Name: multimodal 3d printing of phantoms to simulate biological tissue
Uploaded: 2020-01-11T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Multimodal 3D Printing of Phantoms to Simulate Biological Tissue at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国家自然科学基金（第11002139号）和中央大学基础研究基金的支持。我们感谢科技大学的Zachary J. Smith提供音频画外音。

1. 准备 3D 打印材料
注：我们的光学幻象生产线使用各种印刷材料来模拟生物组织的结构和功能异质性。打印材料的选择也取决于制造工艺。
<ol><li>用于旋转涂层印刷的材料准备<ol>
<li>将100毫克二氧化钛（TiO2）粉末加入含有100mL立体光刻（SLA）光聚合物树脂的烧杯中。</li>
		<li>在磁性搅拌器上搅拌烧杯中的混合物 30 分钟。</li>
		<li>用锡箔密封烧杯，并在超声波机中?...

<ol>
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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+new+head+phantom+with+realistic+shape+and+spatially+varying+skull+resistivity+distribution.">A new head phantom with realistic shape and spatially varying skull resistivity distribution.</a> IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering. 61 (2), 254-263 (2013).</li><li>Bykov, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multilayer+tissue+phantoms+with+embedded+capillary+system+for+OCT+and+DOCT+imaging.">Multilayer tissue phantoms with embedded capillary system for OCT and DOCT imaging.</a> Life Sciences. (International Society for Optics and Photonics). , 73760 (2011).</li><li>Bykov, A. V., Popov, A. P., Priezzhev, A. V., Myllyl&#228;, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Skin+phantoms+with+realistic+vessel+structure+for+OCT+measurements+in+Laser+Applications.">Skin phantoms with realistic vessel structure for OCT measurements in Laser Applications.</a> European Conference on Biomedical Optics. , 80911 (2010).</li><li>Park, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+double+layer+optical+tissue+phantom+by+spin+coating+method:+mimicking+epidermal+and+dermal+layer.">Fabrication of double layer optical tissue phantom by spin coating method: mimicking epidermal and dermal layer.</a> Design and Performance Validation of Phantoms Used in Conjunction with Optical Measurement of Tissue V. , 85830 (2013).</li><li>Wr&#243;bel, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+optical+skin+phantoms+for+preclinical+evaluation+of+laser+efficiency+for+skin+lesion+therapy.">Use of optical skin phantoms for preclinical evaluation of laser efficiency for skin lesion therapy.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 20 (8), 085003 (2015).</li><li>Sheng, S., Wu, Q., Han, Y., Dong, E., Xu, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabricating+optical+phantoms+to+simulate+skin+tissue+properties+and+microvasculature.">Fabricating optical phantoms to simulate skin tissue properties and microvasculature.</a> Design and Performance Validation of Phantoms Used in Conjunction with Optical Measurement of Tissue Vii. , 932507 (2015).</li><li>Lurie, K. L., Smith, G. T., Khan, S. A., Liao, J. C., Ellerbee, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional,+distendable+bladder+phantom+for+optical+coherence+tomography+and+white+light+cystoscopy.">Three-dimensional, distendable bladder phantom for optical coherence tomography and white light cystoscopy.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 19 (3), 36009 (2014).</li><li>Hahn, C., Noghanian, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heterogeneous+breast+phantom+development+for+microwave+imaging+using+regression+models.">Heterogeneous breast phantom development for microwave imaging using regression models.</a> Journal of Biomedical Imaging. 