Name: training dogs for awake, unrestrained functional magnetic resonance imaging
Uploaded: 2019-10-13T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Training Dogs for Awake, Unrestrained Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging at JoVE.com

我们感谢《梅因表现科学》和奥本大学心理学和电气与计算机工程系。这项工作得到了专业狗训练师协会的支持。

这些方法的道德批准得到了奥本大学机构动物护理和使用委员会的批准，所有方法都按照其准则和条例执行。对于听觉暴露，通过会话的进展基于周数。对于站站课程，必须满足特定的会话指定性能标准（例如，至少 11 秒钟的下巴定位持续时间），然后培训师才能将狗推进到该培训阶段的下一个会话。否则，将重复该步骤。
1. 听觉暴露会话
注：这些会话?...

<ol>
	<li>T&#243;th, L., G&#225;csi, M., Mikl&#243;si, &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;., Bogner, P., Repa, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Awake+dog+brain+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Awake dog brain magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Journal of Veterinary Behavior. 4 (2), (2009).</li><li>Berns, G. S., Brooks, A. M., Spivak, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+MRI+in+awake+unrestrained+dogs.">Functional MRI in awake unrestrained dogs.</a> PLoS One. 7 (5), e38027 (2012).</li><li>Bunford, N., Andics, A., Kis, A., Miklosi, A., Gacsi, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Canis+familiaris+As+a+Model+for+Non-Invasive+Comparative+Neuroscience.">Canis familiaris As a Model for Non-Invasive Comparative Neuroscience.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 40 (7), 438-452 (2017).</li><li>Jia, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+MRI+of+the+Olfactory+System+in+Conscious+Dogs.">Functional MRI of the Olfactory System in Conscious Dogs.</a> Plos One. 9 (1), e86362 (2014).</li><li>Thompkins, A. 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F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Why+Did+the+Dog+Walk+Into+the+MRI?.">Why Did the Dog Walk Into the MRI?.</a> Current Directions in Psychological Science. 25 (5), 363-369 (2016).</li><li>Huber, L., Lamm, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Understanding+dog+cognition+by+functional+magnetic+resonance+imaging.">Understanding dog cognition by functional magnetic resonance imaging.</a> Learning &amp; Behavior. 45 (2), 101-102 (2017).</li><li>Ramirez, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Animal training: successful animal management through positive reinforcement. , (1999).</li><li>Gerencser, L., Bunford, N., Moesta, A., Miklosi, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+and+validation+of+the+Canine+Reward+Responsiveness+Scale+-Examining+individual+differences+in+reward+responsiveness+of+the+domestic+dog.">Development and validation of the Canine Reward Responsiveness Scale -Examining individual differences in reward responsiveness of the domestic dog.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 4421 (2018).</li><li>Thompkins, A. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Separate+brain+areas+for+processing+human+and+dog+faces+as+revealed+by+awake+fMRI+in+dogs+(Canis+familiaris).">Separate brain areas for processing human and dog faces as revealed by awake fMRI in dogs (Canis familiaris).</a> Learning &amp; Behavior. 46 (4), 561-573 (2018).</li><li>Lazarowski, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+the+Behavioral+Characteristics+of+Dogs+Purpose-Bred+and+Prepared+to+Perform+Vapor+Wake&#174;+Detection+of+Person-Borne+Explosives.">Investigation of the Behavioral Characteristics of Dogs Purpose-Bred and Prepared to Perform Vapor Wake&#174; Detection of Person-Borne Explosives.</a> Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 5 (50), (2018).</li><li>Lazarowski, L., Waggoner, P., Katz, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+future+of+detector+dog+research.">The future of detector dog research.</a> Comparative Cognition &amp; Behavior Reviews. 14, 77-80 (2019).</li><li>Leidinger, C., Herrmann, F., Thone-Reineke, C., Baumgart, N., Baumgart, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Introducing+Clicker+Training+as+a+Cognitive+Enrichment+for+Laboratory+Mice.">Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (121), e55415 (2017).</li><li>Council, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals. , (2011).</li><li>Andics, A., G&#225;bor, A., Farag&#243;, T., Szab&#243;, D., Mikl&#243;si, &. #. 1. 9. 3. ;. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+mechanisms+for+lexical+processing+in+dogs.">Neural mechanisms for lexical processing in dogs.</a> Science. 353 (6303), 1030-1032 (2016).</li><li>Berns, G. S., Brooks, A. M., Spivak, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Scent+of+the+familiar:+An+fMRI+study+of+canine+brain+responses+to+familiar+and+unfamiliar+human+and+dog+odors.">Scent of the familiar: An fMRI study of canine brain responses to familiar and unfamiliar human and dog odors.