Name: measuring phosphorus release in laboratory microcosms for water quality assessment
Uploaded: 2019-07-22T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Phosphorus Release in Laboratory Microcosms for Water Quality Assessment at JoVE.com

佛蒙特州水资源和湖泊研究中心通过与美国地质调查局达成协议,提供了资金。结论和意见是作者的结论和意见,而不是佛蒙特州水资源和湖泊研究中心或美国地质调查局。

1. 样本收集
<ol><li>从所需地点收集大约 4 L 的土壤(或沉积物)。采集区域应相对较小,以限制 P 和土壤属性的空间变化。</li>
	<li>通过粗(20 mm)屏幕筛分样品,跟随2毫米屏幕。筛分后,彻底手工混合样品。</li>
	<li>称重 100 克田间湿润土壤或沉积物。在105°C的烤箱中干燥24小时,并计算重力水含量(土壤水体/干土质量)。</li>
	<li>以 500 mL 子样本进行化学分析。 注:推荐土壤pH、有机物含量和实验室无机P(Pi)?...

<ol>
	<li>Patrick, W. H., Khalid, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphate+release+and+sorption+by+soils+and+sediments:+Effect+of+aerobic+and+anaerobic+conditions.">Phosphate release and sorption by soils and sediments: Effect of aerobic and anaerobic conditions.</a> Science. 186 (4158), 53-55 (1974).</li><li>Moore, P. A., Reddy, K. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Role+of+Eh+and+pH+on+phosphorus+geochemistry+in+sediments+of+Lake+Okeechobee,+Florida.">Role of Eh and pH on phosphorus geochemistry in sediments of Lake Okeechobee, Florida.</a> Journal of Environmental Quality. 23, 955-964 (1994).</li><li>Young, E. O., Ross, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphate+release+from+seasonally+flooded+soils:+a+laboratory+microcosm+study.">Phosphate release from seasonally flooded soils: a laboratory microcosm study.</a> Journal of Environmental Quality. 30 (1), 91-101 (2001).</li><li>Henderson, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anoxia-induced+release+of+colloid-+and+nanoparticle-bound+phosphorus+in+grassland+soils.">Anoxia-induced release of colloid- and nanoparticle-bound phosphorus in grassland soils.</a> Environmental Science &amp; Technology. 46 (21), 11727-11734 (2012).</li><li>Vidon, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hot+spots+and+hot+moments+in+riparian+zones:+potential+for+improved+water+quality+management.">Hot spots and hot moments in riparian zones: potential for improved water quality management.</a> Journal of the American Water Resources Association. 46 (2), 278-298 (2010).</li><li>Young, E. 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L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+phosphorus+in+runoff:+Basic+approaches.">Modeling phosphorus in runoff: Basic approaches.</a> Modeling Phosphorus in the Environment. , 65-81 (2007).</li><li>Gbur, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Analysis of Generalized Linear Mixed Models in the Agricultural and Natural Resources Sciences. , (2012).</li><li>Moore, P. A., Reddy, K. R., Fisher, M. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorus+flux+between+sediment+and+overlying+water+in+Lake+Okeechobee,+Florida:+Spatial+and+temporal+variations.">Phosphorus flux between sediment and overlying water in Lake Okeechobee, Florida: Spatial and temporal variations.</a> Journal of Environmental Quality. 27 (6), 1428-1439 (1998).</li><li>Young, E. O., Briggs, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorus+concentrations+in+soil+and+subsurface+water:+A+field+study+among+cropland+and+riparian+Buffers.">Phosphorus concentrations in soil and subsurface water: A field study among cropland and riparian Buffers.</a> Journal of Environmental Quality. 37 (1), 69-78 (2008).</li><li>Hoffmann, C. C., Kjaergaard, C., Uusi-K&#228;mpp&#228;, J., Hansen, H. C. B., Kronvang, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Phosphorus+retention+in+riparian+buffers:+review+of+their+efficiency.">Phosphorus retention in riparian buffers: review of their efficiency.</a> Journal of Environmental Quality. 38 (5), 1942-1955 (2009).</li><li>Bartlett, R. J., Ross, D. S., Tabatabai, M. A., Sparks, D. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemistry+of+Redox+Processes+in+Soils.">Chemistry of Redox Processes in Soils.</a> Chemical Processes in Soils, SSSA Book Ser. 8. , 461-487 (2005).</li><li>Radcliffe, D. E., Freer, J., Schoumans, O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diffuse+phosphorus+models+in+the+United+States+and+Europe:+Their+usages,+scales,+and+uncertainties.">Diffuse phosphorus models in the United States and Europe: Their usages, scales, and uncertainties.</a> Journal of Environmental Quality. 38 (5), 1956-1967 (2009).</li><li>Bartlett, R. J., James, B. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Studying+dried,+stored+soil+samples&#8212;some+pitfalls.">Studying dried, stored soil samples&#8212;some pitfalls.</a> Soil Science Society of America Journal. 44 (4), 721-724 (1980).</li><li>Turner, B. L., McKelvie, I. D., Haygarth, P. 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微观方法的一个主要技术优势是能够模拟原位条件,使饱和的土壤或沉积物立即被FW覆盖,在氧化还原和P状态上可能有很大差异。具有可变源区水文的景观,如排水沟、被淹没的农田、湿地和河岸/近流区,都是通过更氧化的水而周期性地过度利用的、Pi浓度较低的水减少 PW 的示例。这些氧化还原梯度可以强烈地影响 Pi 吸附/解吸,因此可移动到地表和地下水...

