Name: lentiviral crispr/cas9-mediated genome editing for the study of hematopoietic cells in disease models
Uploaded: 2019-10-03T13:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing for the Study of Hematopoietic Cells in Disease Models at JoVE.com

S.S.得到了美国心脏协会博士后奖学金17POST33670076的支持。K. W. 得到 NIH 授予 R01 HL138014、R01 HL141256 和 R01 HL139819 的支持。

弗吉尼亚大学机构动物护理和使用委员会（IACUC）已批准所有涉及动物受试者的程序。
1. 慢病毒颗粒的生成和纯化
注： 含有优化导引RNA的Lenti病毒颗粒可以通过Addgene提供的详细协议产生：<https：//media.addgene.org/cms/文件/张_lab_LentiCRISPR_library_protocol_pdf）>。关于高蒂特扁豆病毒制备和储存的优化方法，讨论在其他地方17，18。<sup class=...

<ol>
	<li>Sasaki, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Defective+immune+responses+in+mice+lacking+LUBAC-mediated+linear+ubiquitination+in+B+cells.">Defective immune responses in mice lacking LUBAC-mediated linear ubiquitination in B cells.</a> EMBO Journal. 32, 2463-2476 (2013).</li><li>Ogilvy, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptional+regulation+of+vav,+a+gene+expressed+throughout+the+hematopoietic+compartment.">Transcriptional regulation of vav, a gene expressed throughout the hematopoietic compartment.</a> Blood. 91, 419-430 (1998).</li><li>Meyer, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=DNMT3A+Haploinsufficiency+Transforms+FLT3ITD+Myeloproliferative+Disease+into+a+Rapid,+Spontaneous,+and+Fully+Penetrant+Acute+Myeloid+Leukemia.">DNMT3A Haploinsufficiency Transforms FLT3ITD Myeloproliferative Disease into a Rapid, Spontaneous, and Fully Penetrant Acute Myeloid Leukemia.</a> Cancer Discovery. 6, 501-515 (2016).</li><li>Kuhn, R., Schwenk, F., Aguet, M., Rajewsky, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inducible+gene+targeting+in+mice.">Inducible gene targeting in mice.</a> Science. 269, 1427-1429 (1995).</li><li>Cole, C. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PML-RARA+requires+DNA+methyltransferase+3A+to+initiate+acute+promyelocytic+leukemia.">PML-RARA requires DNA methyltransferase 3A to initiate acute promyelocytic leukemia.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 126, 85-98 (2016).</li><li>Yang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+generation+of+mice+carrying+reporter+and+conditional+alleles+by+CRISPR/Cas-mediated+genome+engineering.">One-step generation of mice carrying reporter and conditional alleles by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering.</a> Cell. 154, 1370-1379 (2013).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One-step+generation+of+mice+carrying+mutations+in+multiple+genes+by+CRISPR/Cas-mediated+genome+engineering.">One-step generation of mice carrying mutations in multiple genes by CRISPR/Cas-mediated genome engineering.</a> Cell. 153, 910-918 (2013).</li><li>Quadros, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Easi-CRISPR:+a+robust+method+for+one-step+generation+of+mice+carrying+conditional+and+insertion+alleles+using+long+ssDNA+donors+and+CRISPR+ribonucleoproteins.">Easi-CRISPR: a robust method for one-step generation of mice carrying conditional and insertion alleles using long ssDNA donors and CRISPR ribonucleoproteins.</a> Genome Biology. 18, 92 (2017).</li><li>Miura, H., Quadros, R. M., Gurumurthy, C. B., Ohtsuka, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Easi-CRISPR+for+creating+knock-in+and+conditional+knock-out+mouse+models+using+long+ssDNA+donors.">Easi-CRISPR for creating knock-in and conditional knock-out mouse models using long ssDNA donors.</a> Nature Protocols. 13, 195-215 (2018).</li><li>Sano, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR-Mediated+Gene+Editing+to+Assess+the+Roles+of+Tet2+and+Dnmt3a+in+Clonal+Hematopoiesis+and+Cardiovascular+Disease.">CRISPR-Mediated Gene Editing to Assess the Roles of Tet2 and Dnmt3a in Clonal Hematopoiesis and Cardiovascular Disease.</a> Circulation Research. 123, 335-341 (2018).</li><li>Cante-Barrett, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lentiviral+gene+transfer+into+human+and+murine+hematopoietic+stem+cells:+size+matters.">Lentiviral gene transfer into human and murine hematopoietic stem cells: size matters.</a> BMC Research Notes. 9 (312), (2016).</li><li>Chu, V. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficient+CRISPR-mediated+mutagenesis+in+primary+immune+cells+using+CrispRGold+and+a+C57BL/6+Cas9+transgenic+mouse+line.">Efficient CRISPR-mediated mutagenesis in primary immune cells using CrispRGold and a C57BL/6 Cas9 transgenic mouse line.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 113, 12514-12519 (2016).</li><li>Fuster, J. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+hematopoiesis+associated+with+TET2+deficiency+accelerates+atherosclerosis+development+in+mice.">Clonal hematopoiesis associated with TET2 deficiency accelerates atherosclerosis development in mice.</a> Science. 355, 842-847 (2017).</li><li>Sano, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tet2-Mediated+Clonal+Hematopoiesis+Accelerates+Heart+Failure+Through+a+Mechanism+Involving+the+IL-1beta/NLRP3+Inflammasome.">Tet2-Mediated Clonal Hematopoiesis Accelerates Heart Failure Through a Mechanism Involving the IL-1beta/NLRP3 Inflammasome.