adults' memory performance.</a> Experimental Aging Research. 31 (3), 235-260 (2005).</li><li>Yesavage, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+a+geriatric+depression+screening+scale:+a+preliminary+report.">Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report.</a> Journal of Psychiatric Research. 17 (1), 37-49 (1982).</li><li>Spielberger, C. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Test+Anxiety+Inventory.">Test Anxiety Inventory.</a> The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. , (2010).</li><li>Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., McHugh, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term="Mini-mental+state.".">"Mini-mental state.".</a> Journal of Psychiatric Research. 12 (3), 189-198 (1975).</li><li>Crum, R. M., Anthony, J. C., Bassett, S. S., Folstein, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Population-based+norms+for+the+Mini-Mental+State+Examination+by+age+and+educational+level.">Population-based norms for the Mini-Mental State Examination by age and educational level.</a> The Journal of the American Medical Association. 269 (18), 2386-2391 (1993).</li><li>Gimmig, D., Huguet, P., Caverni, J. -. P., Cury, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Choking+under+pressure+and+working-memory+capacity:+When+performance+pressure+reduces+fluid+intelligence.">Choking under pressure and working-memory capacity: When performance pressure reduces fluid intelligence.</a> Psychonomic Bulletin &amp; Review. 13, 1005-1010 (2006).</li><li>Mazerolle, M., R&#233;gner, I., Morisset, P., Rigalleau, F., Huguet, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereotype+Threat+Strengthens+Automatic+Recall+and+Undermines+Controlled+Processes+in+the+Elderly.">Stereotype Threat Strengthens Automatic Recall and Undermines Controlled Processes in the Elderly.</a> Psychological Science. 23, 723-727 (2012).</li><li>Daneman, M., Carpenter, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individual+differences+in+working+memory+and+reading.">Individual differences in working memory and reading.</a> Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior. 19, 450-466 (1980).</li><li>Nasreddine, Z. 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G., Doust, J., Creasey, H., Brayne, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Political+drive+to+screen+for+pre-dementia:+not+evidence+based+and+ignores+the+harms+of+diagnosis.">Political drive to screen for pre-dementia: not evidence based and ignores the harms of diagnosis.</a> BMJ. 347, f5125 (2013).</li><li>Steele, C. M., Davies, P. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stereotype+Threat+and+Employment+Testing:+A+Commentary.">Stereotype Threat and Employment Testing: A Commentary.</a> Human Performance. 16 (3), 311-326 (2003).</li><li>Scholl, J. M., Sabat, S. 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目前的研究表明，定型威胁，在许多测试情况下被忽视的压力来源，可能导致老年人在记忆测试中表现低于他们的真实能力。此处介绍的方法强调了在测试记忆之前向参与者和患者提供说明的至关重要性。仅仅提到年轻人正在参与研究（不提任何预期中与年龄相关的性能差异）就足以使老年人在短时间认知测试中达到痴呆症前临床标准的老年人数量增加40%（MMSE和MoCA平均值）。目前的研究结果还?...