</a> Behavioural Processes. 110, 37-46 (2015).</li><li>Berns, G. S., Brooks, A., Spivak, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Replicability+and+Heterogeneity+of+Awake+Unrestrained+Canine+fMRI+Responses.">Replicability and Heterogeneity of Awake Unrestrained Canine fMRI Responses.</a> PLoS One. 8 (12), e81698 (2013).</li><li>Cook, P., Prichard, A., Spivak, M., Berns, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Jealousy+in+dogs?+Evidence+from+brain+imaging.">Jealousy in dogs? Evidence from brain imaging.</a> Animal Sentience. 117, 1-15 (2018).</li><li>Cook, P. F., Brooks, A., Spivak, M., Berns, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regional+brain+activations+in+awake+unrestrained+dogs.">Regional brain activations in awake unrestrained dogs.</a> Journal of Veterinary Behavior-Clinical Applications and Research. 16, 104-112 (2016).</li><li>Cook, P. F., Prichard, A., Spivak, M., Berns, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Awake+canine+fMRI+predicts+dogs'+preference+for+praise+vs+food.">Awake canine fMRI predicts dogs' preference for praise vs food.</a> Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience. 11 (12), 1853-1862 (2016).</li><li>Cook, P. F., Spivak, M., Berns, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurobehavioral+evidence+for+individual+differences+in+canine+cognitive+control:+an+awake+fMRI+study.">Neurobehavioral evidence for individual differences in canine cognitive control: an awake fMRI study.</a> Animal Cognition. 19 (5), 867-878 (2016).</li><li>Cook, P. F., Spivak, M., Berns, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=One+pair+of+hands+is+not+like+another:+caudate+BOLD+response+in+dogs+depends+on+signal+source+and+canine+temperament.">One pair of hands is not like another: caudate BOLD response in dogs depends on signal source and canine temperament.</a> PeerJ. 2, e596 (2014).</li><li>Dilks, D. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Awake+fMRI+reveals+a+specialized+region+in+dog+temporal+cortex+for+face+processing.">Awake fMRI reveals a specialized region in dog temporal cortex for face processing.</a> PeerJ. 3, e1115 (2015).</li><li>Prichard, A., Chhibber, R., Athanassiades, K., Spivak, M., Berns, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+neural+learning+in+dogs:+A+multimodal+sensory+fMRI+study.">Fast neural learning in dogs: A multimodal sensory fMRI study.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 14614 (2018).</li><li>Prichard, A., Cook, P. F., Spivak, M., Chhibber, R., Berns, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Awake+fMRI+Reveals+Brain+Regions+for+Novel+Word+Detection+in+Dogs.">Awake fMRI Reveals Brain Regions for Novel Word Detection in Dogs.</a> Frontiers in Neuroscience. 12, 737 (2018).</li><li>Ramaihgari, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zinc+Nanoparticles+Enhance+Brain+Connectivity+in+the+Canine+Olfactory+Network:+Evidence+From+an+fMRI+Study+in+Unrestrained+Awake+Dogs.">Zinc Nanoparticles Enhance Brain Connectivity in the Canine Olfactory Network: Evidence From an fMRI Study in Unrestrained Awake Dogs.</a> Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 5, 127 (2018).</li><li>Robinson, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+Structural+Connectivity+of+the+Default+Mode+Network+in+Dogs+using+Diffusion+Tensor+Imaging.">Characterization of Structural Connectivity of the Default Mode Network in Dogs using Diffusion Tensor Imaging.</a> Scientific Reports. 6, 36851 (2016).</li><li>Berns, G. S., Brooks, A. M., Spivak, M., Levy, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Functional+MRI+in+Awake+Dogs+Predicts+Suitability+for+Assistance+Work.">Functional MRI in Awake Dogs Predicts Suitability for Assistance Work.</a> Scientific Reports. 7, 43704 (2017).</li><li>Berns, G. S., Spivak, M., Nemanic, S., Northrup, N. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Clinical+Findings+in+Dogs+Trained+for+Awake-MRI.">Clinical Findings in Dogs Trained for Awake-MRI.</a> Frontiers in Veterinary Science. 5, 209 (2018).</li><li>Jia, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhancement+of+odor-induced+activity+in+the+canine+brain+using+zinc+nanoparticles:+A+functional+MRI+study+in+fully+unrestrained+conscious+dogs.">Enhancement of odor-induced activity in the canine brain using zinc nanoparticles: A functional MRI study in fully unrestrained conscious dogs.</a> Chemical Senses. 41 (1), 53-67 (2016).</li><li>Kyathanahally, S. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anterior-posterior+dissociation+of+the+default+mode+network+in+dogs.">Anterior-posterior dissociation of the default mode network in dogs.</a> Brain Structure and Function. 220 (2), 1063-1076 (2015).</li></ol>