</a> Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 71, 875-886 (2018).</li><li>Sano, S., Wang, Y., Walsh, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clonal+Hematopoiesis+and+Its+Impact+on+Cardiovascular+Disease.">Clonal Hematopoiesis and Its Impact on Cardiovascular Disease.</a> Circulatory Journal. 71, 875-886 (2018).</li><li>Heckl, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+mouse+models+of+myeloid+malignancy+with+combinatorial+genetic+lesions+using+CRISPR-Cas9+genome+editing.">Generation of mouse models of myeloid malignancy with combinatorial genetic lesions using CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 32, 941-946 (2014).</li><li>Jiang, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optimized+method+for+high-titer+lentivirus+preparations+without+ultracentrifugation.">An optimized method for high-titer lentivirus preparations without ultracentrifugation.</a> Scientific Reports. 5, 13875 (2015).</li><li>Cribbs, A. P., Kennedy, A., Gregory, B., Brennan, F. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simplified+production+and+concentration+of+lentiviral+vectors+to+achieve+high+transduction+in+primary+human+T+cells.">Simplified production and concentration of lentiviral vectors to achieve high transduction in primary human T cells.</a> BMC Biotechnology. 13, 98 (2013).</li><li>Brinkman, E. K., Chen, T., Amendola, M., van Steensel, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Easy+quantitative+assessment+of+genome+editing+by+sequence+trace+decomposition.">Easy quantitative assessment of genome editing by sequence trace decomposition.</a> Nucleic Acids Research. 42, e168 (2014).</li><li>Sentmanat, M. F., Peters, S. T., Florian, C. P., Connelly, J. P., Pruett-Miller, S. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Survey+of+Validation+Strategies+for+CRISPR-Cas9+Editing.">A Survey of Validation Strategies for CRISPR-Cas9 Editing.</a> Scientific Reports. 8, 888 (2018).</li><li>Akcakaya, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+CRISPR+editing+with+no+detectable+genome-wide+off-target+mutations.">In vivo CRISPR editing with no detectable genome-wide off-target mutations.</a> Nature. 561, 416-419 (2018).</li><li>Bae, S., Park, J., Kim, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cas-OFFinder:+a+fast+and+versatile+algorithm+that+searches+for+potential+off-target+sites+of+Cas9+RNA-guided+endonucleases.">Cas-OFFinder: a fast and versatile algorithm that searches for potential off-target sites of Cas9 RNA-guided endonucleases.</a> Bioinformatics. 30, 1473-1475 (2014).</li><li>Kosicki, M., Tomberg, K., Bradley, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repair+of+double-strand+breaks+induced+by+CRISPR-Cas9+leads+to+large+deletions+and+complex+rearrangements.">Repair of double-strand breaks induced by CRISPR-Cas9 leads to large deletions and complex rearrangements.</a> Nature Biotechnology. 36, 765-771 (2018).</li><li>El-Brolosy, M. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetic+compensation+triggered+by+mutant+mRNA+degradation.">Genetic compensation triggered by mutant mRNA degradation.</a> Nature. 568, 193-197 (2019).</li><li>Ma, Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PTC-bearing+mRNA+elicits+a+genetic+compensation+response+via+Upf3a+and+COMPASS+components.">PTC-bearing mRNA elicits a genetic compensation response via Upf3a and COMPASS components.</a> Nature. 568, 259-263 (2019).</li><li>Gilbert, L. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CRISPR-mediated+modular+RNA-guided+regulation+of+transcription+in+eukaryotes.">CRISPR-mediated modular RNA-guided regulation of transcription in eukaryotes.</a> Cell. 154, 442-451 (2013).</li><li>Qi, L. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Repurposing+CRISPR+as+an+RNA-guided+platform+for+sequence-specific+control+of+gene+expression.">Repurposing CRISPR as an RNA-guided platform for sequence-specific control of gene expression.</a> Cell. 152, 1173-1183 (2013).</li><li>Zhou, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+simultaneous+transcriptional+activation+of+multiple+genes+in+the+brain+using+CRISPR-dCas9-activator+transgenic+mice.">In vivo simultaneous transcriptional activation of multiple genes in the brain using CRISPR-dCas9-activator transgenic mice.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 21, 440-446 (2018).</li><li>Fuster, J. J., Walsh, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Somatic+Mutations+and+Clonal+Hematopoiesis:+Unexpected+Potential+New+Drivers+of+Age-Related+Cardiovascular+Disease.">Somatic Mutations and Clonal Hematopoiesis: Unexpected Potential New Drivers of Age-Related Cardiovascular Disease.</a> Circulatory Research. 122, 523-532 (2018).</li><li>Kahn, J. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PPM1D+truncating+mutations+confer+resistance+to+chemotherapy+and+sensitivity+to+PPM1D+inhibition+in+hematopoietic+cells.">PPM1D truncating mutations confer resistance to chemotherapy and sensitivity to PPM1D inhibition in hematopoietic cells.</a> Blood. , (2018).</li></ol>

