Name: measuring neural mechanisms underlying sleep-dependent memory consolidation during naps in early childhood
Uploaded: 2019-10-02T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood at JoVE.com

作者要感谢马里兰大学的神经认知发展实验室、学院公园和马萨诸塞大学阿姆赫斯特分校的索姆内神经实验室为这个项目提供了帮助。资金由NIH（HD094758）和NSF（BCS 1749280）提供给TR和RS。代表性成果由NIH HL111695资助。

在开始任何研究程序之前，应获得家长的书面同意，并且所有学习程序都应获得孩子的口头同意。
注：有关过程概述，请参阅图 2。
<img alt="Figure 2" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60200/60200fig2.jpg"> 图 2：协议概述。每个方块代表一天。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60200/60200fig2large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大?...

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本文介绍如何研究幼儿时期午睡期间声明性记忆的睡眠依赖性合并。方法包括行为评估记忆在午睡和清醒条件，行为和家长报告，以评估睡眠周期，和PSG评估睡眠架构。这种独特的组合对于评估记忆、描述睡眠周期以及检查睡眠对记忆的好处背后的神经机制至关重要。代表性结果表明，学习和记忆依赖于午睡，尤其是习惯性午睡者。具体来说，习惯性午睡者比保持清醒（即午睡福利分数）相比，?...