2012, 6 (2012).</li><li>Ansari, M. A., Mohajerani, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Estimation+of+optical+abnormalities+in+breast+phantom+by+diffuse+equation.">Estimation of optical abnormalities in breast phantom by diffuse equation.</a> Optik-International Journal for Light and Electron Optics. 125 (20), 5978-5981 (2014).</li><li>Roman, M., Gonzalez, J., Carrasquilla, J., Erickson, S. J., Godavarty, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Gen-2+Hand-Held+Optical+Imager:+Phantom+and+Preliminary+in-vivo+Breast+Imaging+Studies.">A Gen-2 Hand-Held Optical Imager: Phantom and Preliminary in-vivo Breast Imaging Studies.</a> 29th Southern Biomedical Engineering Conference. , 103-104 (2013).</li><li>Michaelsen, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Anthropomorphic+breast+phantoms+with+physiological+water,+lipid,+and+hemoglobin+content+for+near-infrared+spectral+tomography.">Anthropomorphic breast phantoms with physiological water, lipid, and hemoglobin content for near-infrared spectral tomography.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 19 (2), 026012 (2014).</li><li>Park, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optical+tissue+phantoms+based+on+spin+coating+method.">Optical tissue phantoms based on spin coating method.</a> Design and Performance Validation of Phantoms Used in Conjunction with Optical Measurement of Tissue VII. , 93250 (2015).</li><li>Mustari, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Agarose-based+tissue+mimicking+optical+phantoms+for+diffuse+reflectance+spectroscopy.">Agarose-based tissue mimicking optical phantoms for diffuse reflectance spectroscopy.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (138), e57578 (2018).</li><li>Luciano, N. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Utilizing+3D+printing+technology+to+merge+MRI+with+histology:+A+protocol+for+brain+sectioning.">Utilizing 3D printing technology to merge MRI with histology: A protocol for brain sectioning.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (118), e54780 (2016).</li><li>Dong, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Three-dimensional+fuse+deposition+modeling+of+tissue-simulating+phantom+for+biomedical+optical+imaging.">Three-dimensional fuse deposition modeling of tissue-simulating phantom for biomedical optical imaging.</a> Journal of Biomedical Optics. 20 (12), 121311 (2015).</li><li>Beltrame, E. D. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+Printing+of+Biomolecular+Models+for+Research+and+Pedagogy.">3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (121), e55427 (2017).</li><li>Bentz, B. Z., Chavan, A. V., Lin, D., Tsai, E. H., Webb, K. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+and+application+of+heterogeneous+printed+mouse+phantoms+for+whole+animal+optical+imaging.">Fabrication and application of heterogeneous printed mouse phantoms for whole animal optical imaging.</a> Applied Optics. 55 (2), 280-287 (2016).</li><li>Liu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fabrication+of+a+multilayer+tissue-mimicking+phantom+with+tunable+optical+properties+to+simulate+vascular+oxygenation+and+perfusion+for+optical+imaging+technology.">Fabrication of a multilayer tissue-mimicking phantom with tunable optical properties to simulate vascular oxygenation and perfusion for optical imaging technology.</a> Applied Optics. 57 (23), 6772-6780 (2018).</li></ol>

在多层幻象的制造中，用于旋转涂层的材料是一种轻固化材料，而不是PDMS。中间层采用多喷喷印刷方法印刷，采用光固化树脂为原料。虽然在添加三丁基醇后，可通过旋转涂层进行薄 PDMS 幻像，但在多喷流打印过程中，PDMS 层无法有效地与光固化材料结合。因此，我们选择了轻固化树脂作为旋转涂层。
目前，只有两种材料可用于多喷头打印。在光固化材料中加入TiO2?...

生物医学光学成像代表一系列医疗成像工具，根据光与生物组织相互作用检测疾病和组织异常。与其他成像模式（如磁共振成像 （MRI） 和计算机断层扫描 （CT） 相比，生物医学光学成像利用低成本和便携式设备1、2、3、4等非侵入性测量组织结构、功能和分子特性。然而，尽管光学成像在成本和便携性方面具有优势，但临床诊断和治疗指导并未被广泛接受，部分原因在于其可重复性差，光学和生物参数之间缺乏定量映射。造成这种限制的主要原因是生物医学光学成像设备缺乏可追溯的定量校准和验证标准。
过去，各种组织模拟幻象被开发用于各种组织类型的生物医学光学成像研究，如脑5、6、7、皮肤8、9、10、11、12、膀胱13和乳房组织14、15、16、17。这些幻象主要由以下制造工艺之一生产：1） 旋转涂层10，18 （用于模拟均质和薄层组织）;2）成型19（用于模拟具有几何特征的笨重组织）;和3）三维（3D）打印20，21，22（用于模拟多层异构组织）。成型产生的皮肤幻象能够模拟皮肤组织的体积光学特性，但不能模拟横向光学异质性19。本茨等人采用双通道FDM3D打印方法模拟生物组织的不同光学特性23。然而，使用两种材料不能充分模拟组织光学异质性和各向异性。Lurie等人通过结合3D打印和旋转涂层13，为光学相干断层扫描（OCT）和膀胱镜片创建了一个膀胱幻象。然而，幻象的异构特征，如血管，必须手工绘制。
在上述幻象制造工艺中，3D 打印为模拟生物组织的结构和功能异质性提供了最大的灵活性。然而，许多生物组织类型（如皮肤组织）由多层和多尺度的成分组成，无法通过单个 3D 打印过程进行有效复制。因此，必须集成多个制造工艺。我们推荐一条3D打印生产线，集成了多种制造工艺，用于自动生产多层和多尺度组织模拟幻像，作为生物医学光学成像的可追溯标准（图1）。尽管旋转涂层、多喷头打印和 FDM 在我们的 3D 打印生产线中是自动化的，但每种模式都保留了与既定工艺相同的功能特性。因此，本文为生产多尺度、多层、异构组织模拟幻象提供了一般指南，无需在单个仪器中物理集成多个过程。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60563/60563fig1.jpg"> 图1：3D打印生产线的CAD图。（A） 3D 打印生产线，并拆下顶部外壳。（B） 旋转涂层模块和机械手模块的示意图。（C） 多喷打印模块的示意图。（D） FDM 打印模块的示意图（UV 灯属于多喷头打印模块）。<a href="https://www.jove.com/files/ftp_upload/60563/60563fig1large.jpg" target="_blank">请点击此处查看此图的较大版本。</a>

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Hydroxy-2-methylpropiophenone</td>
			<td>aladdin</td>
			<td>H110280-500g</td>
			<td>Light initiator 
			<a href="http://www.aladdin-e.com/" target="_blank">http://www.aladdin-e.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printing control system</td>
			<td>USTC</td>
			<td>USTC-3DPrinter_control1.0</td>
			<td>custom-made 
			github: 
			<a href="https://github.com/macanzhen/3D_printing_control_system_of_USTC" target="_blank">https://github.com/macanzhen/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3D printing system</td>
			<td>USTC</td>
			<td>USTC-3DPrinter1.0</td>
			<td>custom-made</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AcroRip color</td>
			<td>Human Plus</td>
			<td>AcroRip v8.2.6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>All-in-one nozzle slicing script</td>
			<td>Shenzhen CBD Technology Co.,Ltd.</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>github: 
			<a href="https://github.com/macanzhen/3D_printing_Cura_all-in-one-nozzle-slicing-script" target="_blank">https://github.com/macanzhen/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chinese Red Dye</td>
			<td>Juents</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Oil-soluble</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cura</td>
			<td>Ultimaker</td>
			<td>Cura_15.04.6</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gel Wax</td>
			<td>Shanghai Lida Industry Co.,ltd.</td>
			<td>LP</td>
			<td>melting point: 56 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphite</td>
			<td>aladdin</td>
			<td>G103922-100g</td>
			<td>Change object optical absorption parameters 
			<a href="http://www.aladdin-e.com/" target="_blank">http://www.aladdin-e.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PDMS</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Titanium dioxide</td>
			<td>ALDRICH</td>
			<td>24858-100G</td>
			<td>347 nm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate</td>
			<td>aladdin</td>
			<td>T101642-250ml</td>
			<td>Photocured monomer 
			<a href="http://www.aladdin-e.com/" target="_blank">http://www.aladdin-e.com/</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UV ink SLA Photopolymer Resin</td>
			<td>time80s</td>
			<td>RESIN-A</td>
			<td><a href="http://www.time80s.com/zlxz" target="_blank">http://www.time80s.com/zlxz</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

