Name: rapid repetition rate fluctuation measurement of soliton crystals in a microresonator
Uploaded: 2021-12-15T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator at JoVE.com

本研究由国家自然科学基金（NSFC）（61675231 62075238）和中国科学院战略重点研究计划（批准号：国家自然科学基金）资助。XDB24030600）。

1. 光耦合
<ol><li>使用1.5μm研磨粉末（氧化铝）与水混合5分钟，在磨盘上抛光MRR的端面。</li>
	<li>用芯片夹具固定MRR，并将八通道FA放置在六轴耦合级上，该级包括三个分辨率为50 nm的线性级和三个分辨率为0.003°的角度级。MRR和FA的贴片为250μm。</li>
	<li>使用1，550 nm激光器作为光源，实时监测耦合效率。仔细调整FA的位置，直到插入损耗达到最小值，通常小于6 dB，对应于每个刻面小于3 dB的耦合损耗...

<ol>
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片上DKS提供新型紧凑相干光源，在光学计量、分子光谱等功能方面具有良好的应用前景。对于商业应用，紧凑封装的微梳源至关重要。该协议提供了一种实用的方法来制造封装的微梳，该微梳受益于MRR和FA之间可靠，低耦合损耗的连接，以及强大的热控制DKS生成方法。因此，我们的实验不再依赖于耦合阶段，并表现出优异的环境适应性。同时，泵浦是一种波长固定激光器，可以使用更窄的线宽操?...

微谐振器中的稳定DKS，其中腔体色散由Kerr非线性度以及Kerr增益和空腔耗散1平衡，因其超高重复率，紧凑尺寸和低成本2引起了科学研究界的极大兴趣。在时域中，DKS是稳定的脉冲序列，已用于高速测距测量3和分子光谱学4。在频域中，DKS具有一系列具有相等频率间距的频率线，适用于波分复用（WDM）通信系统5、6、光频率合成7、8和超低噪声微波生成9、10等。梳状线的相位噪声或线宽直接影响这些应用系统的性能。已经证明，所有梳状线都与泵11具有相似的线宽。因此，使用超窄线宽激光器作为泵浦是提高DKS性能的有效方法。然而，大多数报道的DKS的泵浦是频率扫描外腔二极管激光器（ECDL），其噪声相对较高，并且具有数十至数百kHz的宽线宽。与可调谐激光器相比，定频激光器具有更低的噪声，更窄的线宽和更小的体积。例如，Menlo系统可以提供线宽小于1 Hz的超稳定激光产品，使用这种频率固定激光器作为泵可以显着降低生成的DKS的噪声。最近，基于微加热器或热电冷却器（TEC）的热调谐方法已用于DKS第12代，13代，14。
重复率稳定性是DKS的另一个重要参数。通常，频率计数器用于表征DKS在栅极时间内的频率稳定性，其数量级为15，16微秒至1000秒。受光电探测器和频率计数器带宽的限制，电光调制器或参考激光器通常用于在DKS的自由光谱范围（FSR）超过100 GHz时降低检测频率。这不仅增加了测试系统的复杂性，而且还会产生由RF源或参考激光器的稳定性引起的额外测量误差。
在本文中，微环形谐振器（MRR）采用用于控制工作温度的商用TEC芯片进行蝶形封装。使用线宽为100 Hz的频率固定激光器作为泵浦，通过手动降低工作温度稳定地产生孤子晶体（SC）;这些是特殊的DKS，可以完全填充谐振器，具有集体有序的共振孤子集合17。据我们所知，这是DKS发电实验中最窄的线宽泵。基于延迟自外差干涉仪（DSHI）方法测量每条梳状线的功率谱密度（PSD）光谱。得益于梳状线的超窄线宽，孤子晶体（SC）的重复率不稳定性来自PSD曲线的中心频率漂移。对于具有单个空位的SC，我们在10 μs内获得了~53.24 Hz的重复率不稳定性，在125 μs内获得了~509.32 Hz的重复率不稳定性。
该协议由几个主要阶段组成：首先，MRR使用六轴耦合级与光纤阵列（FA）耦合。所述MRR是由高折射率掺杂的二氧化硅玻璃平台18、19制备的。然后，将MRR封装成14引脚蝶形封装，这增加了实验的稳定性。SC是使用热控制方法生成的。最后，采用DSHI方法测量SC的重复率波动。