鉴于睡眠在我们的日常生活中的流行，重要的是要了解它的功能。与这个目标的研究需要精确测量睡眠。多导睡眠学（PSG）是睡眠的黄金标准测量指标。PSG 允许以高时间分辨率对睡眠进行客观、定量的测量，并且可用于研究和临床目的。PSG 是生理记录的组合。至少，PSG 蒙太奇包括以下测量：脑电图 （EEG）、脑电图 （EOG） 和肌电图 （EMG）。这些措施分别评估大脑、眼睛和肌肉的电势，并允许对睡眠阶段进行分类（见图1）。其他措施，如心电图（ECG）、呼吸和脉搏血氧仪，可以包括，以确定睡眠紊乱的存在。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60200/60200fig1b.jpg"> 图1：通过PSG记录的电极放置示例和活动描述。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60200/60200fig1blarge.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>
PSG 允许将睡眠分为四个不同的睡眠阶段：非快速眼动（非 REM） 阶段 1 （nREM1; 4⁄7 Hz）、非 REM 阶段 2（nREM2;12+15 Hz）和非 REM 阶段 3（通常称为慢波睡眠 [SWS];0.5⁄4 Hz）和快速眼动 （REM）） 睡眠。nREM1 标记睡眠开始，并根据 EMG 重新编码中的肌肉张力降低和混合振幅 EEG 振荡相对于在休息唤醒中观察到的 Alpha 进行识别。其次是nREM2，可以通过脑电图中存在睡眠主轴（西格玛频率活动短突发;11~16 Hz）和K复合物（从周围活动中脱颖而出的单慢波）来区分。SWS 的特点是明显的慢频高振幅 EEG 振荡。REM睡眠的特点是快速低振幅振荡脑活动非常相似，在唤醒期间观察到。然而，REM睡眠与觉醒的区别是，它还具有相称快速眼动（因此名字REM）和肌肉肌张力障碍的特点。在睡眠过程中，睡眠阶段是周期性的，速度约为90分钟/周期。
睡眠也遵循昼夜节律，睡眠周期在24小时周期内发生。睡眠时间和一致性可能会影响睡眠功能，并且对评估也很重要。虽然PSG是描述睡眠阶段所必需的，但应用是费时费力的，因此对于评估多次睡眠（例如，多晚睡眠、午睡和通宵睡眠）来说并不理想。对于这一点，行为学是有益的。Actigraphy 使用三轴加速度计（通常在手腕上）根据没有运动来估计睡眠。虽然不能用行为学来描述睡眠阶段，但它已被证明在从婴儿1到老年人2的人群中检测睡眠开始和觉醒（包括睡眠碎片或睡眠发病后醒来）是可靠的。.PSG 和活动学都是首选方法，而不是自我/父报告度量。自我/父母报告措施易于管理，而且费用相对低廉，但也可能受到偏见和不遵约。最后，值得注意的是，这些方法可以结合使用，以利用每种方法的优点。例如，PSG 可以与活动学和/或自我/父母报告相结合，以获得夜间睡眠质量以及睡眠数量或睡眠-觉醒周期的验证，尤其是在长时间（例如，数周或数月）期间。
睡眠的一个功能，已经引起了特别的兴趣是睡眠依赖记忆巩固，处理记忆，使他们更强大，不易受到干扰3。虽然记忆巩固可以在儿童4和成人5的唤醒期间发生，但有大量证据表明，在睡眠期间巩固增强。过去的研究通过将睡眠间隔（例如晚上 8 点 -8 点）后的记忆性能变化与唤醒时间（例如上午 8 点到晚上 8 点）后的变化进行比较，提供了睡眠依赖性记忆整合的行为示例。在成人中，记忆在睡眠间隔后受到保护6甚至增强7，而记忆通常在等同间隔的唤醒时间内衰减。已采用的控制措施，将性能变化与昼夜影响8、9、10分离。例如，在将午睡的表现与等效的中午后唤醒期9进行比较时，观察到睡眠的类似好处。
虽然睡眠曾经被认为反映了一个被动的过程，只是保护记忆免受衰变或干扰，现代理论认为睡眠起着更积极的作用，并且通过重新激活来促进记忆。， 13.支持这一点来自观察到的睡眠中记忆巩固行为测量（睡眠后记忆记忆与睡眠前相比的变化）与睡眠生理学的特定方面之间的相关性。对于许多声明性内存任务，内存整合与非 REM 睡眠的各个方面相关，特别是 nREM2 和 SWS 中找到的 SWS 或睡眠主轴的度量。如果睡眠的作用是被动保护免受干扰，则这种相关性是意料之中的;而睡眠时间（无论睡眠阶段如何）和性能之间的相关性是预料之中的，因为睡眠时间越多，就越能提供更多的保护，免受干扰。
在目标内存重新激活的研究中，SWS 在内存整合中的主动作用提供了更多支持。在这些研究中，记忆是在感性提示的上下文中学习的，例如气味，如果提示在睡眠期间被重新呈现，SWS，尤其是15，则睡眠后记忆的回忆会更大。尽管潜在的机制是辩论16，17，一个突出的理论，系统整合理论，认为在海马编码的记忆稳定在皮层通过海马-新皮质的对话。具体来说，皮质慢波和睡眠主轴，与与记忆重新激活相关的海马纹发生，支持记忆转移3。
睡眠在开发过程中记忆整合中的作用不太清楚。幼儿期是一个特别感兴趣的时期，因为儿童开始从双相（包括午睡和通宵睡眠）过渡到单相睡眠模式。最近的研究表明，这种转变可能反映了大脑成熟18。这一论点与显示夜间睡眠发育变化（即慢波活动地形）的经验数据一致，反映了皮质成熟19。
尽管在20岁、21岁和婴儿22岁有一些夜间睡眠依赖性巩固的行为示范，但关于记忆巩固与中日睡眠的神经基础的研究刚刚开始被调查在研究幼儿午睡对记忆作用的开创性工作中，午睡可以保护对最近获得的信息的记忆，而记忆则减少（12%）当孩子们在午睡间隔23时保持清醒。这种"午睡的好处"在习惯性地打盹的儿童中是最大的（即，每周5次或5次以上，以行为学衡量），而不管他们的年龄如何。通过在午睡期间记录PSG，发现整个午睡期间记忆性能的变化与睡眠主轴密度（nREM每分钟睡眠主轴数）有特别关联，这表明午睡质量（而不是数量）是促进内存保留（请参阅代表性结果部分）。
本研究强调了PSG在探索发育过程中睡眠与记忆之间关系的意义。它指出在午睡期间对睡眠宏观（睡眠阶段）和微（这些阶段的质量，如频率和主轴的存在）结构进行特征化的重要性，以便记忆巩固。它还强调了评估睡眠节奏的重要性（将儿童描述为习惯性或非习惯性午睡者）。尽管我们的工作在视觉空间学习（以及最近情绪化24和程序性25学习）中具有午睡功能的特点，但许多问题依然存在。例如，检查其他声明性记忆任务，以评估这些发现的通用性，并评估学前课堂使用的任务，以了解特定参数（例如，与学习相关的午睡益处），这一点非常重要。生态上有效的任务。还需要做额外的工作，以了解唤醒何时足以进行内存整合。因此，我们的目标是揭开测量儿童睡眠和睡眠依赖性记忆巩固过程的神秘面纱。我们提供了实用的提示，用于利用计算机化的视法记忆任务，以及评估午睡习惯性的方法，在通常发育的学龄前儿童（大约 3 到 4 岁）中检查午睡对声明性记忆的好处。使用PSG使用活动学、父母报告和午睡生理学。虽然这些方法是为以不同频率打盹的学龄前儿童开发的，但这些方法可以适应任何年龄组。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
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			<td>Actiwatch Spectrum Plus Starter Kit</td>
			<td>Philips Respironics</td>
			<td>1109516</td>
			<td>Includes: Actiwatch Spectrum Plus Device, Actiware Software License, and manual</td>
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			<td>Actiware software&#160;</td>
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			<td>Brain Analyzer</td>
			<td>Brain Products</td>
			<td>BV-BP-170-1000</td>
			<td>Alternatives may be available.&#160;</td>
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			<td>Dell Latitude 5580 Laptop</td>
			<td>Dell</td>
			<td>X5580T [210-AKJR]</td>
			<td>Laptop for running MatLab, Actiware, and RemLogic as well as storing/uploading data</td>
		</tr>
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			<td>EC2 cream</td>
			<td>Grass</td>
			<td>12643</td>
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			<td>Natus Medical Inc.</td>
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			<td>Embletta system for PSG recordings</td>
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			<td>Natus Medical Inc.</td>
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			<td>Attachment to Embletta to record PSG sensors</td>
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			<td>Natus Medical Inc.</td>
			<td>12643</td>
			<td>Possible alternatives may be available.</td>
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measuring neural mechanisms underlying sleep-dependent memory consolidation during naps in early childhood

