Name: measuring the switch cost of smartphone use while walking
Uploaded: 2020-04-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking at JoVE.com

作者感谢加拿大社会科学和人文研究委员会（SSHERC）的财政支持。

在开始数据收集之前，重要的是获得人类参与者所有必要的伦理研究批准。这应该通过适当的审查委员会和/或人类参与者审查委员会来完成。
该协议由蒙特利尔HEC商学院的伦理委员会批准和认证，用于Tech3Lab研究机构。
1. 视觉刺激的准备
<ol><li>使用视觉实验演示软件（如 E-prime）创建视觉刺激的实验模板。为实践试验（6 项试验）创建一个，为实验条件...

<ol>
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使用该协议时的一个关键选择是确保神经生理数据的质量。在运动过程中使用像EEG这样的工具有一个固有的复杂性，因为过度运动会在数据中产生很多噪音。因此，在数据收集之前，重要的是要考虑如何在不修改实际信号的情况下准备数据以去除尽可能多的伪影。尽管如此，数据排除率仍然很高，因为参与者在整个实验过程中都在跑步机上行走。由于面部、头部和身体过度运动造成的人工制品，?...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/60555/measuring-the-switch-cost-of-smartphone-use-while-walking">Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking</a>. An&#160;author&#39;s name&#160;was&#160;updated.
The name was corrected from:
Gabrielle-Na&#239;m&#233; Mourra
to:
Gabrielle Na&#239;m&#233; Mourra

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/60555/measuring-the-switch-cost-of-smartphone-use-while-walking">Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking</a>. An&#160;author&#39;s name&#160;was&#160;updated.

Erratum: Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

由于智能手机的普及率和多任务处理的趋势都在增加，因此了解智能手机在步行时使用对注意力的影响非常重要。文献一再证明，任务切换的成本为1，包括步行时使用智能手机。研究发现，走路时使用智能手机可能会分散注意力和危险2，3，4.这些危险与执行此类任务的注意力障碍有关3，4，5，6，7。由于行人环境的复杂性，在生态学上有效的实验环境中研究它可能会有问题。尽管如此，在实际的行人环境中进行此类研究可能会带来复杂性，因为许多无关的变量可能会发挥作用，并且由于分心而对参与者造成伤害的风险。能够在相对安全的环境中研究这种现象非常重要，并且尽可能保持现实。在本文中，我们描述了一种研究方法，该方法研究边走边发短信的任务转换成本，同时提高任务的有效性并减轻所涉及的潜在风险。
在步行时使用智能手机时，个人被迫从智能手机任务切换到步行和环境相关任务。因此，为了研究这种现象，我们发现在多任务处理的文献中构建这种方法是相关的，特别是关注任务切换范式。为了做到这一点，使用了任务切换范式1，让参与者在刺激前任务和刺激后任务之间切换。两个刺激前任务中的一个涉及多任务处理，而另一个则没有。在刺激后任务中，参与者必须对感知受到注意力分配影响的刺激做出反应8。此外，试图尽可能具有生态有效性的实验实验室研究经常使用虚拟行人环境来了解步行时使用智能手机的注意力影响4，9.尽管如此，为了捕捉潜在的神经生理机制，我们选择专注于对一种刺激的特定任务转换反应，以尽量减少参与者必须做出反应的刺激数量。通过这种方式，我们可以更精确地确定纯粹来自将注意力从智能手机转移到刺激上的任务切换成本。在我们的研究设计中，我们使用行为测量（即任务转换成本）和神经生理学数据来更好地了解行人智能手机使用过程中发现的注意力障碍。
在任务转换实验中，参与者通常执行至少两个与一组刺激有关的简单任务，每个任务需要一组不同的认知资源，称为“任务集”1。当个人被迫在任务之间切换时，他们的心理资源需要适应（即抑制先前的任务集和激活当前的任务集）。这种“任务集重新配置”过程被认为是任务切换成本的原因1.任务切换成本通常是通过观察参与者在任务之间切换的试验和不切换任务的试验之间的响应时间和/或错误率的差异来确定的10.在我们的实验中，我们有三个任务集：1）对点光步行者刺激做出反应;2）走路时在智能手机上发短信;3）简单地走路。我们比较了两种不同条件之间的转换成本：1）在对刺激做出反应之前只是走路，2）在回应之前边走边发短信。通过这种方式，我们在切换任务之前捕获了智能手机上多任务处理的成本，并能够直接将其与在视觉刺激出现之前简单地行走的非多任务切换成本进行比较。由于本研究中使用的智能手机是特定品牌的，因此在实验前对所有参与者进行了筛选，以确保他们知道如何正确使用该设备。
为了模拟代表行人环境的真实体验，我们决定使用点光步行者形象作为视觉刺激，代表一个人形，向参与者的左侧或右侧倾斜3.5°。该图由白色背景上的 15 个黑点组成，这些点代表人的头部、肩膀、臀部、肘部、手腕、膝盖和脚踝（图 1）。这种刺激是基于生物运动的，这意味着它遵循人类和动物典型的运动模式11。此外，这种刺激措施不仅在生态上是有效的;它需要复杂的视觉处理和注意力才能成功分析12，13。有趣的是，Thornton等人8发现， 点状步行者方向的正确识别受到注意力分配的极大影响，因此在研究多任务处理时的任务切换成本时，它适合作为性能衡量标准。参与者被要求口头陈述人物行走的方向。步行者出现之前总是有一个听觉提示，表明它在屏幕上出现。
在点光助行器任务和神经生理学数据上的表现使我们能够确定这两种情况的注意力影响，并帮助确定导致它们的原因。性能是通过在确定点光步行者图形的方向时查看错误率和响应时间来衡量的。为了了解我们通过性能测量发现的注意力障碍所涉及的潜在认知和注意力机制，我们使用带有32个电极的EEG actiCAP评估了参与者的神经生理数据。就临时精度而言，EEG是一种合适的工具，这在试图查看导致特定时刻表现不佳的原因（例如，点光步行者图形的外观）时很重要，尽管由于运动，数据中可能存在伪影。在分析脑电图数据时，有两个指标特别相关：1）阿尔法振荡;2）认知参与。研究发现，阿尔法振荡可能代表工作记忆控制以及对与任务无关的大脑回路的主动抑制14，15，16，17。通过将基线水平的α振荡与刺激呈现18，19时发生的α振荡进行比较，我们获得了α比。有了这个比率，我们确定了与事件相关的变化，这些变化可能是在走路时观察到的注意力障碍的基础。关于认知参与，Pope等人20开发了一个指数，其中β活动代表唤醒和注意力的增加，α和θ活动反映唤醒和注意力的减少21，22。进行该分析是为了确定在刺激出现之前增加的参与是否会使响应步行者图所需的任务集重新配置复杂化。
通过本文中描述的方法，我们试图掌握影响参与多任务事件的参与者的任务切换表现的潜在机制。步行条件表示非多任务任务切换性能，与多任务任务切换性能（即步行时发短信）进行比较。通过测量任务集抑制和任务集激活的作用，我们试图更好地了解边走边发短信时发生的转换成本。值得注意的是，最初的研究是在沉浸式虚拟环境23 中完成的，但后来在实验室中复制（见 图2），投影仪在参与者面前的屏幕上显示步行者人物。由于该虚拟环境不再可用，因此该协议适应了当前的实验室设计。