与传统的小鼠转基因方法相比，该协议的优点是以快速且高成本效益的方式创建动物模型，以快速且极具成本效益的方式在造血细胞中预感特定突变。结果发现，这种方法使小鼠在1个月内进行造血细胞基因操作。此协议中有几个关键步骤需要进一步考虑。
gRNA序列的筛选
建议在体外测试gRNA，以评估在体内实验前的编辑效率。使用无细胞体外?...

血液学和免疫学的许多研究都依赖于转基因小鼠的可用性，包括利用造血系统特异性Cre驱动器的常规和有条件的转基因/敲除小鼠，如Mx1-Cre、Vav-Cre等1，2，3，4，5。这些战略要求建立新的小鼠菌株，这可能既费时又造成财政负担。虽然基因组编辑技术的革命性进展使新的小鼠菌株在3-4个月内产生，并具备了适当的技术专长6，7，8，9，在进行实验之前，需要更多的时间来放大小鼠群。此外，这些程序成本高昂。例如，杰克逊实验室列出了目前每株16，845美元的淘汰小鼠发电服务价格（截至2018年12月）。因此，比传统的鼠转基因方法更经济、更高效的方法更有利。
定期聚集的短片段短回溯重复/CRISPR相关蛋白9（CRISPR/Cas9）技术已导致开发新的工具，用于快速和高效的基于RNA的序列特异性基因组编辑。CRISPR/Cas9系统最初被发现为一种细菌适应性免疫机制，用于摧毁入侵的病原体DNA，它被用作提高真核细胞和动物模型中基因组编辑有效性的工具。已采用多种方法将CRISPR/Cas9机械输送到造血干细胞（即电穿孔、核化、脂肪化、病毒传递等）。
在这里，利用慢病毒系统来转化细胞，因为该系统能够有效感染Cas9表达的小鼠造血干细胞，并将指导RNA表达结构、启动子、调控序列和编码基因打包在一起荧光报告蛋白（即GFP、RFP）。利用这种方法，小鼠造血干细胞的体外基因编辑已经实现，随后在致命辐照小鼠中成功重组骨髓10。本研究使用的慢病毒载体表达来自共同核心EF1a启动子的Cas9和GFP报告基因，其内部核糖体进入位点从报告基因上游。导引RNA序列由单独的U6启动子表达。该系统然后用于在候选克隆血泊驱动基因Tet2和Dnmt3a10中创建插入和删除突变。然而，该方法的转导效率相对较低（±5%-10%）由于载体插入（13 Kbp）的尺寸大，限制了转导效率，并减少了生产过程中的病毒性粒度。
在其他研究中，已经表明，更大的病毒RNA大小对病毒的产生和转导效率都有负面影响。例如，据报道，插入尺寸增加1 kb可使病毒产生量减少±50%，小鼠造血干细胞11的转导效率将降至50%以上。因此，尽可能减小病毒插入的大小，以提高系统的效率是有利的。
这一缺陷可以通过采用Cas9转基因小鼠来克服，其中Cas9蛋白以构成性或诱导方式表达12。构成性CRISPR/Cas9敲鼠以无处不在的方式表达来自CaG启动子的Cas9内分酶和EGFP。因此，在核心EF1a启动子控制下，在U6启动子和RFP检测器基因控制下，使用慢病毒载体进行sgRNA构建，实现基因组编辑。通过该系统，成功编辑了造血干细胞的基因，显示转导效率为+90%。因此，该协议提供了一种快速有效的方法来创建小鼠，其中靶向基因突变被引入造血系统。我们的实验室主要使用这种类型的技术来研究克隆血型在心血管疾病过程13、14、15中的作用，但它也适用于血液学的研究恶性肿瘤16.此外，该协议可扩展到分析HSPC中的DNA突变如何影响造血系统的其他疾病或发育过程。
为了建立一个强大的慢病毒载体系统，需要高端点病毒储存和优化条件，以转导和移植造血细胞。在协议中，在第1节中提供了关于制备高丁酸病毒的指令，在第2节中优化了鼠造造干细胞的培养条件，第3节中的骨髓移植方法，以及评估第4节的补体。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:936px;" width="935">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:515px;">1/2 cc LO-DOSE INSULIN SYRINGE</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">EXELINT</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">26028</td>
			<td style="width:150px;">general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">293T cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-3216--</td>
			<td>Cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">APC-anti-mouse Ly6C (Clone AL-21)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560599</td>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">APC-Cy7-anti-mouse CD45R (RA3-6B2)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>552094</td>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD Luer-Lok disposable syringes, 10 ml</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>309604</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD Microtainer blood collection tubes, K2EDTA added</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>365974</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD Precisionglide needle, 18 G</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305195</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BD Precisionglide needle, 22 G&#160;</td>
			<td>BD</td>
			<td>305155</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:515px;">BV510-anti-mouse CD8a (Clone 53-6.7)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Biolegend</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">100752</td>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">BV711-anti-mouse CD3e (Clone 145-2C11)</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>100349</td>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Collagen from calf skin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>9007-34-5</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Corning Costar Ultra-Low Attachment Multiple Well Plate, 6 well&#160;</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>CLS3471</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:515px;">CRISPR/Cas9 knock-in mice</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">028555</td>
			<td>mouse</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;">DietGel 76A</td>
			<td>Clear H2O</td>
			<td>70-01-5022</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Dulbecco&#8217;s Modified Eagle&#8217;s Medium (DMEM) - high glucose</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>D6429</td>
			<td>Medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">eBioscience 1X RBC Lysis Buffer</td>
			<td>Thermo fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>00-4333-57</td>
			<td>Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon 100 mm TC-Treated Cell Culture Dish</td>