磷(P)是作物和水生生物量生产力的关键限制营养素。地表水水文是P命运和运输的主要驱动力,因为它控制着沉积物和P的物理运输,同时也影响径流和洪水/池塘事件期间的再动员潜力。各种基于实验室的提取方法通常用于在氧化条件下估计场尺度的P释放。虽然不同的机制可以促进P释放,但铁磷酸盐的还原溶解是一种成熟的反应机制,可导致对水1、2、3的大正磷-P通量。 4.在湿地P生物地球化学控制机制的综述中,将氧化还原状态假设为控制土壤和浅层地下水P释放的主要变量5。因此,传统的P测试可能不是长期饱和下P释放的可靠预测变量。
鉴于水停留时间和氧化还原状态对P命运和运输的重要性,旨在更好地模拟原位条件的实验室方法可改善农业和湿地生态系统的P运输风险指数。可变饱和度。由于正磷酸盐是可立即生物可利用的,饱和期间解吸率和范围可作为非点源P污染风险的指标。我们的方法旨在量化P解吸水(PW)和动员覆盖洪水(FW),这是在源区水文变化地区的典型情况(例如,被淹的农田、湿地、排水沟和河岸/近流区域)。该方法最初用于描述美国纽约北部季节性淹没土壤中的P释放潜力,最近用于量化佛蒙特州西北部尚普兰湖盆地6的河岸土壤的P解吸潜力。.在这里,我们为实验室微缩方法提供一个协议,并重点介绍了最近发表的一项研究的结果,该研究展示了其量化P解吸潜力的能力。我们还演示了P释放潜力与常规土壤测试(可提取P,pH)的可靠性之间的关系,以预测不同地点的释放。
实施该方法需要进入具有适当气候控制、通风、水和适当酸废物处理系统的分析实验室。该方法假定使用常规化学试剂和实验室设备(水槽、罩、玻璃器皿等)。除了常规实验室需求外,还需要一个膜过滤(± 0.45 μm)系统和一个紫外分光光度计来测量P。也推荐使用 pH 计或多参数水质探头,但不是必需的。实验室温度是一个重要因素,除非温度本身作为实验因子加以研究(建议为 20°C),否则应保持不变。能够畅通无阻地使用适当的分析实验室和适当的设备,是正确执行该方法并产生有意义的结果的先决条件。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1.25 cm plastic hose barbs</td>
			<td>numerous</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chemical reagents for phosphorus determination</td>
			<td>numerous</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>P analysis capability is assumed; refer to cited references for details on method</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chordless or electric drill with 1.25 cm bit</td>
			<td>numerous</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graduated plastic beakers (1L)</td>
			<td>numerous</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laboratory with fume hoods, temperature control, and acid waste disposal system</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nylon mesh filter screen (100um)</td>
			<td>numerous</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone</td>
			<td>numerous</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV Spectrophotometer</td>
			<td>numerous</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring phosphorus release in laboratory microcosms for water quality assessment

磷(P)是农业生态系统中一种关键的营养物质,需要谨慎管理,以减少对水生环境的运输风险。P生物利用度的常规实验室测量基于在氧化条件下对干燥样品进行的化学提取。这些测试虽然有用,但相对于在长期水饱和条件下的P释放特征而言是有限的。与氧化铁和其他金属结合的甲氧乙酸磷可以迅速解灭溶液,减少环境,增加地表径流和地下水的P动员风险。为了更好地量化P解吸电潜力和在延长饱和期间的流动性,基于对孔隙和覆盖洪水的反复取样,开发了实验室微观方法。该方法可用于量化土壤和沉积物中具有物理化学性质变化的P释放潜力,并通过更好地描述水文活动区域的P释放风险,改进现场特定的P缓解工作。该方法的优点包括能够模拟原位动力学、简单性、低成本和灵活性。