multimodal 3d printing of phantoms to simulate biological tissue

生物医学光学成像在诊断和治疗各种疾病中起着重要的作用。然而，光学成像器件的精度和可重复性受其元件性能特性、测试环境和操作的影响很大。因此，有必要通过可追溯的幻象标准校准这些设备。然而，目前可用的大多数幻象都是同质幻象，无法模拟生物组织的多模态和动态特性。在这里，我们展示了使用集成旋转涂层模块、多喷流模块、熔融沉积建模 （FDM） 模块和自动控制框架的生产线进行异构组织模拟幻象的制造。"数字光学幻象"的结构信息和光学参数在原型文件中定义，导入生产线，并逐层在不同打印方式之间进行顺序切换。这种生产线的技术能力体现在皮肤模拟幻象的自动打印，包括表皮、真皮、皮下组织和嵌入肿瘤。

旋转涂层制造的幻影 旋转涂层通过旋转转盘均匀地将液滴均匀地分布在基材上，固化后将制造原始主体的单层。基板的旋转速度和旋转时间不仅影响幻象的表面质量，而且决定幻像每一层的厚度。不同厚度的幻影可以通过逐层重复的旋转涂层制造。幻象的光学参数可以通过改变散射和吸收材料的比例来确定，如我们上一份出版物24所述。增加光固化树脂中的TiO...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Multimodal 3D Printing of Phantoms to Simulate Biological Tissue at JoVE.com

Multimodal 3D Printing of Phantoms to Simulate Biological Tissue

旋转涂层、多喷流打印和熔融沉积建模集成在一起，可生成多层异构幻象，模拟生物组织的结构和功能特性。

幻影的多模态3D打印模拟生物组织

Biomedical optical imaging is playing an important role in diagnosis and treatment of various diseases. However, the accuracy and the reproducibility of ...

旋转涂层、多喷气印刷和熔融沉积建模集成在一起，可生成多层异质幻象，模拟生物组织的结构和功能特性。缺乏可追溯的幻象标准来模拟生物组织的结构和功能异质性，已成为生物医学光学器件开发和验证的瓶颈。本视频通过集成多个增材制造工艺（如旋转涂层、PolyJet 打印和 FDM）在 3D 打印生产线中，显示模拟幻像的异构组织一层一层地制造。这种生产线的技术能力体现在皮肤模拟幻象的自动打印上，包括表皮、真皮、皮下组织和内嵌肿瘤。旋转涂层印刷的材料准备。将二氧化钛粉末加入SLA光聚合物树脂中，在磁搅拌下搅拌30分钟。用锡箔和声波密封。真空 10 分钟。将它装入存储注射器 材料准备多面体印刷。添加材料，声波，添加中国红染料，将它们加载到墨盒中，将墨盒放入打印机中。用于 FDM 打印的材料准备。在磁搅拌上加热低密度凝胶蜡。加入二氧化钛粉，将石墨粉加入第二杯烧杯。真空将它们加载到混合三喷嘴模块的挤出机中。皮肤数字光学幻象设计 设置旋转涂层参数。在控制软件中设置旋转速度和持续时间的参数。设置自旋涂层材料的数量和光固化时间。准备多面体打印的源文件，将血管图像导入软件，设置打印位置并设置喷墨参数生成打印所需的PRN文件，在设置完成后完成FDM打印的G码准备，将肿瘤模型导入Cura软件，将全部在一个喷嘴切片脚本中添加到Cura软件中，并将模型切成片，生成打印文档导入所需的G码。单击菜单栏中的"文件"菜单项。加载 UV 打印 PRN 文件。导入 G 代码。单击"开始打印"按钮。机械手将装载站上的基板移动到旋转涂布器样品级的中心。胶水分配器控制注射器将材料滴到基板的中心。旋转涂层器开始工作。放下紫外线灯，打开它，皮肤表皮将被打印。将基板移动到 3D 移动平台。将基板移动到 UV 打印的初始位置，将喷墨打印机推到工作位置。喷墨打印机打印图片。UV 灯由气缸推动并向下移动到基板上方的位置，打开 UV 灯。对下一层打印重复，直到多层打印完成。根据 G 代码的说明，通过按气缸打印将混合喷嘴移到工作位置。打印完成，直到打印肿瘤部分的皮下组织部分。将基板移回装载站，借助模具代表结果，投射皮下层幻象。自动打印生产线的结果。通过集成 3D 打印方法，系统可以通过遵循协议中的步骤创建像幻象一样肿瘤。以简化的多层皮肤模型为例。通过旋转涂层法、聚喷气印刷法和FDM打印方法，制作了不同厚度、不同光学性能的表皮层、真皮层和皮下组织层。通过模型验证了将旋转涂层、多喷气印刷和FDM打印相结合以产生光学幻象的可能性，证明该系统具有产生具有光学仿真特性和结构仿真特性的组织光学幻象的潜力。