睡眠对日常功能至关重要。睡眠的一个重要功能是巩固记忆，这个过程使它们更强大，不易受到干扰。使用多导睡眠学（PSG），可以研究睡眠对记忆益处背后的神经机制。PSG 是生理记录的组合，包括来自大脑 （EEG）、眼睛 （EOG） 和肌肉 （EMG） 的信号，用于对睡眠阶段进行分类。在此协议中，我们描述了 PSG 如何与行为记忆评估、行为学和父报告结合使用，以检查依赖于睡眠的内存整合。该协议的重点是幼儿期，这是儿童从双相睡眠（包括午睡和通宵睡眠）过渡到单相睡眠（仅限夜间睡眠）的一段重要时期。睡眠对记忆性能的影响是使用在睡眠和清醒休息期间进行视空间记忆评估来测量的。活动学和家长报告的组合用于评估睡眠节奏（即，将儿童描述为习惯性或非习惯性尿布）。最后，PSG用于描述午睡期间这些阶段的睡眠阶段和品质（如频率和主轴的存在）。使用PSG的优点是，它是目前唯一可用于评估睡眠质量和睡眠架构的工具，指向支持记忆整合的相关大脑状态。PSG 的主要限制是准备录制蒙太奇所需的时间长度，并且录制通常占用一次睡眠。这些限制可以通过让年轻参与者在应用期间分散注意力的任务，并将PSG与动作和自我/父母报告措施相结合来描述睡眠周期来克服。总之，这种独特的方法组合允许调查午睡如何支持学龄前儿童的学习。

Kurdziel和他的同事用这里描述的程序，检查了学龄前儿童在午睡期间睡眠依赖性记忆的巩固。结果显示，儿童在午睡后对视法记忆任务的回忆准确性优于他们在类似时期后保持清醒的回忆精度（即，表示"nap 好处"，图 4）。此外，那些前一天在后发情况中度过的人没有在通宵睡眠中恢复记忆。最后，使用行为学和家长报告的睡眠措施来检查在?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood at JoVE.com

Measuring Neural Mechanisms Underlying Sleep-Dependent Memory Consolidation During Naps in Early Childhood

该协议描述了用于检查幼儿期午睡期间睡眠依赖性记忆巩固背后的神经机制的方法。它包括检查睡眠对行为记忆性能的影响的程序，以及多导睡眠和活动学的应用和记录。

测量幼儿期午睡期间睡眠依赖记忆巩固背后的神经机制

Sleep is critical for daily functioning. One important function of sleep is the consolidation of memories, a process that makes them stronger and less ...

该协议允许测量儿童睡眠依赖性记忆巩固，并提供一种实用的方法，用于检查在通常发育中的儿童中对声明性记忆进行午睡的好处。这项技术的结果将对幼儿教育产生影响，因为它们将为学龄前教室的午睡时间提供基于经验的建议。此方法的主要优点是，它可用于评估睡眠分布和睡眠结构，这提供了有关支持记忆整合的大脑状态的数据。虽然这些方法被开发用于检查学龄前儿童午睡时的记忆巩固，但它们可以适用于任何年龄组和夜间睡眠。适当的电极位点测量和制备对于实现低阻抗和高质量数据至关重要，这对学龄前儿童来说可能很困难。与塔玛拉·阿拉德一起演示手术的将是实验室研究助理阿卡迪亚·埃威尔和本杰明·温伯格。在使用适合年龄的材料向孩子和家长解释程序后，让孩子参加一个安静的活动。使用灵活的磁带测量和中国标记，测量从 inion 到 nasion 的距离，并在中间点放置一个标记。测量从一只耳朵上的前耳口口到另一只耳朵的前耳口凹口的距离，并在中间点放置一个标记。这两个标记的交集是参考点，或 CZ。测量从 inion 到 nasion 距离的 10%和从两侧的此点到前鼻塞的 10% 的 inion 距离。然后在一侧制作 O 三个标记，使 O 四个标记放在另一侧。从头部两侧的参考点测量出 20% 的前线槽口测量，并在每侧进行 C 三和 C 四个标记。测量从参考点向上的 20% 的 inion 到 nasion 距离，并测量出 20% 的前线槽口，从两侧的此点测量到前侧凹口。然后在该点的每一侧进行 F 三和 F 四个标记。放置所有标记后，使用酒精拭子清洁第一个电极位置，然后再使用略带磨蚀性凝胶去角质皮肤。去除任何残留的清洁材料，用电极霜填充电极。对于放置在有头发的电极，在纱布方块上再涂抹一滴电极霜，然后将纱布放在电极背面。将脑电图电极放在头皮上、每个乳腺上和额头中心的每个标记位置。将右电图电极放在右眼外，稍微优于右眼外，将左电图电极放在外面，稍微低于左眼。将一个肌电图电极放在右脸颊上，就在微笑线正上方，让孩子大声说出牛奶这个词，同时感受颈部和下巴肌肉收缩的最大位置，将第二个肌电图电极放在左侧，紧挨着下巴与颈部，靠近食道的位置。放置所有电极后，将电极连接到记录设备，然后启动记录，以确保所有电极都通过阻抗测试。要管理视觉空间内存任务的编码阶段，请设置一个适合年龄的要记忆刺激数，并指示孩子按名称标识每个图像。指示孩子记住网格中每个图像的位置，然后用空白图像替换卡片。然后一次显示一个图像，并要求子级识别网格中图像的上一个位置，通知子是否指示了正确的位置。孩子达到75%正确图像识别的阈值后，立即进行召回阶段。一次再次显示一个图像，并要求孩子回忆相应的位置，而不提供视觉或口头反馈，并且只探测每个项目一次。在立即召回阶段结束时，让孩子在开始孩子典型的午睡前程序之前使用洗手间。让孩子在他们典型的午睡地点小睡。然后执行视觉空间记忆任务的延迟召回阶段，如先前演示的即时召回阶段，大约在孩子醒来后大约 15 到 30 分钟，以避免睡眠惯性。在延迟召回评估结束时，使用水性喷雾去除电极。对于用胶带涂的电极，使用浸有婴儿油的棉垫使胶带饱和，然后轻轻地将胶带从角落拉起来。在这个具有代表性的实验中，儿童在午睡后对视觉空间记忆任务的回忆精度优于在类似时间段后保持清醒的回忆精度，这意味着午睡的好处。此外，那些在后天度过的睡眠在一夜之间没有恢复记忆的人。有趣的是，午睡的好处只对习惯性地打盹的孩子很重要。此外，视觉空间存储器任务的性能与午睡期间从 PSG 录音中获得的数据有关。具体来说，在非快速眼动阶段第二睡眠期间记录的睡眠主轴越少，这与更好的即时回忆准确性有关。重要的是，在非快速眼动阶段第二睡眠期间，午睡后召回的变化与睡眠主轴密度呈正相关。没有其他的睡眠生理学指标被确定为与记忆性能有关。尽管本文侧重于PSG，但全面了解睡眠依赖性记忆整合将依赖于对辅助技术（如行为图和家长报告）的适当管理来确定睡眠周期。要比较从午睡和唤醒促销条件获得的数据，必须尽可能保持条件在持续时间和干扰、分散内容方面。这项技术可以增进我们对幼儿期睡眠和记忆关系的理解，随着儿童从双相睡眠模式向单相睡眠模式的过渡，这一时期具有发育意义。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Behavioral Endocrinology and Experimental Economics: Testosterone and Social Decision Making

睾酮和社会决策，结合行为内分泌和实验经济学：

Behavioral endocrinological research in humans as well as in animals suggests that testosterone plays a key role in social interactions. Studies in ...

科研

神经科学

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

Mouse in Utero Electroporation: Controlled Spatiotemporal Gene Transfection

在子宫内电穿孔：鼠标控制时空基因Transefection

In order to understand the function of genes expressed in specific region of the developing brain, including signaling molecules and axon guidance ...

Investigating the Neural Mechanisms of Aware and Unaware Fear Memory with fMRI

调查的意识到，不知道用功能磁共振成像的恐惧记忆的神经机制

Pavlovian fear conditioning is often used in combination with functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) in humans to investigate the neural substrates ...

Extinction Training During the Reconsolidation Window Prevents Recovery of Fear

灭绝培训在彭兰霞窗口无法还原的恐惧

Fear is maladaptive when it persists long after circumstances have become safe. It is therefore crucial to develop an approach that persistently prevents ...

Optical Recording of Suprathreshold Neural Activity with Single-cell and Single-spike Resolution

阈上的神经活动的单细胞和单穗的分辨率的光学的方法记录

Signaling of information in the vertebrate central nervous system is often carried by populations of neurons rather than individual neurons. Also ...

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

Hippocampal Insulin Microinjection and In vivo Microdialysis During Spatial Memory Testing

海马胰岛素显微注射和<em在体内</em&gt;微透析过程中空间记忆测试

Glucose metabolism is a useful marker for local neural activity, forming the basis of methods such as 2-deoxyglucose and functional magnetic resonance ...

Whole Cell Patch Clamp for Investigating the Mechanisms of Infrared Neural Stimulation

全细胞膜片钳红外神经刺激机制的调查

It has been  demonstrated in recent years that pulsed, infrared laser light can be used to  elicit electrical responses in neural tissue, independent of ...

A Lateralized Odor Learning Model in Neonatal Rats for Dissecting Neural Circuitry Underpinning Memory Formation

新生大鼠于A气味偏侧学习模型解剖神经回路托换记忆的形成

Rat pups during a critical postnatal period (&#8804; 10 days) readily form a preference for an odor that is associated with stimuli mimicking maternal ...

Measuring In Vivo Changes in Extracellular Neurotransmitters During Naturally Rewarding Behaviors in Female Syrian Hamsters

Measuring In Vivo Changes in Extracellular Neurotransmitters During Naturally Rewarding Behaviors in Female Syrian Hamsters

雌性叙利亚仓鼠自然奖赏行为中细胞外神经递质的测量体内变化

The ability to measure neurotransmitter release on a rapid time scale allows patterns of neurotransmission to be linked to specific behaviors or ...

Homochronic Transplantation of Interneuron Precursors into Early Postnatal Mouse Brains

Interneuron 前体 Homochronic 移植早期小鼠脑的研究

Neuronal fate determination and maturation requires an intricate interplay between genetic programs and environmental signals. However, disentangling the ...