Name: characterizing the relationship between eye movement parameters and cognitive functions in non-demented parkinson's disease patients with eye tracking
Uploaded: 2019-09-26T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking at JoVE

作者要感谢哈维·洪博士对手稿的建议。

这项研究项目获香港中文大学-新界东群临床研究伦理委员会（CREC参考号：2015.263）批准。
1. 参与者征聘和基线评估
<ol><li>
从神经病专科诊所招募年龄小于或等于70岁的帕金森病患者，根据英国帕金森病协会（UKPDS）脑库诊断标准12进行诊断。
	<ol>
<li>排除患有精神疾病、会损害眼睛运动的眼科疾病或其他神经系统疾病的受试者。此外，排除使用...

<ol>
	<li>Hely, M. A., Reid, W. G. J., Adena, M. A., Halliday, G. M., Morris, J. G. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Sydney+Multicenter+Study+of+Parkinson&#8217;s+disease:+The+inevitability+of+dementia+at+20+years.">The Sydney Multicenter Study of Parkinson&#8217;s disease: The inevitability of dementia at 20 years.</a> Movement Disorders. 23 (6), 837-844 (2008).</li><li>Braak, H., Del Tredici, K., Bratzke, H., Hamm-Clement, J., Sandmann-Keil, D., R&#252;b, U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Staging+of+the+intracerebral+inclusion+body+pathology+associated+with+idiopathic+Parkinson's+disease+(preclinical+and+clinical+stages).">Staging of the intracerebral inclusion body pathology associated with idiopathic Parkinson's disease (preclinical and clinical stages).</a> Journal of Neurology. 249, 1-5 (2002).</li><li>Williams-Gray, C. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+distinct+cognitive+syndromes+of+Parkinson&#8217;s+disease:+5+year+follow-up+of+the+CamPaIGN+cohort.">The distinct cognitive syndromes of Parkinson&#8217;s disease: 5 year follow-up of the CamPaIGN cohort.</a> Brain. 132 (11), 2958-2969 (2009).</li><li>Buter, T. C., van den Hout, A., Matthews, F. E., Larsen, J. P., Brayne, C., Aarsland, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dementia+and+survival+in+parkinson+disease:+A+12-year+population+study.">Dementia and survival in parkinson disease: A 12-year population study.</a> Neurology. 70 (13), 1017-1022 (2008).</li><li>Aarsland, D., Larsen, J. P., Tandberg, E., Laake, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Predictors+of+nursing+home+placement+in+Parkinson's+disease:+A+population-based,+prospective+study.">Predictors of nursing home placement in Parkinson's disease: A population-based, prospective study.</a> Journal of the American Geriatrics Society. 48 (8), 938-942 (2000).</li><li>Rascol, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Abnormal+ocular+movements+in+parkinson's+disease:+Evidence+for+involvement+of+dopaminergic+systems.">Abnormal ocular movements in parkinson's disease: Evidence for involvement of dopaminergic systems.</a> Brain. 112 (5), 1193-1214 (1989).</li><li>Orban De Xivry, J. J., Lef&#232;vre, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saccades+and+pursuit:+Two+outcomes+of+a+single+sensorimotor+process.">Saccades and pursuit: Two outcomes of a single sensorimotor process.</a> Journal of Physiology. 584 (1), 11-23 (2007).</li><li>Crawford, T. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibitory+control+of+saccadic+eye+movements+and+cognitive+impairment+in+Alzheimer's+disease.">Inhibitory control of saccadic eye movements and cognitive impairment in Alzheimer's disease.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 57 (9), 1052-1060 (2005).</li><li>Archibald, N. K., Hutton, S. B., Clarke, M. P., Mosimann, U. P., Burn, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visual+exploration+in+Parkinson's+disease+and+Parkinson's+disease+dementia.">Visual exploration in Parkinson's disease and Parkinson's disease dementia.</a> Brain. 136 (3), 739-750 (2013).