上述协议将站位（下巴休息）行为的训练从脱敏分离到 MRI 环境。此外，它还利用在几个不同位置的驻点通用化程序，帮助将驻点行为转移到真实的MRI扫描环境;无需在 MRI 扫描环境中进行大量培训，即可进行上述工作，这非常昂贵。总体而言，培训和测试在14小时内完成，并立即转移到新的地点。虽然目前很难以有意义的方式比较各实验室的方法，但我们提出了一种犬fMRI训练协议，可以以经济高?...

对无节制的醒狗进行磁共振成像（MRI）是一种新方法，为检查狗脑的功能和结构创造了一种新方法。首次公布的MR图像从无拘无束的醒狗获取帐户在2009年（结构）和2012年（功能）1，2。功能磁共振成像 （fMRI） 有几个优点，用于研究无节制清醒的狗的大脑功能。首先，数据收集与人类相似，因此更容易在物种3中通用。第二，不需要麻醉，消除任何不良的后遗症。第三，大脑活动通过麻醉而改变，因此无需麻醉可以更好地评估认知功能。第四，虽然流体/食物剥夺和身体限制允许研究人员探索非麻醉动物（如啮齿动物、鸟类和灵长类动物模型），但这些动物的认知状态可能不同于其无节制和无节制的同类动物。3.
目前，全世界有五个实验室正在扫描醒着的狗（美国亚特兰大;美国奥本;布达佩斯， 匈牙利;克雷塔罗，墨西哥;奥地利维也纳），没有标准化的方法训练狗故意接受核磁共振扫描5，6，7。所有的训练方法都有一个共同的目标，即训练狗长时间保持静止，这是高质量的大脑扫描所必需的。虽然所有方法都通过强化学习的原则工作，但具体实施方式各不相同，我们还不知道这种差异对结果的影响。因此，如果建议的培训方法被接受并得到广泛应用，则可以减少数据中的一些不良差异。在本文中，我们将重点讨论在MRI扫描仪中驻台的训练方法。MRI 扫描成本高昂，我们开发的拟议方法旨在经济高效，因此可向世界各地的培训人员通用，而无需定期使用 MRI 扫描仪进行培训。
该方法由两个主要部分组成：培训和测试。培训包括两个阶段。第一阶段是在开放环境中训练狗到下巴目标（即站），第二阶段是训练狗在模拟核磁共振成像站。在整个培训阶段，在单独的、专用的听觉暴露过程中，MRI 的脱敏现象都会发生。测试包括将驻留在五个不同测试位置的便携式模拟 MRI 中。此测试阶段的效用是概括站位行为，促进转移到真正的 MRI 环境。总体协议在图 1中进行了总结。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60192/60192fig1a.jpg"> 图 1：协议时间线。协议时间表分为两个组件：培训和测试。培训进一步分为两个阶段，开放环境和模拟MRI。训练期间也进行单独的听觉暴露训练。测试包括将驻留在五个不同的传输位置 （T1-T5） 的便携式模拟 MRI 中。一旦狗将驻点行为概括为五个不同传输位置的标准，狗就可以在真实的 MRI 环境中收集数据了。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60192/60192fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
根据阶段，训练和测试每周需要25至75分钟，每只狗：一个10分钟的听觉暴露和两个或两个以上5至30分钟的站站会话。该协议可在 25 周内完成。在转移测试期间，狗在五个不同位置的便携式模拟 MRI（孔、射频线圈、90+ dB 音频、耳垫）中执行几轮 5 分钟的无动降/停留和下巴休息。转移会话每周进行一次，每次 30-60 分钟，连续五周。在 MRI 测试期间，狗在 60 分钟的结构和功能数据采集过程中，在真正的 MRI 扫描仪中执行几轮最终站站行为。
在整个训练和测试中，下巴休息是重点的行为。下巴休息是狗触摸他的下巴到一个物体的表面后，一些提示瞄准（即，休息他的下巴）到该表面。目标提示可以是物理的（例如手势、诱饵）、口头（例如，口语单词"rest"），也可以是对象（例如，进入下巴休息本身）。下巴定位行为的流畅表现对于限制头部运动至关重要。在此协议中，下巴休息行为被调节、维护和概括，以在多个上下文中（不同的休息设备，在多个位置）发生，并延长目标持续时间（最多五分钟）。此外，培训师对下场和停留的行为进行条件和保持良好的表现，以及对释放提示"好"、条件强化器和行为事件标记"点击"和保持前进信号（KGS）"良好"的良好激励控制8.在协议过程中，在特定阶段和特定时间间隔内引入多种刺激和装置。这些材料易于采购，价格低廉。有关完整详细信息，请参阅材料表。