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	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:216px;">The Observer XT</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td style="width:477px;">Integration and synchronization software: The Noldus Observer XT (Noldus Information Technology) is used to synchronize all behavioral, emotional and cognitive engagement data.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">MediaRecorder</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Audio and video recording software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">FaceReader</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Software for automatic analysis of the 6 basic facial expressions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:216px;">E-Prime</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Psychology Software Tools, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Software for computerized experiment design, data collection, and analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">BrainVision Recorder</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Brain Vision</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Software used for recording neuro-/electrophysiological signals (EEG in this case)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Analyzer</td>
			<td style="width:292px;"></td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>EEG signal processing software</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Qualtrics</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Qualtrics</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Online survey environment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Tapis Roulant</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">ThermoTread GT Office Treadmill</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Syncbox</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Noldus</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Syncbox start the co-registration of EEG and gaze data by sending a Transistor-Transistor Logic (TTL) signal to the EGI amplifier and a keystroke signal to the Tobii Studio v 3.2.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">Move2actiCAP</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Brain Vision</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td>Add-on for a digital wireless system for EEG</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">iPhone 6s</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Apple</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">iMessage</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Apple</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:216px;">iPad</td>
			<td style="width:292px;">Apple</td>
			<td style="width:83px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring the switch cost of smartphone use while walking