			<td>Life Sciences</td>
			<td>353003</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon 5 mL round bottom polystyrene test tube</td>
			<td>Life Sciences</td>
			<td>352054</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon 50 mL Conical Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>352098</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Falcon 6 Well Clear Flat Bottom TC-Treated Multiwell Cell Culture Plate&#160;</td>
			<td>Life Science</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fisherbrand microhematocrit capillary tubes</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-362566</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fisherbrand sterile cell strainers, 70 &#956;m</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22363548</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:515px;">FITC-anti-mouse CD4 (Clone RM4-5)</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">11-0042-85</td>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Fixation Buffer</td>
			<td>BD Bioscience</td>
			<td>554655</td>
			<td>Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Guide-it Compete sgRNA Screening Systems</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Clontech</td>
			<td style="width:113px;">632636</td>
			<td>Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Isothesia (Isoflurane) solution</td>
			<td>Henry Schein</td>
			<td>29404</td>
			<td>Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lenti-X qRT-PCR Titration Kit&#160;</td>
			<td>Takara</td>
			<td>631235</td>
			<td>Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Lineage Cell Depletion Kit, mouse</td>
			<td>Miltenyi Biotec</td>
			<td>130-090-858</td>
			<td>Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Millex-HV Syringe Filter Unit, 0.45 mm</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>SLHV004SL</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PBS pH7.4 (1X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td>Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PE-Cy7-anti-mouse CD115 (Clone AFS98)</td>
			<td>eBioscience</td>
			<td>25-1152-82</td>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PEI MAX</td>
			<td>Polysciences</td>
			<td>24765-1</td>
			<td>Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin Mixture</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>17-602F</td>
			<td>Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PerCP-Cy5.5-anti-mouse Ly6G (Clone 1A8)</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>560602</td>
			<td>Antibodies</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pLKO5.sgRNA.EFS.tRFP&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>57823</td>
			<td>Plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">pMG2D</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12259</td>
			<td>Plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polybrene Infection/Transfection Reagent</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>TR-1003-G</td>
			<td>Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Polypropylene Centrifuge Tubes</td>
			<td>BECKMAN COULTER</td>
			<td>326823</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">psPAX2&#160;</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>12260</td>
			<td>Plasmid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">RadDisk &#8211; Rodent Irradiator Disk</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>IRD-P M</td>
			<td>general supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Recombinant Murine SCF</td>
			<td>Peprotech</td>
			<td>250-03</td>
			<td>Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Recombinant Murine TPO&#160;</td>
			<td>Peprotech&#160;</td>
			<td>315-14</td>
			<td>Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">StemSpan SFEM</td>
			<td>STEMCELL Technologies</td>
			<td>09600</td>
			<td>Solution</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;">TOPO TA cloning kit for sequencing with One Shot TOP10 Chemically Competent E.coli</td>
			<td style="width:159px;">Thermo fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>K457501</td>
			<td>Kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Zombie Aqua Fixable Viability Kit</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>423102</td>
			<td>Solution&#160;</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

lentiviral crispr/cas9-mediated genome editing for the study of hematopoietic cells in disease models

使用传统的转基因方法在造血干细胞中操作基因可能非常耗时、昂贵且具有挑战性。得益于基因组编辑技术和慢病毒介导的转基因传递系统的进步，这里描述了一种高效、经济的方法，用于建立在造血干细胞中专门操作基因的小鼠。Lenti病毒用于转导Cas9表达的纯骨髓细胞，用引导RNA（gRNA）靶向特定基因和红色荧光报告基因（RFP），然后将这些细胞移植到致命辐照的C57BL/6小鼠中。移植了表达非靶向gRNA的慢病毒的小鼠作为对照。通过对外周血的RFP阳性白细胞的流式细胞分析，对转导造血干细胞的移植进行评价。使用这种方法，在移植后4周内，可以实现骨髓细胞+90%的转导和+70%的淋巴细胞转导。基因组DNA从RFP阳性血细胞中分离出来，目标位点DNA的某些部分被PCR扩增，以验证基因组编辑。该协议提供对造血调控基因的高通量评估，并可扩展到与造血细胞参与的各种小鼠疾病模型。

使用上述协议，每只小鼠获得大约0.8-1.0 x 108个骨髓细胞。我们获得的系系阴性细胞数量约为每只鼠标3 x 106个细胞。通常，骨髓系阴性细胞的产量是骨髓核细胞总数的4%-5%。
转导细胞（RFP阳性）的奇血性通过外周血的流式细胞测定（图2A，B）。血液从逆轨静脉中分离出来，并?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing for the Study of Hematopoietic Cells in Disease Models at JoVE.com

Lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9-Mediated Genome Editing for the Study of Hematopoietic Cells in Disease Models

本文介绍了CRISPR/Cas9系统对鼠血干细胞和祖细胞（HSPC）进行高效基因组编辑的协议，以快速开发具有造血系统特异性基因修饰的小鼠模型系统。

Lentiviral CRISPR/Cas9介导基因组编辑，用于疾病模型中造血细胞的研究

Manipulating genes in hematopoietic stem cells using conventional transgenesis approaches can be time-consuming, expensive, and challenging. Benefiting ...

我们开发了一种高效、经济的方法，利用基因组编辑技术和扁病毒介质的转基因传递系统，专门利用造血干细胞中的基因操作建立小鼠。与传统小鼠转基因方法相比，此协议的优点在于，我们可以创建动物模型，以快速且具有成本效益的方式在造血细胞中携带特定突变。演示这个程序的将是王英，一个来自我实验室的研究员。要产生扁病毒颗粒，首先用胶原蛋白溶液编码六井板，并在37摄氏度和5%的二氧化碳下孵育30分钟。然后，将293T细胞种子放在盘子上，再孵育两个小时。同时，通过结合0.9微克的扁病毒载体、0.6微克的psPAX2和0.3微克的pMD2，准备三种转染质粒的混合物。G 和除去到每井 10 微升。然后，小心地将50微升1X PBS和5微升稀释PEI MAX加入质粒混合物中，并在室温下孵育混合物15分钟。孵育后，加入一毫升DMEM。从六井板中吸出介质，并在每井中加入一毫升质粒混合物。再孵育三个小时的盘子。用新鲜的 DMEM 更换介质，孵育 24 小时。加入一毫升新鲜DMEM，再孵育24小时。总共48小时后，将上经液转移到50毫升管中，并在3000次G下离心15分钟，以去除任何自由漂浮的细胞。通过 0.45 微米过滤器过滤上清液，然后超离心机 3 小时。小心吸上清液，留下白色颗粒。用100微升无血清造血细胞扩张介质重新悬浮颗粒，无需气化。保持10微升等分，测量病毒滴度，并储存在零下80摄氏度的悬浮液的其余部分，直到准备使用。隔离骨骼后，将它们放入带 RPMI 的 50 毫升锥形管中，然后将管子放在冰上。在生物安全柜中，将骨骼转移到无菌的100毫米培养皿中。然后用钝钳抓住骨头，用解剖剪刀小心切开两个表皮。用冰冷 RPMI 填充 10 毫升注射器，并使用 22 量针将骨髓从轴冲洗到新的 100 毫米培养盘中。收集所有骨髓后，通过10毫升注射器用18针将骨髓通过，使单个细胞悬浮。通过 70 微米细胞滤株将悬浮液过滤到 50 毫升锥形管中。然后根据手稿方向离心管，吸上一代。在适当体积的优化分离缓冲液中重新悬浮细胞颗粒。要分离血统阴性细胞，请根据制造商的说明使用血统细胞损耗套件。在无血清造血细胞扩张介质中重新悬浮分离的血统性阴性细胞。在37摄氏度的二氧化碳中预孵育细胞两小时。然后根据手稿说明添加扁病毒，并将细胞留在培养箱中再进行 16 到 20 小时。第二天，在15毫升锥形管中收集扁病毒转换细胞，并在300倍G下离心10分钟。根据 NHA 指南，在里斯组二级处理扁病毒载体非常重要。必须根据设施法规采取预防措施。小心吸升液，每只鼠标在 200 微升 RPMI 中重新悬浮颗粒。将细胞保持室温，直到移植到小鼠体内。在第二次照射后，使用胰岛素注射器将转导脱线阴性细胞注射到每只麻醉小鼠体内。骨髓移植后三到四周，使用毛细管从逆轨道静脉获取血液样本。将20微升血液转移到圆底聚苯乙烯试管中，放在冰上。RBC解解后，在黑暗中用单克隆抗体的鸡尾酒孵育细胞，在室温下孵育20分钟。孵育后，清洗、固定和离心细胞，并在400微升的FACS缓冲液中重新悬浮细胞颗粒。将样品保持在四摄氏度，直到通过流式细胞分析。通过RFP的流式细胞测量检测，可以评价血统负细胞转导的成功。已经证明，经过7天的体外培养，平均75.7%的细胞被转导。流细胞学还用于分析小鼠外周血后重组与转导和非转导造血干细胞。平均94.8%的嗜中性粒细胞、93.5%的单核细胞和82.7%的B细胞表达RFP。来自RFP阳性血细胞的基因组DNA已被PCR扩增和亚克隆用于序列分析。检测到各种突变，69% 的克隆显示出帧或过早停止突变。为了成功完成这一程序，需要为造血细胞的转导和移植准备高杀毒药物和优化条件。我们运用这一技术研究心血管疾病的规律。但它也是有用的研究血液恶性肿瘤。该方法使我们能够高效、高效地研究造血系统中新型基因的功能。我们收集这一点，对转基因小鼠的可用性。