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	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic Mock Radiofrequency Coil</td>
			<td>Menards</td>
			<td>TU59018594</td>
			<td>Mock Radiofrequency (RF) Coil: 8&#34; diameter x 4&#39; Concrete Form Tube. Makes four mock RF coils; cut form tube in four even lengths for four 8&#34; diameter x 1&#39; mock RF coils.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Agility Tunnel</td>
			<td>J&#38;J Dog Supplies</td>
			<td>TT053</td>
			<td>Open Agility Training Tunnel</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bluetooth Speaker</td>
			<td>Sharkk</td>
			<td>SP-SK896WTR-GRY</td>
			<td>Portable Scan Audio Playback: Waterproof Bluetooth Speaker Sharkk 2O IP67 Bluetooth Speaker Outdoor Pool Beach and Shower Portable Wireless Speaker</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cardboard Concrete Form Tube</td>
			<td>Menards</td>
			<td>TU10120014</td>
			<td>Stationary Mock MRI Bore: Sonotube 24&#34; diameter x 12&#39; Standard Wall Water-Resistant Concrete Form. Makes two mock bores; cut form tube in half for two 24&#34; diameter x 6&#39; bores.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chuckit Ball</td>
			<td>Chuckit!</td>
			<td>17030</td>
			<td>Toy Reward: Chuckit! Ultra Ball</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Decibel X</td>
			<td>Skypaw</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Decibel meter phone app</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Exercise Mat</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Foam chin rest: cut mat in half lengthwise. Roll up, and secure roll with hot glue. Cut chin-size notch in center with X-ACTO knife. Hot-glue velcro to bottom surface.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Folding Table</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>3&#39; x 6&#39; folding table</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microfiber Car Wax Applicator Pad</td>
			<td>Viking Car Care</td>
			<td>862400</td>
			<td>Viking Car Care Microfiber Applicator Pads</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Natural Balance Treat Log</td>
			<td>Natual Balance</td>
			<td>236020</td>
			<td>Food Reward: E.g., Chicken Formula Dog Food Roll, 3.5-lb roll</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plywood</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Platform: 2&#34;x4&#34;x6&#39; length of wood affixed to 3&#39;x6&#39; plywood board. Hot glue exercise mat on plywood board for traction. Braces: 3 4x4x4&#34; cubes cut at 45-degree angle affixed to ends of 1&#34;x4&#34;x3&#39; lengths of wood. Makes 3 braces.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sand Bags</td>
			<td>J&#38;J Dog Supplies</td>
			<td>AG155</td>
			<td>J&#38;J Professional Quality Sandbags x 2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Speaker System</td>
			<td>Pioneer Electrics</td>
			<td>HTD645DV</td>
			<td><a href="https://www.pioneerelectronics.com/pio/pe/images/portal/cit_11221/93327312Operating%20Instructions%20S-HTD630.pdf" target="_blank">Stationary Scan Audio Playback: Pioneer HTD645DV 5 Disk DVD Home Theater System with Wireless Surround Speakers. Operating Instructions.</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Towel</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>standard towel</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

training dogs for awake, unrestrained functional magnetic resonance imaging

我们提出了犬功能磁共振成像 （fMRI） 训练协议，可以以经济高效的方式，使用高能量狗，用于获取功能和结构数据。这种训练狗醒，无节制fMRI的方法采用一种通用化程序，在几个不同的位置驻点，以方便站位行为转移到真正的MRI扫描环境;无需在 MRI 扫描环境中进行大量培训，即可进行上述工作，这非常昂贵。此外，此方法将站位（即下巴休息）行为的训练从脱敏分解为 MRI 环境（即 100 度分贝扫描音频），后者在专用的听觉暴露调节会话中完成。完整的培训和测试协议需要14小时，并立即转移到新的地点。我们还提供了从视觉面部处理和嗅觉鉴别范式中获得的蜂法fMRI数据的例子。

表1列出了每个会话级别的平均重复次数。完整的培训和测试协议需要 14 小时（M = 13.55 h，范围为 12-16 小时），包括 90 个会话（范围 87-93 次）。开放环境训练持续4.38小时（范围3-5小时），模拟MRI训练持续5.4小时（范围4.2-6.5小时），转移为2.5小时，分为5个30分钟。19级的维护课程在转院期间进行，反映在上述完整的培训时间内。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Training Dogs for Awake, Unrestrained Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging at JoVE.com

Training Dogs for Awake, Unrestrained Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

无节制的醒狗磁共振成像（MRI）是一种新方法，具有物理或化学约束成像的多种优点。该协议引入了一种经济高效的培训方法，可最大限度地减少 MRI 环境中的培训，这既可能成本高昂，又可最大化可用于狗功能 MRI 的主题池。

训练犬为觉醒，无节制的功能磁共振成像

We present a canine functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) training protocol that can be done in a cost-effective manner, with high-energy dogs, for ...

在无拘无束的狗身上进行磁共振成像是一种新方法，它创造了一种研究狗脑功能和结构的新方法。该方法人性化、经济性高，不仅适合本研究环境中的狗，而且作为其他牧业行为训练项目支架。转移经典的反调理策略帮助狗快速适应强大的驻站行为到扫描仪环境。由于该协议具有成本效益，因此无需定期访问 MRI 扫描仪即可向世界各地的培训师推广。对于活跃的听觉暴露课程，将狗运送到熟悉的室内训练室。并在会话的指定音量下播放扫描音频。十秒钟后，在扫描仪噪音仍然可听到时，与狗玩 20 秒的玩具。玩了20秒后，从狗身上取回玩具，然后暂停噪音。然后与狗一起默默地等待， 没有奖励 10 秒， 然后开始下一个试验。在整个培训期间，每周进行一次10次试验，为期12周，增加分贝量。要捕捉下巴目标毛巾与狗站立，坐着，或在下降的位置，点击，然后治疗，让狗调查毛巾。一旦狗将调查毛巾可靠，点击，然后治疗任何鼻子毛巾和随后的下巴毛巾接触，直到毛巾接触持续时间达到至少两秒钟，长达五分钟每会话。当狗将下巴目标至少26秒，点击，然后治疗任何调查的泡沫下巴休息装置。经过几次强化的仪器调查后，提示休息并点击，然后治疗一到两秒钟的下巴接触5至15分钟的训练，直到40秒的接触达到。对于模拟MRI站场，请狗跳或抬起狗到模拟孔，并提示狗躺下，点击，然后治疗。提示狗休息。然后点击治疗1至12秒的下巴瞄准泡沫下巴休息在高架孔在5至15分钟的会话，直到持续时间增加至60秒。最初强化行为不太精确的近似值，因为培训师将有机会有选择地加强，以便更好地在以后的代表中保持对齐精度。当狗可以在模拟孔中下巴目标至少60秒时，提示下来休息，并装备狗与耳垫。将扫描音频以零到 40 分贝之间的几乎听不到的音量放置。然后单击，在 15 到 30 分钟的训练中治疗 1 到 12 秒的下巴接触，直到持续时间至少持续 107 秒。当狗可以持续五分钟在下巴休息在模拟孔和模拟RF线圈，而穿着耳垫与扫描仪噪音播放在80至110分贝，站在或坐在旁边的便携式模拟孔与模拟RF线圈，并手势狗进入新的孔。提示下来休息， 并装备动物与耳垫。将扫描音频放在 80 到 110 分贝。然后单击，然后在新位置驻扎 1 到 30 秒。下一个探针的标准持续时间，加强在5分钟或当狗打破。一旦狗将驻站行为概括为五个不同的传输位置的标准，狗就可以在真正的 MRI 环境中收集数据了。在这里，在该协议中训练的四只狗的最长持续时间，如训练结束时的最后三个课程和不同的训练地点所示。在站训结束时，成绩稳定，所有犬都转移到模拟训练地点，最长持续时间相当于训练。其中三只狗被转移到MRI扫描仪，并演示了206秒的最大可能持续时间的反复回合。一只没有转移到MRI扫描仪的狗的头部比其他狗大，不能舒适地适应线圈，这很可能是它不愿意参与扫描。一旦接受过参与功能性MRI扫描的训练，我们可以在多种方式中收集感官处理信息。例如，狗脑中时间皮层的相邻但不同的大脑区域对处理狗和人脸是活跃的。绿色区域代表大脑中更活跃的区域，与狗脸形成鲜明对比。红色区域代表大脑中对狗脸更活跃的区域，与人脸形成鲜明对比。虽然嗅球、内皮亚格达拉、前嗅皮层、内皮叶和皮里形叶在清醒和麻醉狗中都活跃，而涉及高阶认知处理的区域主要在清醒的狗中激活。该协议的设计围绕一个观点，即头部运动与强大的下巴休息行为不兼容，这被概括为发生在多个设置中。虽然犬功能MRI处于天真阶段，但未来有望继续使用人类最好的朋友来理解大脑行为关系。例如，我们的发现可以促进对如何更好地选择、训练和使用狗以执行造福社会的任务的理解，例如探测爆炸物等危险威胁。采用强大的扫描仪适应方法，扫描仪的实用性有限，仅受研究者问题和实验设计的创造性约束。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging (fMRI) with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging fMRI with Auditory Stimulation in Songbirds