</li><li>Litvan, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diagnostic+criteria+for+mild+cognitive+impairment+in+Parkinson's+disease:+Movement+Disorder+Society+Task+Force+guidelines.">Diagnostic criteria for mild cognitive impairment in Parkinson's disease: Movement Disorder Society Task Force guidelines.</a> Movement Disorders. 27 (3), 349-356 (2012).</li><li>R&#246;sler, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Alterations+of+visual+search+strategy+in+Alzheimer's+disease+and+aging.">Alterations of visual search strategy in Alzheimer's disease and aging.</a> Neuropsychology. 14 (3), 398-408 (2000).</li><li>Hughes, A. J., Daniel, S. E., Kilford, L., Lees, A. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Accuracy+of+clinical+diagnosis+of+idiopathic+Parkinson's+disease:+A+clinico-pathological+study+of+100+cases.">Accuracy of clinical diagnosis of idiopathic Parkinson's disease: A clinico-pathological study of 100 cases.</a> Journal of Neurology Neurosurgery and Psychiatry. 55 (3), 181-184 (1992).</li><li>Chiu, H. F. K., Lee, H. C., Chung, W. S., Kwong, P. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+and+Validity+of+the+Cantonese+Version+of+Mini-Mental+State+Examination-A+Preliminary+Study.">Reliability and Validity of the Cantonese Version of Mini-Mental State Examination-A Preliminary Study.</a> Hong Kong Journal of Psychiatry. 4 (2), 25 (1994).</li><li>Wong, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+validity,+reliability+and+clinical+utility+of+the+Hong+Kong+Montreal+Cognitive+Assessment+(HK-MoCA)+in+patients+with+cerebral+small+vessel+disease.">The validity, reliability and clinical utility of the Hong Kong Montreal Cognitive Assessment (HK-MoCA) in patients with cerebral small vessel disease.</a> Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 28 (1), 81-87 (2009).</li><li>Fahn, S., Elton, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Members+of+the+UPDRS+Development+Committee.+Unified+Parkinson's+disease+rating+scale.">Members of the UPDRS Development Committee. Unified Parkinson's disease rating scale.</a> Recent Development in Parkinson's Disease. 2, 293-304 (1987).</li><li>Hoehn, M. M., Yahr, M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Parkinsonism:+onset,+progression,+and+mortality.">Parkinsonism: onset, progression, and mortality.</a> Neurology. 17 (5), 427-427 (1967).</li><li>Wu, P. C., Chang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Psychometric+properties+of+the+Chinese+version+of+the+Beck+Depression+Inventory-II+using+the+Rasch+model.">Psychometric properties of the Chinese version of the Beck Depression Inventory-II using the Rasch model.</a> Measurement and Evaluation in Counseling and Development. 41 (1), 13-31 (2008).</li><li>Chiu, H. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+modified+Fuld+Verbal+Fluency+Test:+a+validation+study+in+Hong+Kong.">The modified Fuld Verbal Fluency Test: a validation study in Hong Kong.</a> The journals of gerontology. Series B, Psychological sciences and social sciences. 52 (5), 247-250 (1997).</li><li>Chan, A. S., Kwok, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hong+Kong+list+learning+test:+manual+and+preliminary+norm.">Hong Kong list learning test: manual and preliminary norm.</a> Hong Kong: Department of Psychological and Clinical Psychology Center. , (1999).</li><li>Robbins, T. W., James, M., Owen, A. M., Sahakian, B. J., McInnes, L., Rabbitt, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cambridge+Neuropsychological+Test+Automated+Battery+(CANTAB):+A+Factor+Analytic+Study+of+a+Large+Sample+of+Normal+Elderly+Volunteers.">Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB): A Factor Analytic Study of a Large Sample of Normal Elderly Volunteers.</a> Dementia and Geriatric Cognitive Disorders. 5 (5), 266-281 (1994).