在健康人群中进行的社会认知实验室研究领域日益扩大，这表明，当负面定型观念与手头的表现相关时，能力处于负面定型的群体成员通常表现不佳，这种现象称为定型威胁（ST）。除了与参加认知测试相关的正常焦虑之外，对确认负面成见的恐惧会产生额外的压力，从而可能干扰认知功能，并导致能力低于自己的能力1，2。许多发现表明，消极的衰老成见（例如，文化上共同的信念，即衰老不可避免地导致严重的认知衰退和疾病，如阿尔茨海默氏病[AD]），至少部分地促成了年轻和老年人在记忆任务中观察到的健康人群之间的典型差异。在不否认衰老对认知功能的影响的情况下，研究清楚表明，与年龄相关的成见足以人为地降低老年人在记忆测试中的表现。
基于年龄的有害ST效应很容易观察到，而且相当容易产生与教学操作6，如简单地强调记忆成分的测试7，8，9，突出年轻人和老年人的表现差异10，11，或隐含激活负老化定型12，13。鉴于在实验室研究中获得的结果，在痴呆症前筛查期间，负面老化的陈规陋习很可能也渗透到标准神经心理检测设置中，至少是含蓄的。事实上，由于预期寿命的延长，越来越多的人担心患AD或其他形式的痴呆症的可能性。重要的是，误报错误在AD14的孕原状态的诊断中相当频繁，这至少部分可以解释为，由于基于年龄的ST现象15，老年人的暂时性表现受损。
由于这些原因，必须提供有效的方法来消除消极老化定型的影响，从而帮助老年人在一般记忆评估期间，特别是在神经心理学测试期间达到最大程度。一些方法，如取消强调测试的记忆部分（例如，将任务描述为词汇测试），已经证明可以有效地消除老年人对在实验室研究7、9、16中进行的明确记忆测试的ST影响。然而，这种说明与神经心理学测试的生态临床背景不相容，在神经心理学测试中，老年人开始评估他们的记忆能力。我们文章的目标是提出两种方法，在实验室或临床环境中，可能减轻老年人中基于年龄的ST影响。第一种，特别适合实验室环境，在于告诉老年人，正在进行的记忆测试的表现通常没有年龄不同的年轻人和老年人（即年龄公平指示）。第二种方法可以在实验室和临床环境中实施，包括向老年人（或患者）解释老化定型的消极影响，这可能有助于他们重新评估情况，减少评估压力，并在测试期间感到威胁较小。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Table</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2 chairs (one for the participant and one for experimenter)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laptop/computer with Reading span test described in the protocol</td>
			<td>Apple iMac (Cupertino, CA)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Psyscope</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="http://psy.ck.sissa.it/psy_cmu_edu/index.html" target="_blank">http://psy.ck.sissa.it/psy_cmu_edu/index.html</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper and pencil for MMSE, MoCA, Geriatric depression Scale, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mini Mental State Examination</td>
			<td>Folstein, M. F., Folstein, S. E., McHugh, P. R. &#34;Mini-mental state.&#34; Journal of Psychiatric Research. 12 (3), 189&#8211;198 (1975).</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Montreal Cognitive Assessment</td>
			<td>Nasreddine, Z. S. et al. The Montreal Cognitive Assessment, MoCA: A brief screening tool for mild cognitive impairment. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 53, 695&#8211;699 (2005).</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Geriatric depression Scale</td>
			<td>Spielberger, C. D. Test Anxiety Inventory. The Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology. John Wiley &#38; Sons, Inc., Hoboken (2010).</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>State-Trait Anxiety Inventory</td>
			<td>Yesavage, J. A. et al. Development and validation of a geriatric depression screening scale: a preliminary report. Journal of Psychiatric Research. 17 (1), 37&#8211;49 (1982).</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

highlighting and reducing the impact of negative aging stereotypes during older adults' cognitive testing

随着预期寿命的延长，衰老已成为一项重大的健康挑战，导致人们努力更好地区分正常认知和病理认知衰退。因此，认知测试及其管理必须尽可能公平。然而，认知测试过程中的一个重要偏见来源来自消极的衰老成见，这些定型观念会损害老年人的记忆表现，并夸大认知任务中的年龄差异。害怕证实消极的衰老成见，在老年人中造成额外的压力，从而干扰他们的智力功能，导致他们的表现低于他们真正的能力。在这里，我们提出一个协议，强调简单但有效的干预措施，以减轻这种基于年龄的定型威胁效应。第一项研究表明，仅仅向年龄较大的参与者通报年轻参与者的存在（威胁状况）导致老年人在标准化记忆测试中表现不佳，而与年轻参与者相比，这种表现当测试被呈现为年龄公平（减少威胁条件）时，差异被消除。第二项研究在用于筛查临床环境中痴呆症前期的短认知测试中复制了这些发现，并表明，向老年人传授关于定型威胁的接种使他们免受其影响。这些结果就如何在Iab研究和临床环境中改善老年人的记忆评估提供了有用的建议。

