Name: traditional trail making test modified into brand-new assessment tools: digital and walking trail making test
Uploaded: 2019-11-23T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test at JoVE.com

作者感谢陈晓德提供的数字技术支持。

DTMT的开发和初步应用得到了解放军总医院第七医学中心评审委员会的批准。受试者在测试TMT之前签署经批准的知情同意文件。
1. 一般方法开发
<ol><li>使用平板电脑（例如，微软 Surface Pro 2），设备内嵌入了高质量的惯性传感器和兼容的电子笔（图1）。</li>
	<li>使用智能设备进行能量消耗和活动 （IDEEA） 监视器，由五个传感器（每个 16 x 14 x 4 mm3，</...

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A., Choi, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Driving+Trail+Making+Test+part+B:+a+variant+of+the+TMT-B.">Driving Trail Making Test part B: a variant of the TMT-B.</a> Journal of Physical Therapy Science. 28 (1), 148-153 (2016).</li><li>Bastug, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oral+trail+making+task+as+a+discriminative+tool+for+different+levels+of+cognitive+impairment+and+normal+aging.">Oral trail making task as a discriminative tool for different levels of cognitive impairment and normal aging.</a> Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology. 28 (5), 411-417 (2013).</li><li>Perrochon, A., Kemoun, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Walking+Trail-Making+Test+is+an+early+detection+tool+for+mild+cognitive+impairment.">The Walking Trail-Making Test is an early detection tool for mild cognitive impairment.</a> Clinical Interventions in Aging. 9, 111-119 (2014).</li><li>McIntyre, R. 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S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Non-dominant+hand+use+increases+completion+time+on+part+B+of+the+Trail+Making+Test+but+not+on+part+A.">Non-dominant hand use increases completion time on part B of the Trail Making Test but not on part A.</a> Behavior Research Methods. 50 (3), 1074-1087 (2017).</li><li>Christidi, F., Kararizou, E., Triantafyllou, N., Anagnostouli, M., Zalonis, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Derived+trail+making+test+indices:+demographics+and+cognitive+background+variables+across+the+adult+life+span.">Derived trail making test indices: demographics and cognitive background variables across the adult life span.</a> Aging, Neuropsychology, and Cognition. 22 (6), 667-678 (2015).</li><li>Dahmen, J., Cook, D., Fellows, R., Schmitter-Edgecombe, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+analysis+of+a+digital+variant+of+the+Trail+Making+Test+using+machine+learning+techniques.">An analysis of a digital variant of the Trail Making Test using machine learning techniques.</a> Technology and Health Care. 25 (2), 251-264 (2017).</li><li>Woods, D. L., Wyma, J. M., Herron, T. J., Yund, E. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+aging,+malingering,+and+traumatic+brain+injury+on+computerized+Trail-Making+Test+performance.">The effects of aging, malingering, and traumatic brain injury on computerized Trail-Making Test performance.</a> Plos ONE. 10 (6), 0124345 (2014).</li><li>Naomi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+device-aided+cognitive+function+test,+User+eXperience-Trail+Making+Test+(UX-TMT),+sensitively+detects+neuropsychological+performance+in+patients+with+dementia+and+Parkinson's+disease.">A new device-aided cognitive function test, User eXperience-Trail Making Test (UX-TMT), sensitively detects neuropsychological performance in patients with dementia and Parkinson's disease.</a> BMC Psychiatry. 18 (1), 220 (2018).</li><li>Persad, C. 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B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cognitive+performance+under+motor+demands+-+On+the+influence+of+task+difficulty+and+postural+control.">Cognitive performance under motor demands - On the influence of task difficulty and postural control.</a> Brain Research. 1684, 1-8 (2018).</li><li>Herold, F., Hamacher, D., Schega, L., M&#252;ller, N. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thinking+while+moving+or+moving+while+thinking+&#8211;+Concepts+of+motor-cognitive+training+for+cognitive+performance+enhancement.">Thinking while moving or moving while thinking &#8211; Concepts of motor-cognitive training for cognitive performance enhancement.</a> Frontiers in Aging Neuroscience. 10, 228 (2018).</li><li>Kim, H., Hsiao, C. P., Do, Y. 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传统的纸铅笔TMT已经在世界各地广泛使用了50多年。然而，数字TMT是有利的。首先，传统TMT被视为一种执行功能工具，而dTMT和WTMT除了认知功能外，还有反映运动能力的方面。考虑到认知-电机双重任务近年来备受关注，与传统的TMT27相比，数字技术可以为研究人员提供有关这一综合任务的更多信息。其次，与传统版本相比，数字TMT是一种敏感的工具。与传统 TMT ?...

