Name: experimental approach to examine leptin signaling in the carotid bodies and its effects on control of breathing
Uploaded: 2019-10-25T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing at JoVE.com

R01HL138932，RO1HL133100，RO1HL128970，AHACDA34700025

所有实验协议均已获得机构动物护理和使用委员会（MO18M211）的批准。
1. 瘦素输液
注：为了检查瘦素对呼吸的影响，我们通过渗透泵在瘦C57BL/6J小鼠中注入瘦素，以提高肥胖小鼠的循环瘦素水平。
<ol><li>
渗透泵制备
	<ol>
<li>称重空泵以检查已装载溶液的净重量。</li>
		<li>将瘦素（5毫克/mL）加入渗透泵（1 μL/h，3天）。用小型注?...

<ol>
	<li>O'donnell, C. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leptin+prevents+respiratory+depression+in+obesity.">Leptin prevents respiratory depression in obesity.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 159, 1477-1484 (1999).</li><li>Polotsky, V. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Female+gender+exacerbates+respiratory+depression+in+leptin-deficient+obesity.">Female gender exacerbates respiratory depression in leptin-deficient obesity.</a> American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine. 164, 1470-1475 (2001).</li><li>Bassi, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Central+leptin+replacement+enhances+chemorespiratory+responses+in+leptin-deficient+mice+independent+of+changes+in+body+weight.">Central leptin replacement enhances chemorespiratory responses in leptin-deficient mice independent of changes in body weight.</a> Pflu&#776;gers Archiv: European Journal of Physiology. 464, 145-153 (2012).</li><li>Inyushkina, E. M., Merkulova, N. A., Inyushkin, A. 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V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Serum+immunoreactive-leptin+concentrations+in+normal-weight+and+obese+humans.">Serum immunoreactive-leptin concentrations in normal-weight and obese humans.</a> New England Journal of Medicine. 334, 292-295 (1996).</li><li>Maffei, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leptin+levels+in+human+and+rodent:+measurement+of+plasma+leptin+and+ob+RNA+in+obese+and+weight-reduced+subjects.">Leptin levels in human and rodent: measurement of plasma leptin and ob RNA in obese and weight-reduced subjects.</a> Nature Medicine. 1, 1155-1161 (1995).</li><li>Phipps, P. R., Starritt, E., Caterson, I., Grunstein, R. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Association+of+serum+leptin+with+hypoventilation+in+human+obesity.">Association of serum leptin with hypoventilation in human obesity.</a> Thorax. 57, 75-76 (2002).</li><li>Berger, S., Polotsky, V. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leptin+and+Leptin+Resistance+in+the+Pathogenesis+of+Obstructive+Sleep+Apnea:+A+Possible+Link+to+Oxidative+Stress+and+Cardiovascular+Complications.">Leptin and Leptin Resistance in the Pathogenesis of Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Possible Link to Oxidative Stress and Cardiovascular Complications.</a> Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity. 2018, 5137947 (2018).</li><li>Ribeiro, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=High+fat+diet+blunts+the+effects+of+leptin+on+ventilation+and+on+carotid+body+activity.">High fat diet blunts the effects of leptin on ventilation and on carotid body activity.</a> The Journal of Physiology. 96, 3187-3199 (2018).</li><li>Yuan, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leptin+signaling+in+the+carotid+body+regulates+a+hypoxic+ventilatory+response+through+altering+TASK+channel+expression.">Leptin signaling in the carotid body regulates a hypoxic ventilatory response through altering TASK channel expression.