</li><li>Lee, T. M. C., Wang, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Neuropsychological Measures: Normative Data for Chinese. , (2010).</li><li>Birant, D., Kut, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ST-DBSCAN:+An+algorithm+for+clustering+spatial-temporal+data.">ST-DBSCAN: An algorithm for clustering spatial-temporal data.</a> Data and Knowledge Engineering. 60 (1), 208-221 (2007).</li><li>Wong, O. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Eye+movement+parameters+and+cognitive+functions+in+Parkinson's+disease+patients+without+dementia.">Eye movement parameters and cognitive functions in Parkinson's disease patients without dementia.</a> Parkinsonism and Related Disorders. 52, 43-48 (2018).</li><li>Muslimovic, D., Post, B., Speelman, J. D., Schmand, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+profile+of+patients+with+newly+diagnosed+Parkinson+disease.">Cognitive profile of patients with newly diagnosed Parkinson disease.</a> Neurology. 65 (8), 1239-1245 (2005).</li><li>Winograd-Gurvich, C., Georgiou-Karistianis, N., Fitzgerald, P. B., Millist, L., White, O. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-paced+saccades+and+saccades+to+oddball+targets+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Self-paced saccades and saccades to oddball targets in Parkinson's disease.</a> Brain Research. 1106 (1), 134-141 (2006).</li><li>Briand, K. A., Strallow, D., Hening, W., Poizner, H., Sereno, A. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+voluntary+and+reflexive+saccades+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Control of voluntary and reflexive saccades in Parkinson's disease.</a> Experimental Brain Research. 129 (1), 38-48 (1999).</li><li>Rivaud-P&#233;choux, S., Vidailhet, M., Brandel, J. P., Gaymard, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mixing+pro-+and+antisaccades+in+patients+with+parkinsonian+syndromes.">Mixing pro- and antisaccades in patients with parkinsonian syndromes.</a> Brain. 130 (1), 256-264 (2007).</li><li>Perneczky, R., Ghosh, B. C. P., Hughes, L., Carpenter, R. H. S., Barker, R. A., Rowe, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Saccadic+latency+in+Parkinson's+disease+correlates+with+executive+function+and+brain+atrophy,+but+not+motor+severity.">Saccadic latency in Parkinson's disease correlates with executive function and brain atrophy, but not motor severity.</a> Neurobiology of Disease. 43 (1), 79-85 (2011).</li><li>Matsumoto, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Small+saccades+restrict+visual+scanning+area+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Small saccades restrict visual scanning area in Parkinson's disease.</a> Movement Disorders. 26 (9), 1619-1626 (2011).</li><li>MacAskill, M. R., Anderson, T. J., Jones, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Adaptive+modification+of+saccade+amplitude+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Adaptive modification of saccade amplitude in Parkinson's disease.</a> Brain. 125 (7), 1570-1582 (2002).</li><li>Salvucci, D. D., Goldberg, J. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Identifying+fixations+and+saccades+in+eye-tracking+protocols.">Identifying fixations and saccades in eye-tracking protocols.</a> Proceedings of the 2000 symposium on Eye tracking research &amp; applications. , 71-78 (2000).</li><li>Rana, A. Q., Kabir, A., Dogu, O., Patel, A., Khondker, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prevalence+of+blepharospasm+and+apraxia+of+eyelid+opening+in+patients+with+parkinsonism,+cervical+dystonia+and+essential+tremor.">Prevalence of blepharospasm and apraxia of eyelid opening in patients with parkinsonism, cervical dystonia and essential tremor.</a> European Neurology. 68 (5), 318-321 (2012).</li></ol>