随着人口迅速老龄化，痴呆症被认为是一个重大的公共卫生问题。根据世界卫生组织（WHO）的数据，全球老年痴呆症患者人数约为4700万。执行功能障碍不仅是老年人认知功能障碍的常见类型，而且被报告为从轻度认知障碍（MCI）到临床阿尔茨海默氏病（AD）2、3的进展预测因素。作为神经心理学第三应用最广泛的测试4，跟踪制作测试（TMT）被作为一个公认的工具来评估执行功能，特别是持续注意力和设置转移5，即使在老年患者6。
标准TMT是一种纸铅笔测试，由两个部分组成：tMT-A和TMT-B5。前者要求考生按升序（1->>3...）在试卷上绘制随机分布的数字（1+25）的线，而后者要求考生设置数字和字母（1->A>2->B...）。TMT 的性能通常以正确完成每个部分所用的时间进行评分7。TMT 已被翻译成不同的语言。TMT中文版于2006年8月8日开发。由于汉字与英文字母截然不同，因此在我们的程序中使用了中文版的TMT。
除了标准版本外，TMT还被研究人员以不同的方式修改（例如，口服TMT9，驾驶TMT10，步行TMT（WTMT）11），以评估特定人群或在不同条件下（如驾驶和步行）中寻找细节。值得注意的是，一些研究与标准TMT相比，一些研究的验证码也具有高有效性和可靠性。例如，麦金太尔集团开发的THINC集成工具（THINC-it）使用9个数字和字母用于TMT-B12;肖特及其同事报告的WTMT在TMT-A13中使用了15个号码。同样，TMT 的许多评估系统都超越了完整的时间评分，据报道，这些系统有助于查找除执行功能障碍之外的更多项目，或者对于不适合完成标准 TMT 的参与者进行访问。例如，一些研究人员调查了TMT的错误，发现TMT-B的错误与精神障碍患者的精神跟踪和工作记忆有关。另一组来自希腊，建议将衍生的TMT分数[TMT-（B+A）或TMT（B/A）]作为指数，以检测成人寿命15的认知灵活性受损情况。一般来说，TMT的替代评估系统可以概括如下：（1）完成时间分析—TMT完成时间以秒16计算;（2）误差分析—不同类型的TMT误差被分类和量化14;（3）手动间差异——将主导手与非主导手完成TMT的能力不同，比较17;和（4）派生的跟踪制作测试指数——对完成TMT-A和TMT-B之间的不同特征进行了分析15。其他评分方法提供了其他信息。例如，TMT误差分析的效用可以揭示认知缺陷，在精神分裂症和抑郁症患者中，使用完成时间作为唯一结果变量的认知缺陷。缺乏任何显著的手动间差异有助于区分认知功能障碍与运动障碍的影响17。衍生的TMT指数可以检测整个成人寿命的认知灵活性受损，并尽量减少人口统计和其他认知背景变量15的影响。
随着现代技术的进步，基于计算机的数字应用已越来越多地融入到传统的认知干预中，其中大多数设计与原始测试尽可能相似，而不是作为新工具创建。数字或计算机化的TMT（dTMT）已被证明有潜力捕获更多的信息，现有的测试的结构在近年基本没有变化18，19。
本研究旨在介绍基于计算机的中文版本的dTMT-A和dTMT-B，以及WTMT。两者都是经过修改的TTMTs，并且已被证实具有高灵敏度和特异性，以筛查MCI，帕金森病，阿尔茨海默氏病，等等，基于上肢和下肢的运动20，21。还介绍了详细的评分方法，因为与 TMT 的纸笔版本相比，dTMT 和 WTMT 中集成的数字技术可能有助于捕获更多信息。

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			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:215px;">Minisun</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">LLC</td>
			<td style="width:115px;"></td>
			<td style="width:415px;">Intelligent Device for Energy Expenditure and Activity (IDEEA)</td>
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			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:215px;">Surface Pro 2</td>
			<td style="width:69px;">Microsoft</td>
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traditional trail making test modified into brand-new assessment tools: digital and walking trail making test

跟踪制作测试 （TMT） 是评估执行功能的公认工具。标准TMT是60多年前发明的，现已修改为多个版本。随着数字技术的发展，TMT 现已被修改为数字化版本。本研究演示了在计算机上执行的数字 TMT （dTMT），在地板上行走 TMT （WTMT）。与传统版本的 TMT 相比，两者都透露了更多的信息。

招募了7名轻度认知障碍老年患者（患有MCI的老年人）、7名帕金森病老年患者（患有PD的老年人）和7名健康老人（健康老年人），并进行了dTMT-A、dTMT-B、WTMT-A和WTMT-B。测试后，使用SPSS软件收集和分析数据。
总体而言，参与者的人口统计数据显示，所有组在年龄、性别、教育水平、主导手、临床痴呆评分（CDR）评分、全球恶化量表（GDS）评分、TUG：定时和围棋测试（TUG）和（p ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test at JoVE.com

Traditional Trail Making Test Modified into Brand-new Assessment Tools: Digital and Walking Trail Making Test

在这里，我们提出一个协议，演示如何执行两种类型的认知评估工具派生自纸笔版本的跟踪制作测试。

传统跟踪测试修改为全新的评估工具：数字和步行路线制作测试

The Trail Making Test (TMT) is a well-accepted tool for evaluating executive function. The standard TMT was invented more than 60 years ago and has been ...

传统的跟踪制作测试用于执行功能评估。相反，数字步行道制作测试评估运动能力，除了认知功能。考虑到认知运动测试最近得到了极大的关注，这种综合测试范式的主要优点是它提供了比传统评估更多的信息。新的和修改的线索制作测试可用于临床患者的认知和运动障碍。对于那些上肢残疾的患者，步行道制作测试是特别有用的。由于两个测试都实时收集信息，并且受试者需要快速完成测试，因此在每次测试之前，请注意详细解释测试过程。可视化演示有助于最大限度地减少测试期间的误解、误解或其他类型的延迟，所有这些都会混淆数据。要执行数字跟踪制作测试 A 程序，请让每个学员在安静舒适的环境中坐在办公桌前，并调整计算机位置、背景灯和电子笔。检查参与者的接近视觉敏锐度，以确保他们可以轻松地读取屏幕上的数字，并向参与者显示说明，表明他们需要使用笔尽可能快地绘制一条线，以加入屏幕上随机分布的圆圈中的连续数字。当参与者准备就绪时，启动一个 150 秒的最长测试前试验，证明如果圆已正确连接，第一个圆圈的颜色将更改。如果未正确连接圆圈，颜色将保持不变，参与者将需要从最后一个圆圈重新启动任务。鼓励学员尽可能流利、准确地划清线，同时避免错误和时间浪费。在预审结束时，参与者选择第 A 部分，以不间断地完成数字跟踪测试 A。完成数字跟踪测试 A 后，以类似方式执行数字跟踪制作测试 B。首先向参与者显示制作测试 B 指南的数字轨迹，指示参与者尽快绘制一条线，或者将随机分布在屏幕上的圆圈中的数字和汉字联接。为了执行步行道制作测试 A，在一个安静和舒适的环境中，在一个完整的房间的灯光下，随机分发硬币与数字在15个位置在16平方米的面积。将用于能量消耗和活动的计算机智能设备连接到计算机，并输入参与者的测量数据。输入数据后，将学员带进房间，并使用医疗胶带将一个双轴迷你加速度计连接到胸骨上，一个连接到每个大腿的正面，每个脚下一个。使用薄而灵活的电缆将所有加速度计连接到微处理器存储单元。并使用夹子将设备附加到参与者的衣服上。当参与者准备好时，请他们以舒适的速度在没有任何目标的情况下在走道上走来走去。热身后，向学员展示"步行道制作测试 A"说明，该说明要求参与者尽可能快速准确地按顺序在编号目标上行走，并加入随机分布在地板上的硬币上的连续数字。注意确保参与者的安全，因为双重任务在具有挑战性的环境中行走可能会增加跌倒的风险。对于步行道制作测试 B，在干扰硬币后，如刚刚演示，向参与者显示步行道制作测试 B 说明。让参与者以顺序在编号目标上行走，或者加入随机分布在地板上的硬币上的数字和汉字。在这个具有代表性的分析中，大多数数字跟踪测试 A 数据在健康老年人、轻度认知障碍老年人和帕金森病患者之间相似。然而，患有帕金森病的老年人每步的总路径偏差较大，路径偏差的变异性较大，绘制速度较低。在完成数字路径制作测试B时，与健康老年人相比，有轻度认知障碍的老年患者需要更长的完成时间，更多的错误，更多的圆圈内和容差圈内的时间，更多的路径偏差，以及更低的绘制速度。患有帕基森病的老年人也需要较长的完成时间，有更多的错误，更多的时间在圆内，更少的时间在容差圈内，更多的路径偏差，路径偏差的变异性更大，并且与老年健康个体相比，每一步绘制速度都较低。步行道测试A中的门数据显示，在速度、步长和步幅方面，老年人与百利森病群存在差异。步行道制作测试B中的门数据显示，患有轻度认知障碍和帕金森病的老年患者需要更长的时间和更多的步骤来完成测试，与老年健康参与者相比，步长短。。此外，与轻度认知障碍患者相比，帕金森氏症老年患者表现出更严重的趋势，在步长、步长和步长步态变异方面有显著差异。要记住的最重要的事情是在测试前向学员显示说明，以防止测试期间可能发生的任何误解或延迟。按照此过程，可以执行左手数字步道制作测试，以评估人际差异，也可以执行运动评估，以评估参与者的纯行走能力。这项技术为本文以适合运动风险综合征患者的综合方式研究认知和运动功能铺平了道路。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

Making Sense of Listening: The IMAP Test Battery

听力：IMAP测试电池的决策意识

The ability to hear is only the first step towards making sense of the range of information contained in an auditory signal. Of equal importance are the ...

科研

医学

The Trier Social Stress Test Protocol for Inducing Psychological Stress

特里尔社会压力诱发心理应激的测试协议

This article demonstrates a psychological stress protocol for use in a laboratory setting.  Protocols that allow researchers to study the biological ...

Cardiac Stress Test Induced by Dobutamine and Monitored by Cardiac Catheterization in Mice

多巴酚丁胺诱导的心脏压力测试和监控通过在小鼠心脏导管插入术

Dobutamine is a &beta;-adrenergic agonist with an affinity higher for receptor expressed in the heart (&beta;1) than for receptors expressed in the ...

An in vivo Assay to Test Blood Vessel Permeability

An in vivo Assay to Test Blood Vessel Permeability

一个<em在体内</em分析测试血管通透性

This method is based on the intravenous injection of Evans Blue in mice as the test animal model. Evans blue is a dye that binds albumin. Under ...

Assessment of Gastric Emptying in Non-obese Diabetic Mice Using a [13C]-octanoic Acid Breath Test

Assessment of Gastric Emptying in Non-obese Diabetic Mice Using a [13C]-octanoic Acid Breath Test

使用的非肥胖型糖尿病小鼠胃排空的评估[<sup&gt; 13</sup&gt; C-辛酸呼气试验

Gastric emptying studies in mice have been limited by the inability to follow gastric emptying changes in the same animal since the most commonly used ...

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test MSPT: An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool

多发性硬化症性能测试（MSPT）：一个iPad为基础的残疾评估工具

Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the ...

Determining The Electromyographic Fatigue Threshold Following a Single Visit Exercise Test

确定肌电疲劳阈值以下单次访问运动试验

Theoretically, the electromyographic (EMG) fatigue threshold is the exercise intensity an individual can maintain indefinitely without the need to recruit ...

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test (HASTe)

Design, Fabrication, and Administration of the Hand Active Sensation Test HASTe

设计，制造管理的手，和活动感觉测试（急速）

The concept of personalizing neurologic rehabilitation, based on individual impairments, has experienced a recent surge. In parallel, the number of ...

A Rat Carotid Balloon Injury Model to Test Anti-vascular Remodeling Therapeutics

大鼠颈动脉球囊损伤模型试验抗血管重建治疗

The rat carotid balloon injury is a well-established surgical model that has been used to study arterial remodeling and vascular cell proliferation. It is ...

Ultrasound Assessment of Endothelial Function: A Technical Guideline of the Flow-mediated Dilation Test

血管内皮功能的超声评估：血流介导的舒张试验的技术指导原则

Cardiovascular disease is the primary cause of mortality and a major cause of disability worldwide. The dysfunction of the vascular endothelium is a ...