Name: a preclinical model to assess brain recovery after acute stroke in rats
Uploaded: 2019-11-06T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Preclinical Model to Assess Brain Recovery After Acute Stroke in Rats at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国家自然科学基金（81603315，81603316），中国江西省重点研发计划（20171ACH80001），福建省高校产业与学术合作项目的支持。中国 （2018Y41010011）。

动物受试者的程序和使用已获得国家卫生研究院批准用于照料和使用实验室动物。该协议针对中脑动脉闭塞/再灌注（MCAO/R）和感觉运动功能的测试进行了专门调整。
1. 实验设计和分组
<ol><li>使用大鼠 MCAO/R 模型筛选大鼠脑缺血模型方法，使用 Longa 的得分和 TTC 染色，具有更严重的脑损伤和更高的模型成功率。<ol>
<li>对体重为260~330克、年龄为7~9周的雄性斯普拉格-道利大鼠进?...

<ol>
	<li>Kong, L. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neutralization+of+chemokine-like+factor+1,+a+novel+C-C+chemokine,+protects+against+focal+cerebral+ischemia+by+inhibiting+neutrophil+infiltration+via+MAPK+pathways+in+rats.">Neutralization of chemokine-like factor 1, a novel C-C chemokine, protects against focal cerebral ischemia by inhibiting neutrophil infiltration via MAPK pathways in rats.</a> Journal of Neuroinflammation. 11, 112 (2014).</li><li>Jiang, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuroprotective+effects+of+bilobalide+on+cerebral+ischemia+and+reperfusion+injury+are+associated+with+inhibition+of+pro-inflammatory+mediator+production+and+down-regulation+of+JNK1/2+and+p38+MAPK+activation.">Neuroprotective effects of bilobalide on cerebral ischemia and reperfusion injury are associated with inhibition of pro-inflammatory mediator production and down-regulation of JNK1/2 and p38 MAPK activation.</a> Journal of Neuroinflammation. 11, 167 (2014).</li><li>Thomas, A., Detilleux, J., Flecknell, P., Sandersen, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+Stroke+Therapy+Academic+Industry+Roundtable+(STAIR)+Guidelines+on+Peri-Anesthesia+Care+for+Rat+Models+of+Stroke:+A+Meta-Analysis+Comparing+the+Years+2005+and+2015.">Impact of Stroke Therapy Academic Industry Roundtable (STAIR) Guidelines on Peri-Anesthesia Care for Rat Models of Stroke: A Meta-Analysis Comparing the Years 2005 and 2015.</a> PLoS One. 12, e0170243 (2017).</li><li>Kumar, A., Aakriti, V., Gupta, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+review+on+animal+models+of+stroke:+An+update.">A review on animal models of stroke: An update.</a> Brain Research Bulletin. 122, 35-44 (2016).</li><li>Tong, F. 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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+models+of+stroke:+translational+potential+at+present+and+in+2050.">Animal models of stroke: translational potential at present and in 2050.</a> Future Neurology. 9, 541-551 (2014).</li><li>Abrah&#225;m, H., Somogyv&#225;ri-Vigh, A., Maderdrut, J. L., Vigh, S., Arimura, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Filament+size+influences+temperature+changes+and+brain+damage+following+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion+in+rats.">Filament size influences temperature changes and brain damage following middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats.</a> Exp. Brain Res. 142, 131-138 (2002).</li><li>Sun, M. N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Coumarin+derivatives+protect+against+ischemic+brain+injury+in+rats.">Coumarin derivatives protect against ischemic brain injury in rats.</a> European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 67, 39-53 (2013).</li><li>Longa, E. Z., Weinstein, P. R., Carlson, S., Cummins, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reversible+middle+cerebral+artery+occlusion+without+craniectomy+in+rats.">Reversible middle cerebral artery occlusion without craniectomy in rats.</a> Stroke. 20, 84-91 (1989).</li><li>Smith, E. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Implantation+site+and+lesion+topology+determine+efficacy+of+a+human+neural+stem+cell+line+in+a+rat+model+of+chronic+stroke.">Implantation site and lesion topology determine efficacy of a human neural stem cell line in a rat model of chronic stroke.</a> Stem Cell. 30, 785-796 (2012).</li><li>Zhang, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+effects+of+Forsythia+suspense+extract+with+antioxidant+and+anti-inflammatory+properties+in+a+model+of+rotenone+induced+neurotoxicity.">Protective effects of Forsythia suspense extract with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties in a model of rotenone induced neurotoxicity.</a> Neurotoxicology. 52, 72-83 (2016).</li><li>Milani, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Poly-arginine+peptides+reduce+infarct+volume+in+a+permanent+middle+cerebral+artery+rat+stroke+model.">Poly-arginine peptides reduce infarct volume in a permanent middle cerebral artery rat stroke model.</a> BMC Neuroscience. 17, 19 (2016).</li><li>DeGraba, T. J., Ostrow, P., Hanson, S., Grotta, J. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+performance,+histologic+damage,+and+calcium+influx+in+rats+treated+with+NBQX+after+focal+ischemia.">Motor performance, histologic damage, and calcium influx in rats treated with NBQX after focal ischemia.</a> Journal of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism. 14, 262-268 (1994).</li><li>Liu, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Validation+of+a+preclinical+animal+model+to+assess+brain+recovery+after+acute+stroke.">Validation of a preclinical animal model to assess brain recovery after acute stroke.</a> European Journal of Pharmacology. 835, 75-81 (2018).</li><li>Zuo, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IMM-H004+prevents+toxicity+induced+by+delayed+treatment+of+tPA+in+a+rat+model+of+focal+cerebral+ischemia+involving+PKA-and+PI3K-dependent+Akt+activation.">IMM-H004 prevents toxicity induced by delayed treatment of tPA in a rat model of focal cerebral ischemia involving PKA-and PI3K-dependent Akt activation.</a> European Journal of Neuroscience. 39, 2107-2118 (2014).</li><li>Yang, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=L-3-n-butylphthalide+Promotes+Neurogenesis+and+Neuroplasticity+in+Cerebral+Ischemic+Rats.">L-3-n-butylphthalide Promotes Neurogenesis and Neuroplasticity in Cerebral Ischemic Rats.</a> CNS Neuroscience &amp; Therapeutics. 21, 733-741 (2015).</li></ol>