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

Micro 3D Printing Using a Digital Projector and its Application in the Study of Soft Materials Mechanics

微三维打印使用数字投影机和软材料力学的研究及其应用

Buckling is a classical topic in mechanics. While buckling has long been studied as one of the major structural failure modes1, it has recently drawn new ...

科研

工程学

High-resolution, High-speed, Three-dimensional Video Imaging with Digital Fringe Projection Techniques

Digital fringe projection (DFP) techniques provide dense 3D measurements of dynamically changing surfaces.&#160;Like the human eyes and brain, DFP uses ...

Digital Printing of Titanium Dioxide for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells

钛白粉用于染料敏化太阳能电池的数码印刷

Silicon solar cell manufacturing is an expensive and high energy consuming process. In contrast, dye sensitized solar cell production is less ...

Preparation and 3D Tracking of Catalytic Swimming Devices

催化游泳器件的制备及其三维跟踪

We report a method to prepare catalytically active Janus colloids that "swim" in fluids and describe how to determine their 3D motion using fluorescence ...

3D Printing of Biomolecular Models for Research and Pedagogy

生物分子模型的3D打印技术的研究与教学

The construction of physical three-dimensional (3D) models of biomolecules can uniquely contribute to the study of the structure-function relationship. 3D ...

Multi-material Ceramic-Based Components &#8211; Additive Manufacturing of Black-and-white Zirconia Components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing (CerAM - T3DP)

Multi-material Ceramic-Based Components ÃƒÆ’Ã‚Â¢ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚Â¬ÃƒÂ¢Ã¢â€šÂ¬Ã…â€œ Additive Manufacturing of Black-and-white Zirconia Components by Thermoplastic 3D-Printing CerAM - T3DP

多材料陶瓷基元器件--用热塑性3d 印刷 (ceram-t3dp) 制备黑白氧化锆部件的添加剂

To combine the benefits of Additive Manufacturing (AM) with the benefits of Functionally Graded Materials (FGM) to ceramic-based 4D components (three ...

Scalable Stamp Printing and Fabrication of Hemiwicking Surfaces

可缩放邮票印刷及不堪砌面的制作

Hemiwicking is a process where a fluid wets a patterned surface beyond its normal wetting length due to a combination of capillary action and imbibition. ...

Hybrid Printing for the Fabrication of Smart Sensors

用于智能传感器制造的混合打印

A method to combine additively manufactured substrates or foils and multilayer inkjet printing for the fabrication of sensor devices is presented. First, ...

Using Flexible Gold-Titanium Reaction Cells to Simulate Pressure-Dependent Microbial Activity in the Context of Subsurface Biomining

使用柔性金钛反应细胞在地下生物采矿环境中模拟压力依赖微生物活性

Laboratory studies investigating subsurface microbial processes, such as metal leaching in deep ore deposits (biomining), share common and challenging ...

3D Printing - Evaluating Particle Emissions of a 3D Printing Pen

3D 打印 - 评估 3D 打印笔的粒子排放

Three-dimensional (3D) printing as a type of additive manufacturing shows continuing increase in application and consumer popularity. The fused filament ...