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

RNAi Screening for Host Factors Involved in Vaccinia Virus Infection using Drosophila Cells

RNAi Screening for Host Factors Involved in Vaccinia Virus Infection using Drosophila Cells

RNAi筛选参与宿主因素牛痘病毒感染使用果蝇细胞

Viral pathogens represent a significant public health threat; not only can viruses cause natural epidemics of human disease, but their potential use in ...

科研

免疫与感染

Colony Forming Cell (CFC) Assay for Human Hematopoietic Cells

Colony Forming Cell CFC Assay for Human Hematopoietic Cells

集落形成细胞（CFC）的含量对人体的造血细胞

Human hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells are usually obtained from bone marrow, cord blood, or peripheral blood and are used to study hematopoiesis and ...

Specific Marking of HIV-1 Positive Cells using a Rev-dependent Lentiviral Vector Expressing the Green Fluorescent Protein

HIV - 1使用转速依赖的慢病毒表达载体的绿色荧光蛋白阳性细胞的特定标记

Most of HIV-responsive expression vectors are based on the HIV promoter, the long terminal repeat (LTR). While responsive to an early HIV protein, Tat, ...

Seven Steps to Stellate Cells

星状细胞的七个步骤

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident  cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between  liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ...

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

An In vitro Co-infection Model to Study Plasmodium falciparum-HIV-1 Interactions in Human Primary Monocyte-derived Immune Cells

一个<em&gt;在体外</em&gt;共感染模型研究<em&gt;恶性疟原虫</em人原发性单核细胞源性的免疫细胞-HIV-1相互作用

Plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent  of the deadliest form of malaria, and human immunodeficiency virus type-1 (HIV-1) are among the most important ...

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

Establishing a Liquid-covered Culture of Polarized Human Airway Epithelial Calu-3 Cells to Study Host Cell Response to Respiratory Pathogens In vitro

建立的液体覆盖的文化偏光人类呼吸道上皮的CALU-3细胞研究呼吸系统病原宿主细胞的反应<em在体外</em

The  apical and basolateral surfaces of airway epithelial cells demonstrate  directional responses to pathogen exposure in  vivo. Thus, ideal in vitro ...

Assessing the Development of Murine Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells in Peyer's Patches Using Adoptive Transfer of Hematopoietic Progenitors

评估小鼠浆细胞树突状细胞在淋巴集结的开发利用造血祖细胞的过继转移

This protocol details a method to analyze the ability of purified hematopoietic progenitors to generate plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC) in intestinal ...

Intranasal Administration of Recombinant Influenza Vaccines in Chimeric Mouse Models to Study Mucosal Immunity

重组流感疫苗的嵌合体小鼠模型鼻腔给药研究黏膜免疫

Vaccines are one of the greatest achievements of mankind, and have saved millions of lives over the last century. Paradoxically, little is known about the ...

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

Intra-tracheal Administration of Haemophilus influenzae in Mouse Models to Study Airway Inflammation

的气管内管理<em&gt;流感嗜血杆菌</em&gt;在小鼠模型来研究气道炎症

Here, we describe a detailed procedure to efficiently and directly deliver Haemophilus influenzae into the lower respiratory tracts of mice. We ...

Methods to Study Lipid Alterations in Neutrophils and the Subsequent Formation of Neutrophil Extracellular Traps

方法来研究中性粒细胞脂质的改变和中性粒细胞胞外陷阱随后形成

Lipid analysis performed by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) is a relatively simple, cost-effective method of analyzing a broad range of ...