</a> Frontiers in Physiology. 9, 249 (2018).</li><li>Caballero-Eraso, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Leptin+acts+in+the+carotid+bodies+to+increase+minute+ventilation+during+wakefulness+and+sleep+and+augment+the+hypoxic+ventilatory+response.">Leptin acts in the carotid bodies to increase minute ventilation during wakefulness and sleep and augment the hypoxic ventilatory response.</a> The Journal of Physiology. 591, 151-172 (2018).</li><li>Jun, J. C., Shin, M. K., Yao, Q., Devera, R., Fonti-Bevans, S., Polotsky, V. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermoneutrality+modifies+the+impact+of+hypoxia+on+lipid+metabolism.">Thermoneutrality modifies the impact of hypoxia on lipid metabolism.</a> American Journal of Physiology Endocrinology and Metabolism. 304, 424-435 (2012).</li><li>Polotsky, V. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+of+interrupted+leptin+pathways+on+ventilatory+control.">Impact of interrupted leptin pathways on ventilatory control.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 96, 991-998 (2004).</li><li>Pho, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+leptin+replacement+on+sleep-disordered+breathing+in+the+leptin-deficient+ob/ob+mouse.">The effect of leptin replacement on sleep-disordered breathing in the leptin-deficient ob/ob mouse.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 120, 78-86 (2016).</li><li>Hernandez, A. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Novel+whole+body+plethysmography+system+for+the+continuous+characterization+of+sleep+and+breathing+in+a+mouse.">Novel whole body plethysmography system for the continuous characterization of sleep and breathing in a mouse.</a> Journal of Applied Physiology. 112, 671-680 (2012).</li><li>Powell, F. L., Milsom, W. K., Mitchell, G. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Time+domains+of+the+hypoxic+ventilatory+response.">Time domains of the hypoxic ventilatory response.</a> Respiration Physiology. 112, 123-134 (1998).</li><li>Drorbaugh, J. E., Fenn, W. O. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+barometric+method+for+measuring+ventilation+in+newborn+infants.">A barometric method for measuring ventilation in newborn infants.</a> Pediatrics. 16, 81-87 (1955).</li><li>Duffin, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measuring+the+ventilatory+response+to+hypoxia.">Measuring the ventilatory response to hypoxia.</a> The Journal of Physiology. 587, 285-293 (2007).</li><li>Teppema, L. J., Dahan, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Ventilatory+Response+to+Hypoxia+in+Mammals:+Mechanisms,+Measurement,+and+Analysis.">The Ventilatory Response to Hypoxia in Mammals: Mechanisms, Measurement, and Analysis.</a> Physiological Reviews. 90, 675-754 (2010).</li><li>Nurse, C. A., Fearon, I. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Carotid+body+chemoreceptors+in+dissociated+cell+culture.">Carotid body chemoreceptors in dissociated cell culture.</a> Microscopy Research and Technique. 59, 249-255 (2002).</li><li>Kumar, P., Prabhakar, N. 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我们研究的主要重点是检查瘦素信号在CB中的呼吸效应。已经开发了几种协议来评估瘦素在机械方式中的作用。首先，通过仔细定量HVR在缺氧暴露的前2分钟，分析了CB对HVR的具体贡献。第二，通过两种互补的方法考察了CB在瘦素介导的呼吸控制调节中的相关性。在瘦野生型小鼠中，瘦素水平低，在基线和连续输液后测量HVR;实验在CB变性后重复。在LepRb-缺陷db/db小鼠中，HV...

脂肪细胞产生激素瘦素作用下丘脑抑制食物摄入量和增加代谢率。在我们的实验室1，2和其他研究者3，4进行的研究表明，瘦素增加高充气通气反应（HVR），防止瘦素的肥胖通气不足缺乏肥胖症。然而，大多数肥胖者有高血浆瘦素水平，并表现出对激素5，6，7，8的代谢和呼吸作用的阻力。对瘦素的抗药性是多因素的，但血脑屏障（BBB）对瘦素的渗透性有限，是主要原因。我们建议，瘦素作用于BBB以下的周围缺氧敏感性的关键器官，胡萝卜体（CB），以捍卫肥胖者的呼吸。CB表示瘦素受体LepRb的长功能等形，但CB在瘦素呼吸效应中的作用尚未充分阐明9，10。
我们的方法的目的是检查瘦素信号在CB对HVR的影响。我们的基本原理是：（a） 在小鼠体内注入瘦素，并注入完整的胡萝卜体和脱粒胡萝卜体，然后进行HVR测量;（a） 进行功能丧失实验，将瘦素注入小鼠体内;（b） 缺乏 LepRb的db/db小鼠的功能实验增益，其中我们仅在 CB 中测量了在基线和后表达 LepRb的 HVR。我们技术的优点是，我们在睡眠和觉醒期间，在无节制的无麻醉小鼠身上进行了所有实验。以前的研究者要么在麻醉9下进行实验，要么在睡眠10号期间没有测量瘦素的效果。此外，我们的研究是首次利用上述CB中选择性LepRb表达的函数方法的独特增益。
在广义上，我们的方法可以概括到CB中表达的其他受体及其在低氧敏感性中的作用。调查人员可以将配体注入感兴趣的受体，并在基线和CB变性后测量HVR。作为一种补充方法，在CB和HVR测量中，可以使用本手稿中描述的技术在过度表达之前和之后过度表达感兴趣的受体。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1ml Insulin Syringes</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>309311</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1x PBS (pH 7.4)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10010-023</td>
			<td>500 ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ad-Lacz</td>
			<td>Dr. Christopher Rhodes (University of Chicago)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>1x1010 pfu/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ad-LepRb-GFP</td>
			<td>Vector Biolabs</td>
			<td>ADV-263380</td>
			<td>2-5x1010 pfu/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthetic cart</td>
			<td>Atlantic Biomedical</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>Purdue Products Ltd.</td>
			<td>12496-0757-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine (Buprenex)</td>
			<td>Reckitt Benckiser Healthcare Ltd.</td>
			<td>12496-0757-5</td>
			<td>0.3mg/ml</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>C57Bl/6J</td>
			<td>Jackson laboratory</td>
			<td>000664</td>
			<td>Mice Strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Gauze Sponges</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>22-362-178</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>db/db</td>
			<td>Jackson laboratory</td>
			<td>000697</td>
			<td>Mice Strain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol</td>
			<td>Pharmco-AAPER</td>
			<td>111000200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Vetone</td>
			<td>502017</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lab Chart</td>
			<td>Data Science International (DSI)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel Matrix</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>356234</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Spring Scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments (WPI)</td>
			<td>14124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse Ox Plus</td>
			<td>STARR Life Sciences Corp.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse Ox Plus Collar Sensor</td>
			<td>STARR Life Sciences Corp.</td>
			<td>015022-2</td>
			<td>Medium Collar Clip Special 7&#8221;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mouse Whole Body Plethysmography Chamber</td>
			<td>Data Science International (DSI)</td>
			<td>PLY3211</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ohio Care Plus Incubator</td>
			<td>Ohmeda</td>
			<td>HCHD000173</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Operating Scissors</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments (WPI)</td>
			<td>501753-G</td>
			<td>Straight</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osmotic Pump</td>
			<td>Alzet</td>
			<td>1003D</td>
			<td>1ul per hour, 3 days</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phenol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4557</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Recombinant Mouse Leptin protein</td>
			<td>R&#38;D systems</td>
			<td>498-OB-05M</td>
			<td>5mg</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saline</td>
			<td>RICCA Chemical</td>
			<td>7210-16</td>
			<td>0.9% Sodium Chloride</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile Surgical Suture</td>
			<td>DemeTech</td>
			<td>DT-639-1</td>
			<td>Silk, size 6-0</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermometer</td>
			<td>Innovative Calibration Solutions (INNOCAL)</td>
			<td>EW 20250-91</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

experimental approach to examine leptin signaling in the carotid bodies and its effects on control of breathing

脂肪细胞产生的激素瘦素是一种有效的呼吸兴奋剂，在保护肥胖的呼吸功能方面可能起着重要作用。胡萝卜体（CB）是周围缺氧敏感性的关键器官，表达瘦素受体（LepRb）的长功能异形，但瘦素信号在控制呼吸中的作用尚未完全阐明。我们检查了C57BL/6J小鼠在基线和CB脱液后输液前后的低氧通气反应（HVR）（1）;（2） 在LepRb- 缺乏肥胖的 db/db小鼠在基线和后 LepRb在 CB 的过度表达。在C57BL/6J小鼠中，瘦素增加HVR，瘦素对HVR的影响被CB变性所废除。在db/db小鼠中，CB 中的 LepRb表达式增强了 HVR。因此，我们得出结论，瘦素在CB的作用，以增强对缺氧的反应。

连续输注瘦素显著增加瘦C57BL/6J小鼠的HVR，从0.23升至0.31 mL/min/g/g/-FiO2（P <0.001，图2）11。 CSND废除了HVR的瘦素诱导增加（图2），而瘦素输液后假手术组未观察到CSND对HVR的衰减效应。
LepR b 在LepRb缺乏肥胖db/db小鼠的 CB 中的 LepRb表达导致 HVR 显著增加，从 0.05 mL/min/g/μSpO<sub...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing at JoVE.com

Experimental Approach to Examine Leptin Signaling in the Carotid Bodies and its Effects on Control of Breathing

我们的研究侧重于胡萝卜素体 （CB） 中的瘦素信号对低氧通气反应 （HVR） 的影响。进行了"功能丧失"实验，测量瘦素在CB变性后对HVR的影响，在CB中瘦素受体过度表达后测量HVR的"功能增益"实验。

检查胡萝卜体瘦素信号的实验方法及其对呼吸控制的影响

An adipocyte-produced hormone leptin is a potent respiratory stimulant, which may play an important role in defending respiratory function in obesity. The ...

我们的协议可用于检查瘦素对外周切摩弹性呼吸控制中卡罗蒂德身体的呼吸作用，以及对缺氧的生理反应。我们还可以分别利用手术和化学脱膜和腺病毒转染，评估卡罗蒂德身体功能损失和增益的影响。在开始手术之前，测量定制全身表面腔室内的温度，并测量实验室的相对湿度。接下来，测量实验鼠的体重和直肠温度。将鼠标放在室内，在动物剃光的颈部周围放置一个测光圈。并确保完全密封腔室，以避免空气泄漏。等待大约 30 分钟，直到鼠标保持安静，腔室处于恒定音量。在开始记录呼吸信号和周围氧饱和度之前，在诺莫夏。20分钟的诺莫夏后，使动物暴露在10%氧气和3%二氧化碳的恒定混合气流中。并开始记录呼吸信号和周围氧饱和度中急性缺氧的第一周期。在缺氧的前 30 秒，打开腔室底部的两个小侧端口，以便插入混合气体。最初 30 秒后，关闭腔室的一个小侧端口，并继续以恒定缺氧值记录 5 分钟受启发氧气分数的 10%。在缺氧治疗结束时，切换流入源，将鼠标重新暴露在室内空气中，并允许动物在诺莫米夏恢复至少30分钟，然后再开始下一次分析。实验结束时，将注射器插入腔室底部的一个小侧端口，将一毫升室内空气注入整个血液多血造影室三次，以校准腔室。第三次冲洗后，测量腔室中的温度，动物仍在室内，腔室仍然关闭。然后，打开腔室，测量小鼠的直肠温度，然后再将动物返回到其家庭笼子。为手术切除腹窦神经，给麻醉小鼠施用镇痛，并去除颈部腹部区域的头发。用贝塔丁和酒精消毒裸露的皮肤，并在动物的眼睛上涂抹软膏。做中线切口后，取出结缔和脂肪组织，以暴露常见冠状动脉的分叉，并确定低牙神经。抬起低牙神经，将眼痛神经暴露在正下方，并使用微弹簧剪刀双边解剖骨窦神经。当卡罗蒂德体暴露后，在冰上四微升液体马特里格尔基质中轻轻悬浮一微升适当的腺病毒，并两侧将病毒悬浮液的五微升应用到卡罗蒂德体区域。等待两到三分钟，直到液体Matrigel基质凝固，然后用6-0丝缝合关闭切口，并施用1毫升的正常盐水皮。然后将鼠标放在一个恢复室中，进行监测，直到胸腔卧体卧化，然后再将动物返回到其家庭笼子。连续输液瘦素显著增加瘦C57BL/6小鼠的缺氧通气反应，而卡罗蒂德鼻窦神经解剖可消除这种瘦素诱导的增加。不出所料，瘦素输液后，假手术组不会观察到胡萝卜窦神经解剖对低氧通气反应的衰减作用。瘦素受体长异构体在瘦素受体长异构体中诱导长同形表达，导致低氧通气反应显著增加。而与控制乳腺病毒的转染后，没有变化被观察到。这些技术允许分析卡罗蒂德体在外周切摩弹性中的作用和瘦素对卡罗蒂德身体在呼吸控制中的作用。

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JoVE Core

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Anatomy and Physiology

Biology

Unit 1

The Respiratory System

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Creating Defined Gaseous Environments to Study the Effects of Hypoxia on C. elegans

Creating Defined Gaseous Environments to Study the Effects of Hypoxia on C. elegans

创建定义的气体环境研究缺氧对<em&gt; C。线虫</em

Oxygen is essential for all metazoans to survive, with one known exception1. Decreased O2 availability (hypoxia) can arise during states of disease, ...

科研

生物学

Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells

机械刺激引起的钙波传播的细胞单层：牛角膜内皮细胞的例子

Intercellular communication is essential for the coordination of physiological processes between cells in a variety of organs and tissues, including the ...

The ChroP Approach Combines ChIP and Mass Spectrometry to Dissect Locus-specific Proteomic Landscapes of Chromatin

该ChroP方法结合芯片和质谱剖析染色质的基因座特异性蛋白质组学风景

Chromatin is a highly dynamic nucleoprotein complex made of DNA and proteins that controls various DNA-dependent processes. Chromatin structure and ...

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

Method for the Assessment of Effects of a Range of Wavelengths and Intensities of Red/near-infrared Light Therapy on Oxidative Stress In Vitro

对于波长和红/近红外光治疗对氧化应激强度的范围影响的评估方法<em&gt;在体外</em

Red/near-infrared light therapy (R/NIR-LT), delivered by laser or light emitting diode (LED), improves functional and morphological outcomes in a range of ...

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

Quantitation of Endothelial Cell Adhesiveness In Vitro

内皮细胞粘附性定量<em&gt;在体外</em

One of the cardinal processes of inflammation is the infiltration of immune cells from the lumen of the blood vessel to the surrounding tissue. This ...

Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication: A Functional Biomarker to Assess Adverse Effects of Toxicants and Toxins, and Health Benefits of Natural Products

间隙连接通讯：天然产物的生物标志物的功能，以评估毒物和毒素的不利影响，以及健康的益处

This protocol describes a scalpel loading-fluorescent dye transfer (SL-DT) technique that measures intercellular communication through gap junction ...

Imaging G Protein-coupled Receptor-mediated Chemotaxis and its Signaling Events in Neutrophil-like HL60 Cells

成像G蛋白偶联受体介导的趋化和信令活动在中性粒细胞样细胞HL60

Eukaryotic cells sense and move towards a chemoattractant gradient, a cellular process referred as chemotaxis. Chemotaxis plays critical roles in many ...

A Method to Assess Bacteriocin Effects on the Gut Microbiota of Mice

评估细菌素对小鼠肠道微生物的影响的方法

Very intriguing questions arise with our advancing knowledge on gut microbiota composition and the relationship with health, particularly relating to the ...

Medium-throughput Screening Assays for Assessment of Effects on Ca2+-Signaling and Acrosome Reaction in Human Sperm

Medium-throughput Screening Assays for Assessment of Effects on Ca2+-Signaling and Acrosome Reaction in Human Sperm

中通量筛选法评估对精子中 ca2 +信号和反应的影响

Ca2+-signaling is essential to normal sperm cell function and male fertility. Similarly, the acrosome reaction is vital for the ability of a human sperm ...

A Pipeline using Bilateral In Utero Electroporation to Interrogate Genetic Influences on Rodent Behavior

使用双边子宫内电渗透的管道，以询问遗传对啮齿动物行为的影响

As genome-wide association studies shed light on the heterogeneous genetic underpinnings of many neurological diseases, the need to study the contribution ...