许多建立方法和行为指标的模型在急性脑缺血中得到了很好的应用，在脑缺血的恢复和后遗症阶段可能没有显著变化。然而，在恢复和后遗症阶段，脑缺血患者的数量最大。必须选择适合缺血性中风的恢复和后遗症的动物模型。
我们使用大鼠的MCAO/R模型来筛选大鼠的合适重量（260~330克）、螺纹螺栓类型（2636/2838/3040/3043）以及最严?...

脑缺血分为三个阶段，不同的中风后指标：急性阶段（1周内）、恢复阶段（1周至6个月）和后遗症阶段（6个月以上）。目前，大多数研究都集中在脑缺血的急性期，因为它有显著的影响和多相对的研究模型1，2，3。然而，脑缺血的恢复和后遗症，由于其长期的残疾并发症，不能忽视。因此，本研究的目的是探索一个稳定、可靠和相对简单的动物模型，研究脑缺血的恢复和后遗症。
在众多实验性脑缺血模型中，我们通过螺纹螺栓插入右中脑动脉（MCA）使用中脑动脉闭塞（MCAO）。该模型类似于人类中风，它可以产生更大的梗塞体积，导致许多与中风相关的行为障碍，并可以通过去除螺纹螺栓4，5，6允许血液再灌注（R）。MCAO/R也被认为是脑缺血7的黄金标准动物模型。此外，脑损伤的严重程度取决于螺纹螺栓的直径和插入长度，脑缺血的持续时间，以及动物体重（大鼠大脑更大，脑血管较厚）8。因此，通过改变螺纹螺栓类型、梗死时间和大鼠重量，可以为MCAO/R大鼠脑缺血的恢复和后遗症找到合适的模型。为了验证大鼠模型，我们使用 TTC 染色和传感器运动功能实验（双边不对称测试、网格行走测试、轮盘试验和提升绳测试）对 MCAO/R 模型进行了为期 1 天、35 天、60 天和 90 天的研究。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anatomical Microscope</td>
			<td>Leica (Germany)</td>
			<td>S8</td>
			<td>Microscopic operating instrument</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blade</td>
			<td>Gellette</td>
			<td>/</td>
			<td>Cutting brain sections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Constant Temperature Shaking Bed</td>
			<td>Taicang Experimental Equipment Factory</td>
			<td>THZ-C</td>
			<td>To keep the brain sections stained evenly and at a constant temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital Camera</td>
			<td>Canon</td>
			<td>700D</td>
			<td>For taking pictures of TTC staining</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric Shaver</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuyan Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>3000#</td>
			<td>Removal of hair from the neck of rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps Hamostatic</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical device Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>14 cm</td>
			<td>Using for brain removing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Image Pro Plus Software</td>
			<td>Media Cybernetics Inc.</td>
			<td>6.0</td>
			<td>Analyze the infarct volume</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>RWD Life Science</td>
			<td>217170702</td>
			<td>Anesthetic gas</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microforceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jinzhong Medical Devices Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>10 cm</td>
			<td>Vascular micromanipulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microshear</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jinzhong Medical Devices Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>10 cm</td>
			<td>Vascular micromanipulation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ophthalmic Forceps</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jinzhong Medical Devices Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>10 cm</td>
			<td>Auxiliary skin and muscle anatomy</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pphthalmic Scissors</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jinzhong Medical Devices Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>10 cm</td>
			<td>Using for cutting the skin of neck</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat Brain Slice Mold</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuyan Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>400 g</td>
			<td>For standard, uniform cutting of brain tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rat Rotating Bar Fatigue Apparatus</td>
			<td>Anhui Zhenghua Biological Instrument and Equipment Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>ZH-300B</td>
			<td>To test the sensorimotor function</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Animal Anaesthesia Machine</td>
			<td>Shanghai Yuyan Scientific Instruments Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>ABM3000</td>
			<td>A gas anesthetic machine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Animal Thermostat</td>
			<td>Beijing Damida Technology Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>DM.7-YLS-20A</td>
			<td>To maintain animal body temperature constant during operation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Scissors</td>
			<td>Shanghai Medical device Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>16 cm</td>
			<td>Using for decapitate and brain removing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Suture</td>
			<td>Shanghai Jinhuan Medical Devices Co., Ltd.</td>
			<td>4-0 / 5-0</td>
			<td>Using for skin and muscle sutures / Using for vascular ligations</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thread Bolt</td>
			<td>Beijing Cinontech Co. Ltd.</td>
			<td>2636/2838/3040/3043-A4</td>
			<td>Blockage of the middle cerebral artery in rats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5-triphenyl-2H-tetrazolium chloride (TTC)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>LOT#BCBP3272V</td>
			<td>Brain section staining reagent</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a preclinical model to assess brain recovery after acute stroke in rats