本文提出了一种研究方案，用于测量边走边使用智能手机的任务切换成本。这种方法涉及让参与者在两个实验条件下在跑步机上行走：控制条件（即简单行走）和多任务条件（即边走边发短信）。在这些条件下，参与者必须在与实验条件相关的任务和方向确定任务之间切换。这个方向任务是由一个点光步行者人物完成的，似乎向参与者的左侧或右侧走去。方向任务的性能表示参与者的任务切换成本。有两个绩效指标：1）正确识别方向和2）响应时间。记录脑电图数据，以测量任务切换期间发生的阿尔法振荡和认知参与。这种方法的生态有效性有限：行人环境中有许多刺激同时发生并争夺注意力。尽管如此，此方法适用于精确定位任务切换成本。脑电图数据允许研究大脑中与不同任务转换成本相关的潜在机制。这种设计允许在刺激演示之前，一次执行一项任务时的任务切换与多任务处理时的任务切换之间的比较。这允许理解和查明这两种不同任务切换条件的行为和神经生理学影响。此外，通过将任务转换成本与大脑活动相关联，我们可以更多地了解导致这些行为影响的原因。该协议是研究不同智能手机用途的切换成本的适当基础。可以添加不同的任务、问卷和其他措施，以了解步行时使用智能手机的任务切换成本所涉及的不同因素。

该研究方案最初由54名参与者进行，每位参与者对88项方向试验做出反应。这些试验中有一半发生在受试者在刺激呈现之前只是走路时;另一半发生在参与者在刺激演示之前边走边发短信时。
行为结果 点光步行者方向上的性能表示任务切换成本，较低的性能表示较高的任务切换成本。用两个反应变量分析参与者的反应：1）正确识别;2）响应时间。两个实验条件代...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking at JoVE.com

Measuring the Switch Cost of Smartphone Use While Walking

该研究设计测量了边走边使用智能手机的任务切换成本。参与者接受两种实验条件：控制条件（步行）和多任务条件（边走边发短信）。参与者在这些任务和方向确定任务之间切换。记录脑电图数据以及行为测量。

测量边走边使用智能手机的开关成本

This paper presents a study protocol to measure the task-switching cost of using a smartphone while walking. This method involves having participants walk ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

The Use of the Puzzle Box as a Means of Assessing the Efficacy of Environmental Enrichment

该拼图方块的使用作为评价环境富集的功效的一种手段

Environmental enrichment can dramatically influence the development and function of neural circuits.  Further, enrichment has been shown to successfully ...

科研

行为学

Evaluation of a Smartphone-based Human Activity Recognition System in a Daily Living Environment

在日常生活环境评价一个智能手机为基础的人类活动识别系统

An evaluation method that includes continuous activities in a daily-living environment was developed for Wearable Mobility Monitoring Systems (WMMS) that ...

Substantiating Appropriate Motion Capture Techniques for the Assessment of Nordic Walking Gait and Posture in Older Adults

充实适当的运动捕捉技术的越野行走步态中老年人的评估和姿势

Nordic walking (NW) has become a safe and simple form of exercise in recent years, and in studying this gait pattern, various data collection techniques ...

Reversible Cooling-induced Deactivations to Study Cortical Contributions to Obstacle Memory in the Walking Cat

可逆冷却诱导 Deactivations 对行走猫的障碍记忆的皮层贡献研究

On complex, naturalistic terrain, sensory information about an environmental obstacle can be used to rapidly adjust locomotor movements for avoidance. For ...

A Simple and Low-cost Assay for Measuring Ambulation in Mouse Models of Muscular Dystrophy

一种简便、低成本的肌营养不良小鼠步行模型的测定方法

Measuring functional outcomes in the treatment of muscular dystrophy is an essential aspect of preclinical testing. The assessment of voluntary ambulation ...

Using Rapid Serial Visual Presentation to Measure Set-Specific Capture, a Consequence of Distraction While Multitasking

使用快速串行可视化演示来测量集特定捕获, 这是在多任务时分心的结果。

This method uses a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm to measure the cost of distraction when participants maintain multiple search goals. ...

Low-cost Protocol of Footprint Analysis and Hanging Box Test for Mice Applied the Chronic Restraint Stress

小鼠应用慢性约束应激的低成本足迹分析和吊箱试验协议

Gait disturbance is frequently observed in patients with movement disorders. In mouse models used for movement disorders, gait analysis is important ...

Using a Virtual Reality Walking Simulator to Investigate Pedestrian Behavior

使用虚拟现实步行模拟器调查行人行为

To cross a road successfully, individuals must coordinate their movements with moving vehicles. This paper describes use of a walking simulator in which ...

Lower-Limb Biomechanical Characteristics Associated with Unplanned Gait Termination Under Different Walking Speeds

不同行走速度下与计划外步态终止相关的下肢生物力学特征

Gait termination caused by unexpected stimulus is a common occurrence in everyday life. This study presents a protocol to investigate the lower-limb ...

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

测量 果蝇 拉瓦的机械结节的改进的检测和工具

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila ...