Name: evaluation of t follicular helper cells and germinal center response during influenza a virus infection in mice
Uploaded: 2020-06-27T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice at JoVE.com

我们感谢上海巴斯德医院流动细胞学设施、ABSL2设施和SPF动物设施的工作人员提供的技术帮助和建议。这项工作得到了以下资助：中国科学院战略重点研究计划（XDB29030103）、中国国家重点研发计划（2016YFA0502202）、中国国家自然科学基金委员会（31570886）。

动物实验得到了中国上海巴斯德学院动物护理和使用委员会的批准。所有实验都是根据机构动物护理和使用委员会批准的动物议定书进行的。
注：小鼠病毒感染和器官分离应在ABSL2条件下进行。
1. 接种PR8流感病毒和记录小鼠体重
<ol><li>准备8周大的雄性C57BL/6小鼠感染ABSL2室。 注：此协议也适用于雌性小鼠的实验。</li>
	<li>
PR8病毒的?...

<ol>
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I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bcl6+mediates+the+development+of+T+follicular+helper+cells.">Bcl6 mediates the development of T follicular helper cells.</a> Science. 325 (5943), 1001-1005 (2009).</li><li>Yu, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transcriptional+repressor+Bcl-6+directs+T+follicular+helper+cell+lineage+commitment.">The transcriptional repressor Bcl-6 directs T follicular helper cell lineage commitment.</a> Immunity. 31 (3), 457-468 (2009).</li><li>Pedros, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+TRAF-like+motif+of+the+inducible+costimulator+ICOS+controls+development+of+germinal+center+TFH+cells+via+the+kinase+TBK1.">A TRAF-like motif of the inducible costimulator ICOS controls development of germinal center TFH cells via the kinase TBK1.</a> Nature Immunology. 17 (7), 825-833 (2016).</li><li>Xu, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Follicular+T-helper+cell+recruitment+governed+by+bystander+B+cells+and+ICOS-driven+motility.">Follicular T-helper cell recruitment governed by bystander B cells and ICOS-driven motility.</a> Nature. 496 (7446), 523-527 (2013).</li><li>Lee, S. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=B+cell+priming+for+extrafollicular+antibody+responses+requires+Bcl-6+expression+by+T+cells.">B cell priming for extrafollicular antibody responses requires Bcl-6 expression by T cells.</a> The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 208 (7), 1377-1388 (2011).</li><li>Zotos, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=IL-21+regulates+germinal+center+B+cell+differentiation+and+proliferation+through+a+B+cell-intrinsic+mechanism.">IL-21 regulates germinal center B cell differentiation and proliferation through a B cell-intrinsic mechanism.</a> The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 207 (2), 365-378 (2010).</li><li>Vogelzang, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+fundamental+role+for+interleukin-21+in+the+generation+of+T+follicular+helper+cells.">A fundamental role for interleukin-21 in the generation of T follicular helper cells.</a> Immunity. 29 (1), 127-137 (2008).</li><li>Ansel, K. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+chemokine-driven+positive+feedback+loop+organizes+lymphoid+follicles.">A chemokine-driven positive feedback loop organizes lymphoid follicles.</a> Nature. 406 (6793), 309-314 (2000).</li><li>Shi, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PD-1+Controls+Follicular+T+Helper+Cell+Positioning+and+Function.">PD-1 Controls Follicular T Helper Cell Positioning and Function.</a> Immunity. 49 (2), 264-274 (2018).</li><li>Methot, S. P., Di Noia, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+Mechanisms+of+Somatic+Hypermutation+and+Class+Switch+Recombination.">Molecular Mechanisms of Somatic Hypermutation and Class Switch Recombination.</a> Advanced ImmunoChemical. 133, 37-87 (2017).</li><li>Crotty, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Follicular+helper+CD4+T+cells+(TFH).">Follicular helper CD4 T cells (TFH).</a> Annual Review of Immunology. 29, 621-663 (2011).</li><li>Calame, K. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasma+cells:+finding+new+light+at+the+end+of+B+cell+development.">Plasma cells: finding new light at the end of B cell development.</a> Nature Immunology. 2 (12), 1103-1108 (2001).</li><li>Yoo, J. K., Fish, E. N., Braciale, T. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=LAPCs+promote+follicular+helper+T+cell+differentiation+of+Ag-primed+CD4++T+cells+during+respiratory+virus+infection.">LAPCs promote follicular helper T cell differentiation of Ag-primed CD4+ T cells during respiratory virus infection.</a> The Journal of Experimental Medicine. 209 (10), 1853-1867 (2012).</li><li>Leon, B., Bradley, J. E., Lund, F. E., Randall, T. D., Ballesteros-Tato, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FoxP3++regulatory+T+cells+promote+influenza-specific+Tfh+responses+by+controlling+IL-2+availability.">FoxP3+ regulatory T cells promote influenza-specific Tfh responses by controlling IL-2 availability.</a> Nature Communications. 5, 3495 (2014).</li><li>He, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extracellular+matrix+protein+1+promotes+follicular+helper+T+cell+differentiation+and+antibody+production.">Extracellular matrix protein 1 promotes follicular helper T cell differentiation and antibody production.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 115 (34), 8621-8626 (2018).</li><li>Le&#243;n, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regulation+of+TH2+development+by+CXCR5++dendritic+cells+and+lymphotoxin-expressing+B+cells.">Regulation of TH2 development by CXCR5+ dendritic cells and lymphotoxin-expressing B cells.</a> Nature Immunology. 13 (7), 681-690 (2012).</li><li>Wang, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+transcription+factor+Foxp1+is+a+critical+negative+regulator+of+the+differentiation+of+follicular+helper+T+cells.">The transcription factor Foxp1 is a critical negative regulator of the differentiation of follicular helper T cells.</a> Nature Immunology. 15 (7), 667-675 (2014).</li><li>Bouvier, N. M., Lowen, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+Models+for+Influenza+Virus+Pathogenesis+and+Transmission.">Animal Models for Influenza Virus Pathogenesis and Transmission.</a> Viruses. 2 (8), 1530-1563 (2010).</li><li>Miyauchi, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protective+neutralizing+influenza+antibody+response+in+the+absence+of+T+follicular+helper+cells.">Protective neutralizing influenza antibody response in the absence of T follicular helper cells.</a> Nature Immunology. 17 (12), 1447-1458 (2016).</li><li>Rodriguez, L., Nogales, A., Martinez-Sobrido, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Influenza+A+Virus+Studies+in+a+Mouse+Model+of+Infection.">Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (127), (2017).</li><li>Kitano, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bcl6+protein+expression+shapes+pre-germinal+center+B+cell+dynamics+and+follicular+helper+T+cell+heterogeneity.">Bcl6 protein expression shapes pre-germinal center B cell dynamics and follicular helper T cell heterogeneity.</a> Immunity. 34 (6), 961-972 (2011).</li><li>Yusuf, I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Germinal+center+T+follicular+helper+cell+IL-4+production+is+dependent+on+signaling+lymphocytic+activation+molecule+receptor+(CD150).">Germinal center T follicular helper cell IL-4 production is dependent on signaling lymphocytic activation molecule receptor (CD150).</a> The Journal of Immunology. 185 (1), 190-202 (2010).</li><li>Sun, J., Dodd, H., Moser, E. K., Sharma, R., Braciale, T. 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由于在提供B细胞帮助产生高亲和力抗体方面具有特殊作用，Tbh细胞在分化和操纵机制方面进行了广泛的研究，为疫苗设计提供了新的策略。流感病毒感染诱发强大的Tfh和GC B细胞反应，因此是这一研究领域的一个适当模型。本文通过鼻内接种、流细胞学、免疫荧光和ELISA对Tfh相关反应的评价，描述了流感病毒感染的治疗方案。这些检测将有助于检测Tfh分化、GC B发育和流感病毒特异性抗体，并帮助?...

近十年来，许多研究都集中在新发现的CD4+T细胞子集Tfh细胞子集上，因为它在胚芽中心（GC）B发育中的重要作用。B细胞淋巴瘤6（Bcl6），主要被认为是一种基因抑制剂，是Tfh细胞的血统定义因子，以证明Bcl6的异位表达足以驱动Tfh分化，而Bcl6的缺乏导致Tfh分化1，2，3消失。与其他CD4+T助剂子集通过迁移到炎症部位来发挥其作用或功能不同，Tfh细胞主要在脾脏和淋巴结的B细胞卵泡区提供B细胞帮助。共刺激分子 ICOS 和 CD40L 在 Tfh 和 GC B 细胞之间的相互作用中起着重要作用。在Tfh分化过程中，ICOS从认知B细胞传输必要的信号，并充当接收来自旁观者B细胞的迁移信号的受体，用于B细胞区域定位4、5。CD40L是来自Tfh细胞的信号的调停器，用于B细胞增殖和生存6。与CD40L扮演类似角色的另一个因素是细胞因子IL21，它主要由Tfh细胞分泌。IL21直接调节GC B细胞的高亲和力抗体的开发和生产，但它在Tfh分化中的作用仍有争议。PD-1 和 CXCR5 现在最常用于识别流细胞学分析中的 Tfh 细胞，它们也在这个子集的分化和功能中发挥着重要作用。CXCR5是B细胞卵泡化学素的受体，并调解Tbh细胞在B细胞卵泡9的本地化。PD-1现已确定不仅具有卵泡导引功能，而且在GC B细胞亲和力成熟10的过程中传输临界信号。基于这些发现，评估这些分子的表达基本上可以反映Tfh细胞的成熟和功能。
GC 是继发淋巴器官中的诱导瞬态微解剖结构，高度依赖 Tfh 细胞，因此是评估 Tfh 反应的完美读出。在GC中，在接收细胞因子和共刺激分子调停的信号后，B细胞受到类开关和体细胞多造，以产生高亲和力抗体11。差异抗体类切换发生在差异细胞因子利基，其中IL4和IL21诱导IgG1类切换，而IFNγ诱导IgG2类开关12。等离子体细胞是分泌抗体的产生者，是最终分化的细胞。与Tfh细胞一样，GC中B细胞的发展与许多重要分子的动态表达有关。根据目前的研究，GC B细胞可以识别为B220+PNA+Fas+或B220+GL7+Fas+细胞和等离子体细胞，与其前体相比，B220的低调节表达和向上调节CD138表达13。此外，这两种特征都可以在流动细胞学和免疫荧光分析中检测出来，从而对GC反应进行适当的评估。
在流感病毒感染中诱导强大的细胞和幽默反应，Tfh和Th1细胞主导CD4+T细胞反应14，这使得它成为Tfh细胞分化研究的完美模型。甲型流感/波多黎各/8/34 H1N1（PR8），这是一种常用的适应鼠标的菌株，在这项研究中经常使用14，15，16。在这里，我们描述了流感病毒感染中Tfh研究相关检测的一些基本方案：1）PR8病毒的鼻内接种：2） 抗原特异性Tfh细胞、GC B和血浆细胞以及IL21检测与流细胞学：3） GC的组织学可视化：4） 检测抗原特异性抗体滴度在血清与 ELISA.这些协议为与Tfh相关的研究中的新研究人员提供了必要的技术。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunostaining of Tfh cells, NP-specific Tfh cells and Bcl-6</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37% formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-CD16/32 mouse</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-0161-86</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>APC-conjugated-IAbNP311-325 MHC class II tetramer</td>
			<td>NIH</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bcl-6 PE</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>358504</td>
			<td>clone:7D1</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biotin-CXCR5</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>13-7185-82</td>
			<td>clone: SPRCL5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD4 Percp-eFluor 710</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>46-0041-82</td>
			<td>clone:GK1.5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD44 eVolve 605</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientifi</td>
			<td>83-0441-42</td>
			<td>clone:IM7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD44 FITC</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientifi</td>
			<td>11-0441-82</td>
			<td>clone:IM7</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD62L FITC</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>553150</td>
			<td>clone:MEL-14</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ICOS BV421</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>564070</td>
			<td>clone:7E.17G9</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PD1 PE/Cy7</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>135216</td>
			<td>clone:29F.1A12</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin BV421</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>563259</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Streptavidin PE</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>554081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intracelluar staining of IL21</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37% formaldehyde</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F1635</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-human IgG</td>
			<td>Jackson ImmunoResearch Laboratories</td>
			<td>109-605-098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brefeldin A</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>B6542</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>human FCc IL-21 receptor</td>
			<td>R&#38;D System</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ionomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>I0634</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Live/Dead Fixable Aqua Dead Cell staining kit</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>L34966</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PMA</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P1585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Saponin</td>
			<td>MP</td>
			<td>102855</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GC B and plasma cells staining</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B220 APC</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>17-0452-81</td>
			<td>clone:RA3-6B2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD138 PE</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>561070</td>
			<td>clone:281-2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CD95 (FAS) PE/Cy7</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>557653</td>
			<td>clone:Jo2</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IgD eFluor 450</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>48-5993-82</td>
			<td>clone:11-26c</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PNA FITC</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L7381</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Assay of HA-specific antibody titer with ELISA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PR8-HA</td>
			<td>Sino Biological</td>
			<td>11684-V08H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BSA</td>
			<td>SSBC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti mouse Ig (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>5300-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti mouse IgM (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>5300-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti mouse IgG1 (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>5300-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti mouse IgG2b (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>5300-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Goat anti mouse IgG2c (SBA Clonotyping System-HRP)</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>5300-05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TMB Substrate Reagent Set</td>
			<td>BD Pharmingen</td>
			<td>555214</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histology</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 555-Goat-anti rat IgG</td>
			<td>Life Technology</td>
			<td>A21434</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>anti-mouse IgD</td>
			<td>Biolegend</td>
			<td>405702</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>biotinylated PNA</td>
			<td>Vector laboratories</td>
			<td>B-1075</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dilute Alexa Fluor 488-streptavidin</td>
			<td>Life Technology</td>
			<td>S11223</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>normal goat serum</td>
			<td>SouthernBiotech</td>
			<td>0060-01</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pro-long gold antifade reagent</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>P3630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>STREPTAVIDIN/BIOTIN blocking kit</td>
			<td>Vector laboratories</td>
			<td>SP-2002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluation of t follicular helper cells and germinal center response during influenza a virus infection in mice

T 卵泡帮助器 （Tfh） 细胞是一个独立的 CD4+ T 细胞子集，专门为细菌中心 （GC） 的发育和高亲和力抗体的生成提供帮助。在流感病毒感染中，诱导强大的Tfh和GC B细胞反应，以促进有效的病毒根除，这为Tfh相关研究提供了合格的鼠标模型。在本文中，我们描述了在小鼠感染流感病毒期间检测与Tfh相关的基本免疫反应的协议。这些协议包括：流感病毒的鼻内接种：流细胞染色和多克隆和抗原特异性Tfh细胞、GC B细胞和血浆细胞的分析：GC的免疫荧光检测;血清中流感病毒特异性抗体的酶相关免疫体检测（ELISA）。这些检测方法基本量化了Tfh细胞在流感病毒感染中的分化和功能，从而有助于研究区分机制和操作策略。

流感病毒感染中小鼠发病率的描述 流感病毒感染后，小鼠因疾病而不太活跃和厌食，这反映在严重的体重减轻上，这是监测小鼠发病率的常用症状19。如 图1a所示，PR8病毒感染的小鼠在第6天开始减肥，第8天达到最高损失水平，10日恢复到初始水平。不出所料，在PBS治疗的对照小鼠中，整个期间都没有观察到减肥。对于体内症状?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice at JoVE.com

Evaluation of T Follicular Helper Cells and Germinal Center Response During Influenza A Virus Infection in Mice

本文描述了在流感病毒感染小鼠模型中评估Tfh和GC B反应的协议。

小鼠感染甲型流感病毒期间T卵泡帮助细胞和胚芽中心反应的评价

T Follicular Helper (Tfh) cells are an independent CD4+&#160;T cell subset specialized in providing help for germinal center (GC) development and ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

Using Bioluminescent Imaging to Investigate Synergism Between Streptococcus pneumoniae and Influenza A Virus in Infant Mice

利用生物发光成像之间调查的协同作用肺炎链球菌 A型流感病毒的婴儿小鼠

During the 1918 influenza virus pandemic, which killed approximately 50 million people worldwide, the majority of fatalities were not the result of ...

科研

免疫与感染

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

In Vitro Analysis of Myd88-mediated Cellular Immune Response to West Nile Virus Mutant Strain Infection

在 MyD88的介导的细胞免疫应答西尼罗河病毒变异株感染体外分析

An attenuated West Nile virus (WNV), a nonstructural (NS) 4B-P38G mutant, induced higher innate cytokine and T cell responses than the wild-type WNV in ...

Influenza Virus Propagation in Embryonated Chicken Eggs

在鸡胚的流感病毒传播

Influenza infection is associated with about 36,000 deaths and more than 200,000 hospitalizations every year in the United States. The continuous ...

Co-immunoprecipitation of the Mouse Mx1 Protein with the Influenza A Virus Nucleoprotein

免疫共沉淀鼠标MX1蛋白与流感病毒核蛋白

Studying the interaction between proteins is key in understanding their function(s). A very powerful method that is frequently used to study interactions ...

Measuring Attachment and Internalization of Influenza A Virus in A549 Cells by Flow Cytometry

通过流式细胞仪测量附件和流感的内在病毒在A549细胞

Attachment to target cells followed by internalization are the very first steps of the life cycle of influenza A virus (IAV). We provide here a detailed ...

Neutrophil Isolation and Analysis to Determine their Role in Lymphoma Cell Sensitivity to Therapeutic Agents

中性粒细胞分离和分析，以确定他们的淋巴瘤细胞的敏感性对治疗药物的作用

Neutrophils are the most abundant (40% to 75%) type of white blood cells and among the first inflammatory cells to migrate towards the site of ...

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

In Vitro Disassembly of Influenza A Virus Capsids by Gradient Centrifugation

在甲型流感病毒的衣壳的体外拆卸梯度离心

Acid-triggered molecular processes closely control cell entry of many viruses that enter through the endocytic system. In the case of influenza A virus ...

Influenza A Virus Studies in a Mouse Model of Infection

流感病毒在小鼠感染模型中的研究

Influenza viruses cause over 500,000 deaths worldwide1 and are associated with an annual cost of 12 - 14 billion USD in the United States alone ...

Induction of Paralysis and Visual System Injury in Mice by T Cells Specific for Neuromyelitis Optica Autoantigen Aquaporin-4

诱导麻痹及视觉系统损伤小鼠 T 细胞特异的视神经脊髓炎抗原水通道蛋白-4

While it is recognized that aquaporin-4 (AQP4)-specific T cells and antibodies participate in the pathogenesis of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), a human ...

Evaluation of Extracellular Vesicle Function During Malaria Infection

疟疾感染中胞外囊泡功能的评价

Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by Plasmodium parasites, with P. falciparum being the most prevalent on the African continent and responsible ...