最近一项侧重于河岸区域P释放潜力的研究的结果被突出显示,以表明该方法具有表征站点级P释放动力学6的能力。虽然一些土壤在SRP中随时间的变化很小,但其他土壤PW-和FW-SRP浓度有较大增加(图1)。图 1显示了两个具有对比趋势的站点。土壤7是低土壤pH值的河岸地,其特点是PW几乎连续的SRP吸附(图1A)。土壤14是...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Phosphorus Release in Laboratory Microcosms for Water Quality Assessment at JoVE.com

Measuring Phosphorus Release in Laboratory Microcosms for Water Quality Assessment

在饱和土壤和沉积物中准确定量磷(P)解吸电位对P建模和运输缓解工作非常重要。为了更好地解释在长期饱和条件下的原位土壤-水氧化还原动力学和P动员,在实验室缩微图反复取样的基础上,开发了一种简单的方法。

测量实验室微量微生物中的磷释放,用于水质评估

Phosphorus (P) is a critical limiting nutrient in agroecosystems requiring careful management to reduce transport risk to aquatic environments. Routine ...

我们的方法有助于回答给定土壤或沉积物在长时间饱和下释放可溶性磷的可能性。量化不同饱和环境中的磷释放电位对于确定流的运输风险和设计缓解实践非常重要。该方法的主要优点是能够模拟影响场条件动性中可溶性磷释放的重要生物地球化学过程。科学家第一次尝试这种方法不应该挣扎，因为它的简单性是它的主要优点之一。首先，从所需的地点收集大约四升的土壤。将收集面积限制在大约 10 平方米，以减少样本表示的面积变异性。通过粗糙的 20 毫米屏幕筛选样品，然后通过 2 毫米屏幕进行筛分。在取样后，将样品完全手工混合。称出100克田间潮湿的土壤，在105摄氏度的烤箱中干燥24小时。称量干燥的土壤并计算重力含量百分比。然后，使用空烧杯测量出一个500毫升的子组，并储备用于化学分析。使用剩余的筛土进行微观研究，或在5摄氏度的聚丙烯袋中储存，供以后使用。使用一升分级聚丙烯或其他无反应塑料烧杯作为单独的实验缩影单元。用10%盐酸清洗烧杯，用蒸馏水三次冲洗。从底部向上测量两厘米，并在烧杯毕业典礼旁边放置一个标记。在排水口的标记上钻一个直径为 1.25 厘米的孔。在软管棒的内边缘周围放置一小珠硅胶。小心地将排水口插入孔中。在继续操作前，请让空气干燥 24 小时。将软管棒的外周追踪到尼龙网滤网上。用剪刀切出，在滤网外缘周围涂抹一小片硅胶，轻轻压在软管入口上。使用前至少请留出 24 小时的干燥时间。接下来，在软管棒上安装一小块乳胶软管，并夹上 3.3 厘米宽的纸粘结夹。用大约 500 毫升蒸馏水填充烧杯，以测试可能的泄漏。将 500 毫升样品装入重复的微观世界，然后沿着烧杯壁轻轻涂抹蒸馏水，直到洪水达到 1 升标记。拆下石蜡膜，在所需的初始采样时间点诱导孔隙水流通过排水口。通过将干净的 20 毫升烧杯放在孔水排水口的正下方来收集样品。允许几毫升的孔隙水排干、丢弃，并使用接下来的 10 毫升作为代表性的样品体积。通过0.45微米膜过滤器过滤孔水样品，并立即分析分光光度计上的可溶性活性磷。记录吸收度值和测量时间。将10毫升灯泡注射器移液器插入水柱的半路上，然后使用圆周运动提取样品，以提取初始洪水样本。放入烧杯中，通过0.45微米膜过滤器进行过滤，并立即分析可溶性反应磷。用蒸馏水将烧杯重新填充到一升水平，以在所有微观世界中保持一升被淹水柱的总体积。在所需时间点重复分析可溶性反应磷。在该协议中，土壤pHH含量低的河岸地层几乎具有孔隙水的连续可溶性反应磷吸附。从毗邻的玉米生产田中取样的土壤中，用高浓度无机磷进行取样，表明在淹没的第一个月里，孔水可溶性活性磷增加了近七倍。作为氧化还原状态的代理，波雷沃特铁浓度在大约三周后显著增加，表明条件会减少。相比之下，洪水可溶性反应磷往往随着时间的推移而减少。与在田间潮湿状态中淹没同一土壤相比，洪水大量淹没干燥的土壤，大大增加了无机磷对孔隙水的干燥，以及随后对覆盖水的吸收。评价了土壤磷试验预测平均可溶性反应磷浓度的可靠性。蒸馏水和改性摩根可萃取磷是平均孔水和洪水溶性反应磷浓度的最佳预测因素之一。与用硫化物色度法测量的可改性摩根可萃取磷或蒸馏水相比，通过电感耦合等离子体光学光谱测量的可改性摩根可萃取磷不那么好。孔水溶性反应磷与洪水可溶性反应磷比随着土壤pH值的函数而线性增加。其他磷动力学特征的实验也是可能的，例如，湿地土壤的磷去除能力是一个重要的过程，可以通过用磷对洪水进行喷涌和测量其消失率来模拟。用于测量磷的分析程序涉及盐酸的使用。因此，需要适当的安全设备和实验室设施。