上述协议被设计为纵向研究的第一部分，旨在探索眼动参数作为帕金森病认知功能的替代标志物的潜在临床效用。虽然有研究，检查更多的经典眼跟踪范式，如自定进度的囊肿，反身性囊，和反囊25，26，27，视觉搜索任务在这项研究中用于测量眼睛运动参数。如前所述，此视觉搜索任务的设计至关重要，因为它必须尽量减少认...

帕金森病是典型的运动障碍;然而，这种疾病也与认知缺陷有关，而发展成痴呆症是常见的1。帕金森病认知障碍的病理生理学尚未得到很好的理解。它被认为与基于布拉克的阶段2在皮质区域的α-核素沉积有关。还提出多巴胺能和胆碱能系统退化的双重综合征导致不同的认知缺陷，预后暗示3。需要更多的研究来进一步阐明帕金森病认知障碍的确切机制。在临床方面，认知障碍的存在对预后4，5有显著影响。因此，在临床实践中评估认知功能至关重要。然而，长时间的认知评估受到患者精神和运动条件的限制。因此，需要一种非侵入性和简单的测量，能够反映疾病对认知功能的负担。
眼动异常被广泛描述为帕金森病的早期6的可检测迹象，但病理生理学甚至比认知障碍的特征更不明显。眼动的产生是通过视觉感官输入的转换，由交织的皮质和皮下网络将心形转换成到脑干中oculmotor核的信号，以产生效果7。帕金森氏症疾病在这些网络中的参与可能导致可观察到的眼睛运动异常。可能有，也许重叠的神经解剖结构，控制眼睛运动和认知功能。此外，还有研究检查其他神经退行性疾病的眼动和认知功能之间的关系8。基于这些理由，有必要探讨使用眼动参数作为帕金森病认知功能的代理标记。一项横截面研究9显示，松节振幅的降低和固定持续时间的延长与帕金森病全球认知障碍的严重程度有关。然而，缺乏关于眼动参数和特定认知领域之间相关性的数据。衡量特定认知领域（而不是一般认知状态）的意义和需要是，个体认知域在帕金森病3中通知差异预后信息，并且这些认知域由不同的神经网络。本研究旨在探讨眼动指标与不同认知功能之间的特定关系。这是建立基础的第一步，在此基础上利用眼动追踪技术开发帕金森病认知衰退的生物标志物。
实验范式由认知评价和眼动追踪任务两大部分组成。认知评估电池包括一系列认知功能，包括注意力和工作记忆、执行功能、语言、语言记忆和视觉空间功能。这5个认知领域的选择是基于运动障碍社会工作队指南对帕金森病的轻度认知障碍10，并选择了一组本地可用的认知测试，以建立评估电池。在之前关于帕金森病认知的类似眼动研究中，作者提取了眼部运动参数，而受试者从事视觉认知任务时，这些参数可能受主体的认知能力。由于本研究旨在评估眼动参数与不同认知领域之间的相关性，因此必须解决认知能力对眼睛参数的潜在混淆效应。在这方面，根据另一项眼动追踪研究改编的视觉搜索任务，被应用于捕捉受试者的眼动参数。在任务期间，受试者必须搜索多个字母干扰器之间的计算机屏幕上的单个数字。这项任务将引起交替使用眼动和视觉固定，其异常在帕金森病中被广泛描述。数字和字母的识别和区分是一项过度学习的任务，对认知功能的需求是微不足道的，因此，适合回答本研究的研究问题。根据Räsler等人11所述的规格和设计，开发了一个计算机程序。在他们的原始研究中运行在我们的眼动仪的内置软件。为本研究开发了一种内部对眼动追踪数据进行分类和分析的算法。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:1008px;" width="1007">
	<colgroup>
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Computer&#160;</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Intel</td>
			<td style="width:505px;"></td>
			<td style="width:167px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Computerized cognitive assessment tool</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">CANTAB</td>
			<td style="width:505px;">CANTAB Research Suite</td>
			<td>Contains Pattern Recognition Memory, Spatial Span, and Stockings of Cambridge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Eye Movement Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Lab Viso Limited</td>
			<td style="width:505px;"></td>
			<td>https://github.com/lab-viso-limited/visual-search-analyzer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Eye tracker</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Tobii</td>
			<td style="width:505px;">Tx300</td>
			<td>23 inch computer screen with resolution of 1920x1080, Sampling rate at 300Hz</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="105">
			<td height="105" style="height:105px;width:215px;">Hong Kong List Leanrning Test</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Department of Psychology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong</td>
			<td style="width:505px;">The Hong Kong List Learning Test (HKLLT) 2nd Edition</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="84">
			<td height="84" style="height:84px;width:215px;">Stroop test</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Laboratory of Neuropsychology, The University of Hong Kong</td>
			<td style="width:505px;">Neuropsychological Measures: Normative Data for Chinese, Second Edition (Revised)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Tobii Studio</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Tobii</td>
			<td style="width:505px;">Tobii Studio version 3.2.2</td>
			<td>Computer programme for running the visual search task</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Visual Search Task</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Lab Viso Limited</td>
			<td style="width:505px;"></td>
			<td>https://www.labviso.com/#products</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

characterizing the relationship between eye movement parameters and cognitive functions in non-demented parkinson's disease patients with eye tracking

认知障碍是帕金森病中常见的现象，对预后有影响。简单、非侵入性和客观的帕金森病认知功能测量将有助于检测早期认知衰退。作为一种生理指标，眼睛运动参数不被受试者的属性和智力所迷惑，如果与认知功能相关，则可以作为代理标记。为此，本研究探讨了眼动参数与多个领域认知测试中的表现之间的关系。在实验中，设置了一个带有眼动追踪的可视化搜索任务，要求受试者寻找嵌入在随机散落在计算机屏幕上的字母数组中的数字。数字和字母表之间的区分是一个过度学习的任务，使认知能力对眼睛运动参数的混淆效应最小化。在可视化搜索任务期间捕获并计算了平均的 saccadic 振幅和固定持续时间。认知评估电池涵盖正面执行功能、注意力、言语和视觉记忆等领域。研究发现，长期固定时间与语言流利度、视觉和言语记忆表现较差有关，从而进一步探索使用眼动参数作为帕金森病认知功能的代理标记患者。实验模式已经发现，在我们的帕金森病患者群体中是高度可容忍的，并且可以跨诊断应用于其他疾病实体，以进行类似的研究问题。