功能磁共振成像（fMRI）技术与听觉刺激鸣禽

The neurobiology of birdsong, as a model for human speech, is a pronounced area of research in behavioral neuroscience. Whereas electrophysiology and ...

科研

行为学

Best Current Practice for Obtaining High Quality EEG Data During Simultaneous fMRI

获得高质量的脑电数据在同步功能磁共振成像的当前最佳实践

Simultaneous  EEG-fMRI allows the excellent temporal resolution of EEG to be combined with the  high spatial accuracy of fMRI. The data  from these two ...

Construction of Microdrive Arrays for Chronic Neural Recordings in Awake Behaving Mice

清醒的行为小鼠慢性神经录音的微型硬盘阵列建设

State-of-the-art electrophysiological recordings from the brains of freely behaving animals allow researchers to simultaneously examine local field ...

Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and Simultaneous  Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

经颅直流电刺激和同步功能磁共振成像

Transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) is a noninvasive brain stimulation technique that uses weak electrical currents administered to the scalp ...

Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management

视觉训练方法体育震荡缓解与管理

There is emerging evidence supporting the use vision training, including light board training tools, as a concussion baseline and neuro-diagnostic tool ...

Combined Shuttle-Box Training with Electrophysiological Cortex Recording and Stimulation as a Tool to Study Perception and Learning

联合穿梭盒子训练与电的Cortex记录和刺激作为一种工具来研究感知和学习

Shuttle-box avoidance learning is a well-established method in behavioral neuroscience and experimental setups were traditionally custom-made; the ...

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

大鼠条件性巴甫洛夫训练方法

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

An Innovative Running Wheel-based Mechanism for Improved Rat Training Performance

为提高训练大鼠绩效的创新运行基于轮机制

This study presents an animal mobility system, equipped with a positioning running wheel (PRW), as a way to quantify the efficacy of an exercise activity ...

Introducing Clicker Training as a Cognitive Enrichment for Laboratory Mice

引进响片训练为实验室老鼠认知富集

Establishing new refinement strategies in laboratory animal science is a central goal in fulfilling the requirements of Directive 2010/63/EU. Previous ...