我们解决了一个假设，即定型威胁会损害老年人的工作记忆性能，并且可以通过简单的指导来减少或消除这种影响。年龄组和威胁指令之间的预期相互作用显著，F（1， 214） = 4.85，p < 0.03，μp2 = 0.02，如图3所示。 在威胁条件下，年龄较大的参与者表现不佳（均值 =M= = 0.73，标准误差 =SE= 0.01）相对于年轻参?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing at JoVE.com

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

在这里，我们提出一个协议，旨在显示消极的衰老成见如何损害老年人在认知测试期间的记忆性能，以及如何减少这种有害影响。这种方法可以帮助老年人在实验室研究和临床环境中的测试期间达到最佳水平。

在老年人认知测试中突出和减少消极衰老成见的影响

As life expectancy increases, aging has become a major health challenge, resulting in a huge effort to better discriminate between normal and pathological ...

许多衰老的陈规定型观念很可能偏向于对老年人认知功能的评估。我们的协议有助于突出，然后中和实验室和临床环境中的偏差。通过中和消极老化定型观念的影响，我们的使命有助于更好地区分正常和病理认知衰退。这些方法提供了有用的建议，如何改善其他成人的认知评估在临床设置。特别是，用于阿尔茨海默病的原发阶段的诊断。该协议可适用于任何污名化的个人即将执行依赖于刻板印象能力的任务的情况。至关重要的是，干预是帮助老年人将困难的原因归咎于与检查有关的压力，而不是疾病的存在实验旨在强调老年人记忆测试期间衰老陈规定型观念的负面影响。对于第一个实验，首先通知学员他们将完成两项独立任务。第一个被描述为仍在构建的内存测试，以最大限度地降低评估压力，而第二个测试被描述为有效的内存测试。用不同的句子准备两个阅读跨度测试的替代版本，但匹配它们的长度、频率和单词音节数。在第一次研究中，一次提出一个句子，并指示参与者在记住句子的最后一句话时，以自己的节奏阅读它。请学员不要打断他的阅读，也不要在两句话之间停顿。然后让参与者在读完考虑的块的最后一句后立即回忆单词。注意参与者回忆不需要是串行的，但是要求他们避免从最后一句读的最后一句话开始。不要限制召回时间，并邀请参与者找到尽可能多的单词。此外，不要通知参与者他们的错误，也不要给他们第二次回答的机会。然后使用十二个系列中正确回忆单词的平均值比例计算每个参与者的最终分数。接下来通知学员，他们将完成第二个研究，该研究包括完全验证和诊断内存容量测试。根据参与者分配的组诱导定型威胁或减少威胁。在威胁条件下，告诉参与者，年轻人和老年人都参与研究。在减少威胁的情况下，告诉参与者，年轻人和老年人都参与这项研究，但补充说，年轻人和老年人通常获得相同的表现，正在进行的测试。最后，让学员完成读取范围测试的第二个版本，并使用与第一个版本完全相同的过程。与处于威胁状态的学员相比，处于减少威胁状态的较年长的参与者获得了更好的工作记忆分数。此外，在威胁条件下，年龄较大的参与者相对于较年轻的参与者表现不佳，而两个年龄组在减少威胁条件下的表现同样良好。实验二旨在突出和中和负衰老定型对用于筛查临床环境中痴呆症前的短期认知测试的影响。对于第二个实验，让参与者完成两个简短的认知测试，MMSE 和 MOCA，然后在进行第一次测试之前，随机将参与者分配给两种威胁条件之一。在威胁条件下，通知参与者，年轻人和老年人都参与有关记忆能力的研究。在减少威胁的情况下，通知参与者，年轻人和老年人都参与有关记忆能力的研究，但补充说，年轻人和老年人通常获得相同的表现，正在进行的测试。管理 MMSE 的八个子测试，通过遵循 Folstein 和 McHugh 的管理准则来评估记忆、对时间和地点的方向、注意力和行政功能、语言和视觉空间能力。通过添加每个子测试的分数并获得按 30 分等级评定的最终分数来计算最终分数。然后在进行第二次测试之前，MOCA 使用教育干预来向学员汇报基于年龄的刻板印象威胁，而不管他们以前被分配的威胁或威胁减少的情况如何。在教育干预之后，管理MOCA的八个子测试，根据www.mocatest.org年现有的管理准则，评估记忆力、对时间和地点的方向、注意力和行政功能、语言和视觉空间能力。最后，计算最终分数，添加每个子测试的分数，并获得 30 分等级的最终分数。参与者在减少威胁条件下的表现高于MMSE的威胁条件。与减少的威胁条件相比，MOCA 上也出现了相同的模式，参与者在威胁条件下表现不佳。在教育干预之后，老年人在测试二中表现同样好，包括MOCA或MMSE。该协议强调了在评估老年人认知功能时测试表征的关键。简单地在记忆中提及年轻人就足以产生刻板印象效应，使老年人的表现低于他们真正的潜能。与干预可以适应考虑其他类型的威胁，可以同时由临床背景触发。例如，某人的疾病作为一种戏剧性疾病的具体威胁，住院的威胁，或者仅仅是白色外套的威胁。该协议将建议用于改进实验室设置和临床环境中的其他成人记忆评估。将考试作为年龄公平或使用教育干预。