本研究的目的是建立和验证动物脑缺血模型在恢复和后遗症阶段。选择了雄性斯普拉格-道利大鼠的中脑动脉闭塞/再灌注（MCAO/R）模型。通过改变大鼠的重量（260–330克），使用Longa的得分和TTC染色筛选出螺纹螺栓类型（2636/2838/3040/3043）和脑梗死时间（2-3小时），隆加的分数越高，梗死体积越大，模型成功率也更高。通过评估感觉运动功能和梗塞体积，在重新灌注后的1-90天观察期内获取并使用了最佳模型条件（300 g、3040螺纹螺栓、3小时脑梗死时间）。在这些条件下，双边不对称试验有1至90天的显著差异，网格行走试验有1天至60天的显著差异;两者的差异可能是一个合适的传感器电机功能测试。因此，在脑缺血的恢复和后遗症阶段发现一种新型大鼠模型的最合适条件：300克大鼠用3040螺纹螺栓进行MCAO治疗，用于3小时脑梗死，然后重新注入。适当的传感器运动功能测试是双边不对称测试和网格行走测试。

使用上述程序为MCAO/R模型与隆加的分数和TTC染色，平均重量（275/300/320克），螺栓类型（2636/2838/3040/3043的不同处理;表 1）缺血时间（2-3小时）和1天再灌注用于筛选大鼠最佳脑缺血模型。300 g 重量、3040 螺纹螺栓和 3 小时脑梗塞时间的模型参数最适合面临的最大脑梗死、最高龙加的得分和最大的模型成功率。在275g重量、2636螺纹螺栓和2小时脑梗死时间的传统处?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Preclinical Model to Assess Brain Recovery After Acute Stroke in Rats at JoVE.com

A Preclinical Model to Assess Brain Recovery After Acute Stroke in Rats

本研究的目的是通过测试1-90年后脑动脉闭塞/再灌注（MCAO/R）后脑梗死和感觉运动功能，建立和验证用于脑缺血恢复和后遗症阶段研究的动物模型。在老鼠天。

评估大鼠急性中风后脑恢复的临床前模型

The purpose of this study was to establish and validate an animal brain ischemia model in the recovery and sequela stages. A middle cerebral artery ...

本研究使用既定的动物模型来研究脑缺血的恢复和后遗症阶段。该技术的主要优点是稳定、可靠、相对简单。首先将麻醉大鼠放在手术固定台上。在整个手术过程中，在小型动物恒温器中将大鼠的体温保持在37摄氏度。将口腔连接到麻醉机面罩，并确认缺乏四肢张力、角膜反射和疼痛的深度麻醉。用纸绷带将大鼠的四肢固定到手术台上。使用电动剃须刀，取下颈部涂层，用 75% 酒精对颈部进行消毒。使用眼科剪刀沿颈部的中央纵向形状切割两到三厘米。然后用眼皮钳分离皮下肌肉。使用自制的缩回器完全暴露视野。必须注意为所有生存外科手术提供适当的无菌技术。稍后在视频中演示的技术应在整个过程中练习。使用微钳分离常见的胡萝卜动脉、外胡萝卜动脉和内胡萝卜动脉。在显微镜下工作，使用 8-0缝合用硬结将常见的胡萝卜动脉、远离心端的胡萝卜动脉用硬结、内冠状动脉用松结，然后将外胡萝卜动脉用硬结线。使用微型剪刀，在外部胡萝卜动脉中切割一个小开口，然后轻轻插入螺纹螺栓。缝合细松结的外胡萝卜动脉的缝合，切断外皮状动脉。松开内胡萝卜动脉的松动结，继续将螺纹螺栓插入标有缝合的中脑动脉的开始，并切断暴露的螺纹螺栓。缺血时间达到两到三个小时后，使用微钳固定外胡萝卜动脉断裂，用另一个微钳轻轻拉出螺纹螺栓。从内部胡萝卜动脉完全将螺纹螺栓的前端从内胡萝卜动脉中退出后，将已衬上 8-0 的外部胡萝卜动脉拉开缝合，然后完全拆下螺纹螺栓。松开常见的胡萝卜动脉后，在伤口表面涂抹约5万单位的青霉素钠粉，以防止感染。使用四种缝合缝合皮下肌肉和皮肤。将大鼠放回笼子后，使用一毫升注射器向大鼠口头提供约 0.2 毫升的水，以防止术后脱水。根据 TTC 染色或感觉运动研究的最长分数选择动物。在30分钟零下20摄氏度的零下20摄氏度下分离出分离的TTC染色大脑后，将它放在预冷的老鼠脑切片模具中。使用预冷刀片，将大脑切成六个两毫米厚的连续部分。在六井培养板中用 2%TTC 染色部分，并在 37 摄氏度下孵育 30 至 60 分钟，同时摇动。每10分钟，翻转部分，直到大脑缺血和未受影响的区域明显是白色和红色。用尺子将大脑切片垂直排列在黑色纸板上，从背面到大脑前部，以确保每行的总长度相同并拍照。导入照片并选择大脑切片。选择黑色前景并键入 Alt 删除以填充背景颜色，然后控制 D 取消选择。最后，将映像保存到桌面。要分析梗塞卷，请先打开软件并导入照片。要缺陷修改，请使用对比度增强工具调整亮度，使背景为黑色。在过滤器中，使用中位数工具删除高光。要计算左正常大脑区域，请使用分割选择颜色，并调整 H、S 和 I 的值，以将大脑切片与黑色背景分开。返回到计数大小并单击计数。单击编辑中的拆分对象，将大脑与中线分开，中线会自动区分左右脑区域。要计算右梗脑区域，请导入图像，调整背景，并删除以前所做的高光。选择计数大小并在编辑中单击绘制合并对象工具。手动选择缺血区域并单击计数以计算缺血区域。要计算正确的健康大脑区域，请先导入图像，调整背景，然后删除以前所做的高光。使用分割选择颜色并调整 H、S 和 I 的值，以将健康的大脑切片与黑色背景分开。返回计数大小并单击计数以计算此区域。单击编辑中的拆分对象，将大脑与中线分开，中线会自动区分左右脑区域。以选择用于感官运动研究以及双边测数测试的老鼠，用相等的压力将纸胶带包在每个前爪的下垂部分三次。对于每只老鼠，用相机记录每个前爪接触的时间，并在五分钟内取出磁带，包括未受影响的和受影响的爪子时间。30 分钟后重复包装和记录，然后计算值。对于网格行走测试，将大鼠放在具有 2.5 平方厘米开口的高架网格表面平台的中心。稍微推老鼠的臀部，鼓励它穿过表面。使用相机，使用摄像机在一分钟内记录右侧未受影响的左脚故障数和左侧受影响的四肢和总步数。对于转子棒测试，使用支持软件将大鼠旋转杆疲劳装置设置为 13 RPM 的速度，持续 5 分钟。启动计算机程序，同时将大鼠放在转子杆环上。如果大鼠从环上脱落或五分钟后，结束试验并记录旋转时间。让大鼠休息30分钟，然后重复测试两次，并选择最大值作为最后一个旋转时间。对于提升绳索测试，请将提升绳仪器放在书桌上。让老鼠用前肢抓住绳子，让它挂起来。记录挂起时间并计算分数。在研究中脑动脉闭塞和再灌注引起的脑缺血损伤时，300克重3040螺纹螺栓和3小时脑梗死时间证明是最适合脑梗死、最长评分、最大模型成功率的。与275克重量、2636螺纹螺栓和两小时脑梗塞时间的传统处理相比，这一状况有了显著改善。为了研究脑缺血的恢复状态，TTC进行染色，发现中脑动脉闭塞和再灌注后第一天梗塞和收缩量为23.4%，35日为19.6%，60日为16.1%，90日为15.7%。经过一天的中脑动脉闭塞和再灌注、感觉运动偏置在双边测数试验中、网格行走试验中的网格行走误差时间、提升绳试验中的吊绳得分都有所增加，而转子杆在转子杆试验中的转子杆时间减少，表明这些试验对急性脑缺血研究的重要性。只有感觉运动偏置保持大功能障碍与时间依赖的方式后，35，60和90天的中脑动脉闭塞和再灌注。对于网格行走测试，网格行走误差时间为35天和60天存在显著差异。这些结果表明，这两项试验可能适合测试大鼠的恢复情况。为了确保成功，行动应该是温和的，操作应该是稳定的。其他行为测试（如步态检测）可能也适用于此模型。这一模型的发展可以为研究人员在恢复和后遗症阶段探索脑缺血铺平道路。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Transplantation of Olfactory Ensheathing Cells to Evaluate Functional Recovery after Peripheral Nerve Injury

嗅鞘细胞移植周围神经损伤后，以评估功能恢复

Olfactory ensheathing cells (OECs) are neural crest cells which allow growth and regrowth of the primary olfactory neurons. Indeed, the primary olfactory ...

科研

神经科学

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

Preparation of Acute Brain Slices Using an Optimized N-Methyl-D-glucamine Protective Recovery Method

用优化的n-甲基 d-葡乙胺保护恢复法制备急性脑切片

This protocol is a practical guide to the N-methyl-D-glucamine (NMDG) protective recovery method of brain slice preparation. Numerous recent studies have ...

Utilizing 3D Printing Technology to Merge MRI with Histology: A Protocol for Brain Sectioning

利用3D打印技术来合并MRI与组织学：一个大脑切片协议

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows for the delineation between normal and abnormal tissue on a macroscopic scale, sampling an entire tissue volume ...

Partial Optic Nerve Transection in Rats: A Model Established with a New Operative Approach to Assess Secondary Degeneration of Retinal Ganglion Cells

大鼠部分视神经切断术: 建立一种新的手术方法评价视网膜神经节细胞二次变性的模型

Previous studies have shown that the secondary degeneration of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) occurs commonly in glaucoma. Partial optic nerve transection ...

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

An In Vivo Assessment of Blood-Brain Barrier Disruption in a Rat Model of Ischemic Stroke

一种体内评价大鼠缺血性中风模型中血脑屏障的破坏

Ischemic stroke leads to vasogenic cerebral edema and subsequent primary brain injury, which is mediated through destruction of the blood-brain barrier ...

A Fibrin-Enriched and tPA-Sensitive Photothrombotic Stroke Model

纤维蛋白富集和 tPA 敏感的光血栓形成卒中模型

An ideal thromboembolic stroke model requires certain properties, including relatively simple surgical procedures with low mortality, a consistent ...

A Rat Model of EcoHIV Brain Infection

生态HIV脑感染的老鼠模型

It has been well studied that the EcoHIV infected mouse model is of significant utility in investigating HIV associated neurological complications. ...

Motor Dual-Tasks for Gait Analysis and Evaluation in Post-Stroke Patients

用于中风后患者步态分析和评估的运动双任务

Eighteen stroke patients were recruited for this study involving the evaluation of cognition and walking ability and multitask gait analysis. Multitask ...

Dural Stimulation and Periorbital von Frey Testing in Mice As a Preclinical Model of Headache

小鼠硬脑膜刺激和眶周冯弗雷测试作为头痛的临床前模型

The cranial meninges, comprised of the dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater, are thought to primarily serve structural functions for the nervous system.  ...

A Model for Encephalomyosynangiosis Treatment after Middle Cerebral Artery Occlusion-Induced Stroke in Mice

小鼠脑中动脉闭塞诱导脑卒中后脑肌粘连血管病治疗模型

There is no effective treatment available for most patients suffering with ischemic stroke, making development of novel therapeutics imperative. The ...