这项研究的全部结果发表在23日发表的原始论文中。帕金森病受试者（n = 67）被招募并完成了评估。然而，5个案例未能完成视觉搜索任务，因为他们戴着与眼动仪不兼容的渐进镜片，其数据被丢弃。受试者的平均年龄为58.9岁（SD =7.5岁），男女比例为1.7：1。招募了62名健康的年龄、性别和教育匹配对照组进行比较。
认知和眼睛运动参数 与其他...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking at JoVE

Characterizing the Relationship Between Eye Movement Parameters and Cognitive Functions in Non-demented Parkinson's Disease Patients with Eye Tracking

在这里，我们提出一个方案，研究眼睛运动参数和认知功能之间的关系，在非精神病患者。实验使用眼动仪测量视觉搜索任务中的阳高音振幅和固定持续时间。随后测量了多域认知任务中与性能的相关性。

描述眼动参数与无视力帕金森病患者眼动功能的关系

Cognitive impairment is a common phenomenon in Parkinson&#8217;s disease that has implications on the prognosis. A simple, noninvasive and objective proxy ...

我们的协议旨在研究一组患有眼动和认知功能的非精神错乱帕金森病患者的眼动指标和认知功能之间的关系。要为视觉搜索任务设计试用图像，请仅使用数字 4、6、7 和 9。确保目标编号的位置从试验到试验随机化，并规定每个数字不能在同一视觉象限中连续三次试验。不要使用模棱两可的字母（如 I 和 O），并设置固定交叉、字母和数字的大小为 0.85 度可视角度。将程序设置为在按下 Enter 后允许 1.5 秒的时间推移，然后将中央固定交叉的显示切换到试用图像以开始试用。确保当单击鼠标时或从试用开始 10 秒后（以较早者为准）开始，当固定交叉重新出现时，屏幕将一片空白。然后设置程序以生成一个 csv 文件，其中包含每个试验的开始和结束的时间戳。在与主体进行临床诊断访谈后，如果可用，其亲属将排除痴呆症，并使用迷你精神状态检查和蒙特利尔认知评估筛查认知障碍，使用斯内伦图表评估该主体的视力。然后，在一个配有足够光源的安静房间里，设置一个基于屏幕的眼动仪，采样率至少为 300 赫兹、一台电脑、一只鼠标和一个标准键盘。下巴休息放置在眼睛检查器屏幕前60厘米和适当的认知评估工具。要设置视觉搜索任务，请将对象放在椅子上，下巴放在下巴上，额头靠在条子上，以尽量减少头部运动。将主体的眼睛与计算机屏幕的中心对齐，然后单击眼动追踪程序中的"开始"按钮。单击"开始"使用内置校准程序校准眼动仪。并要求主题凝视红点在屏幕上移动与九个固定点，同时保持他们的头静止。查看校准图以检查校准质量，确保表示误差矢量的绿线的长度位于灰色圆圈内。然后单击"接受"以继续执行视觉搜索任务。要启动练习试验，请指示对象将目光固定到中央固定十字上，然后按键盘上的 Enter 开始试用。计算机屏幕将显示单个数字和 79 个随机分散的干扰字母。指示主题尽快查看数字，同时单击鼠标，同时在数字找到时立即大声说明数字。然后交叉检查所述号码是否正确，再重复练习试验四次。有关计算机程序重播部分的眼动跟踪数据处理和分析，请在视觉搜索任务期间检查样本的眼睛百分比。单击录制的播放，通过查看生成的可视化扫描路径视频来检查数据的质量。如果主体的数据严重错误，请丢弃所有数据。并放弃任何试验，其中的主题点击鼠标意外或过早。在程序的数据导出部分中，选择 GazePointX 和 GazePointY 单击导出导出数据以导出主体的数据，然后将数据另存为 csv 文件。在视觉搜索分析器的界面中，选择导出的数据作为眼睛数据的输入，选择生成的 csv 文件作为操作数据的输入。选择 ST DB 扫描作为分类算法，然后单击运行。然后单击摘要生成包含主体的半囊振幅和平均固定持续时间的电子表格文件。要设计可视化搜索分析器，请对分析器进行编程，以便它仅使用生成的 csv 文件提取和分析从试验开始到结束的数据。要对分析仪进行编程，以便它填充因眨眼而丢失的数据，请立即在闪烁之前和之后对凝视点的平均 x 和 y 坐标。然后使用基于 ST DB 扫描的算法对分析器进行编程，以便将原始数据分类为 saccade 或固定。与先前的研究一致，在这项分析中，帕金森病组在多个认知任务中的表现与对照组相比较差。使用内部算法对可视化搜索任务数据进行分类，可以识别和提取固定和标记进行计算和分析。事实上，与对照组相比，该病组的平均囊性振幅较小，各组的平均固定持续时间没有显著差异。在本次评价中，在对协变量进行调整后，发现平均固定持续时间、言语识别记忆和识别分数、模式识别记忆和果蔬类分类语言流畅性测试之间的负相关。然而，在疾病与对照组之间的这些相关性中，没有发现显著的相互作用，这表明这些相关性并不特定于疾病组。视觉搜索任务的设计很重要，目的是最大限度地减少干扰注意力的眼睛运动参数的认知能力的干扰。如果这个研究任务是高度可容忍的，它可以应用于跨诊断到其他新的退行性疾病，以回答类似的研究问题。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Eye Movement Monitoring of Memory