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Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from Its Prey

Laboratory Estimation of Net Trophic Transfer Efficiencies of PCB Congeners to Lake Trout Salvelinus namaycush from Its Prey

多氯联苯同系物净营养转移效率湖鳟鱼实验室估计（<em&gt;红点鲑namaycush</em&gt;），从它的猎物

A technique for laboratory estimation of net trophic transfer efficiency (&#947;) of polychlorinated biphenyl (PCB) congeners to piscivorous fish from ...

科研

环境科学

Laboratory-determined Phosphorus Flux from Lake Sediments as a Measure of Internal Phosphorus Loading

实验室确定的磷通量湖泊沉积物作为内部磷载入一个测量

Eutrophication is a water quality issue in lakes worldwide, and there is a critical need to identify and control nutrient sources. Internal phosphorus (P) ...

EPA Method 1615. Measurement of Enterovirus and Norovirus Occurrence in Water by Culture and RT-qPCR. Part III. Virus Detection by RT-qPCR

EPA方法1615测量肠道病毒和诺瓦克病毒发生水由文化和RT-qPCR的了。第三部分。病毒检测用RT-qPCR的

EPA Method 1615 measures enteroviruses and noroviruses present in environmental and drinking waters. This method was developed with the goal of having a ...

Automated Gel Size Selection to Improve the Quality of Next-generation Sequencing Libraries Prepared from Environmental Water Samples

自动凝胶尺寸选择，以提高下一代测序文库的质量，从环境水样准备

Next-generation sequencing of environmental samples can be challenging because of the variable DNA quantity and quality in these samples. High quality DNA ...

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

A CO2 Concentration Gradient Facility for Testing CO2 Enrichment and Soil Effects on Grassland Ecosystem Function

一个外线<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度梯度用于测试CO<sub&gt; 2</sub&gt;浓度与土壤对草地生态系统功能的影响

Continuing increases in atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations (CA) mandate techniques for examining impacts on terrestrial ecosystems. Most ...

Characterization and Application of Passive Samplers for Monitoring of Pesticides in Water

表征和被动采样的应用在农药水监测

Five different water passive samplers were calibrated under laboratory conditions for measurement of 124 legacy and current used pesticides. This study ...

Controlled-release of Chlorine Dioxide in a Perforated Packaging System to Extend the Storage Life and Improve the Safety of Grape Tomatoes

在穿孔的包装系统二氧化氯的控释，延长贮藏寿命，提高葡萄番茄的安全

A controlled-release chlorine dioxide (ClO2) pouch was developed by sealing a slurry form of ClO2 into semipermeable polymer film; the release properties ...

Extraction of Organochlorine Pesticides from Plastic Pellets and Plastic Type Analysis

从塑料颗粒中提取有机氯农药和塑料类型分析

Plastic resin pellets, categorized as microplastics (&#8804;5 mm in diameter), are small granules that can be unintentionally released to the environment ...

Measuring and Mapping Patterns of Soil Erosion and Deposition Related to Soil Carbonate Concentrations Under Agricultural Management

农业经营条件下土壤侵蚀和沉积与土壤碳酸盐浓度关系的测量与制图

Spatial patterns of soil erosion and deposition can be inferred from differences in ground elevation mapped at appropriate time increments. Such changes ...

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron (Oxy)Hydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

Experimental Column Setup for Studying Anaerobic Biogeochemical Interactions Between Iron OxyHydroxides, Trace Elements, and Bacteria

用于研究铁 (氧) 氢氧化物、微量元素和细菌之间厌氧生物地球化学相互作用的实验柱装置

Fate and speciation of trace elements (TEs), such as arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg), in aquifers are closely related to physio-chemical conditions, such as ...