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Social Psychology

Behavior

Foundations of Social Psychology

Stereotypes, Prejudice, and Discrimination

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Irrelevant Stimuli and Action Control: Analyzing the Influence of Ignored Stimuli via the Distractor-Response Binding Paradigm

不相干的刺激和动作控制：通过分心 - 响应绑定范式忽略刺激的影响分析

Selection tasks in which simple stimuli (e.g. letters) are presented and a target stimulus has to be selected against one or more distractor stimuli are ...

科研

行为学

Behavioral Assessment of the Aging Mouse Vestibular System

衰老小鼠前庭系统的行为评估

Age related decline in balance performance is associated with deteriorating muscle strength, motor coordination and vestibular function. While a number of ...

Getting to Compliance in Forced Exercise in Rodents: A Critical Standard to Evaluate Exercise Impact in Aging-related Disorders and Disease

让合规的强制锻炼鼠害：一项关键的标准在衰老相关的疾病和疾病评估运动的影响

There is a major increase in the awareness of the positive impact of exercise on improving several disease states with neurobiological basis; these ...

Community-based Adapted Tango Dancing for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Older Adults

Adapted tango dancing improves mobility and balance in older adults and additional populations with balance impairments. It is composed of very simple ...

Measuring Attentional Biases for Threat in Children and Adults

测量注意偏向对威胁儿童和成人

Investigators have long been interested in the human propensity for the rapid detection of threatening stimuli. However, until recently, research in this ...

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults

充实适当的运动捕捉技术的越野行走步态中老年人的评估和姿势

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques ...

Reducing State Anxiety Using Working Memory Maintenance

使用工作记忆维护降低状态焦虑

The purpose of this protocol is to explain how to examine the relationship between working memory processes and anxiety by combining the Sternberg Working ...

Using a Real-Time Locating System to Measure Walking Activity Associated with Wandering Behaviors Among Institutionalized Older Adults

利用实时定位系统测量被培养的老年人的游走行为相关的步行活动

A real-time locating system (RTLS) can be used to track the walking activity of institutionalized older adults in long-term care who are at risk for ...

Dissociation of the Confounding Influences of Expectancy and Integrative Difficulty Residing in Anomalous Sentences in Event-related Potential Studies

与事件相关的潜在研究中,在异常句中所驻住的期望值与综合难度的分离

The confounding factors of unexpectedness and semantic integration difficulty naturally residing in anomalous sentences in language studies make it ...

Using the Race Model Inequality to Quantify Behavioral Multisensory Integration Effects

使用种族模型不平等来量化行为多感官整合效应

Multisensory integration research investigates how the brain processes simultaneous sensory information. Research on animals (mainly cats and primates) ...