眼运动监测内存

Explicit (often verbal) reports are typically used to investigate memory (e.g. "Tell me what you remember about the person you saw at the bank ...

科研

神经科学

Coherence between Brain Cortical Function and Neurocognitive Performance during Changed Gravity Conditions

大脑皮质功能和神经在更改重力条件下的性能之间的一致性

Previous studies of cognitive, mental and/or motor processes during short-, medium- and long-term weightlessness have only been descriptive in nature, and ...

A Fully Automated and Highly Versatile System for Testing Multi-cognitive Functions and Recording Neuronal Activities in Rodents

一个多认知功能测试，并记录在啮齿动物的神经元活动的完全自动化和高度灵活的系统

We have developed a fully automated system for operant behavior testing and neuronal activity recording by which multiple cognitive brain functions can be ...

The Corneal Micropocket Assay: A Model of Angiogenesis in the Mouse Eye

角膜微囊含量：血管生成在小鼠眼模型

The mouse corneal micropocket assay is a robust and quantitative in vivo assay for evaluating angiogenesis. By using standardized slow-release pellets ...

Semi-Quantitative Determination of Dopaminergic Neuron Density in the Substantia Nigra of Rodent Models using Automated Image Analysis

使用自动图像分析对啮齿动物模型的亚斯坦蒂娅尼格拉多巴明神经元密度进行半定量测定

Estimation of the number of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra is a key method in pre-clinical Parkinson's disease research. Currently, unbiased ...

Immunostaining of Whole-Mount Retinas with the CLARITY Tissue Clearing Method

使用清晰组织清除方法对全山视网膜进行免疫染色

The tissue hydrogel delipidation method (CLARITY), originally developed by the Deisseroth laboratory, has been modified and widely used for immunostaining ...

Optimizing the Setup and Conditions for Ex Vivo Electroretinogram to Study Retina Function in Small and Large Eyes

Optimizing the Setup and Conditions for Ex Vivo Electroretinogram to Study Retina Function in Small and Large Eyes

优化离 体 视网膜电图的设置和条件，以研究小眼睛和大眼睛的视网膜功能

Measurements of retinal neuronal light responses are critical to investigating the physiology of the healthy retina, determining pathological changes in ...

In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals

In Vivo Methods to Assess Retinal Ganglion Cell and Optic Nerve Function and Structure in Large Animals

体内 大型动物视网膜神经节细胞及视神经功能及结构的评估方法

The optic nerve collects axons signals from the retinal ganglion cells and transmits visual signal to the brain. Large animal models of optic nerve injury ...

Determination of Mitochondrial Respiration and Glycolysis in Ex Vivo Retinal Tissue Samples

Determination of Mitochondrial Respiration and Glycolysis in Ex Vivo Retinal Tissue Samples

离体视网膜组织样品中线粒体呼吸和糖酵解的测定

Mitochondrial respiration is a critical energy-generating pathway in all cells, especially retinal photoreceptors that possess a highly active metabolism. ...

The 6-hydroxydopamine Rat Model of Parkinson's Disease

帕金森病的6-羟基多巴胺大鼠模型

Motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease (PD)-bradykinesia, akinesia, and tremor at rest-are consequences of the neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in ...