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		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
		<col />
	</colgroup>
	<tbody>
		<tr height="63">
			<td height="63" style="height:63px;width:299px;">6-axis coupling stage</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Suruga Seiki</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">KXC620G 
			KGW060</td>
			<td style="width:639px;">Contains 3 linear motorized translation states and 3 angular motorized rotational stages. 
			Linear state: Minimum stepping: 0.05 &#956;m; Travel: 20mm; Max.speed: 25mm/s; Repeatability: +/-0.3 &#956;m; Rotational stage:Travel: &#177;8&#176;; Resolution/pulse: 0.003 degree; Repeatability:&#177;0.005&#176;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Abrasive powder</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Shenyang Kejing Auto-Instrument Co., LTD</td>
			<td>2980002</td>
			<td>Silicon carbide, granularity: 1.5 &#956;m</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">Glue 3410</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Electronic Materials Incorporated</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">Optocast 3410</td>
			<td style="width:639px;">Optocast 3410 is an ultra violet light and heat curable epoxy suitable for opto-electronic assembly. It cures rapidly when exposed to U.V. light in the 320-380 nm.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="42">
			<td height="42" style="height:42px;width:299px;">High-index doped silica glass</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Home-made</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">-</td>
			<td style="width:639px;">The MRR is fabricated by a high index doped silica glass platform. The waveguide section is 2&#215;3 &#956;m and radius is 592.1 &#956;m, corresponding to FSR of 49 GHz.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:299px;">Pump laser</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">NKT Photonics</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">E15</td>
			<td style="width:639px;">It is a continuous wave fiber laser with linewidth of 100 Hz.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="24">
			<td height="24" style="height:24px;width:299px;">Ultrastable Laser</td>
			<td style="width:323px;">Menlosystems</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ORS</td>
			<td>State-of-the-art linewidth (&#60;1Hz) and stability (&#60;2 x 10-15 Hz)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

rapid repetition rate fluctuation measurement of soliton crystals in a microresonator

在过去的几十年中，时间孤子因其在稳定状态下的行为而引起了极大的兴趣，其中色散由传播Kerr介质中的非线性度平衡。耗散Kerr孤子（DKS）在高Q微腔中的发展推动了一种新颖，紧凑，芯片级的孤子源。当DKS作为飞秒脉冲时，重复率波动可以应用于超高精度计量，高速光学采样和光学时钟等。本文基于众所周知的延迟自外差法测量了孤子晶体（SC）的快速重复速率波动，这是DKS的一种特殊状态，其中颗粒状孤子紧密堆积并完全占据谐振器。SC是使用热控制方法生成的。泵浦是一种频率固定激光器，线宽为100 Hz。频率波动测量中的积分时间由延迟光纤的长度控制。对于具有单个空位的SC，重复率波动分别为10 μs内的~53.24 Hz和125 μs内的~509.32 Hz。

图3显示了在泵上调谐谐谐振热时的传输功率迹线。有一个明显的功率阶跃表明SC的产生。该步骤与其前体调制不稳定性梳相比具有相似的功率。因此，SC的生成不依赖于调谐速度。在册种姓表现出各种各样的状态，包括空缺（肖特基缺陷），弗伦克尔缺陷和上部结构12，17。例如，图4A显示了具有27个孤子的完?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator at JoVE.com

Rapid Repetition Rate Fluctuation Measurement of Soliton Crystals in a Microresonator

在这里，我们提出了一种使用热调谐方法在蝴蝶封装的微环谐振器中产生孤子晶体的协议。此外，使用延迟自外差法测量具有单个空位的孤子晶体的重复速率波动。

微谐振器中孤子晶体的快速重复率波动测量

Temporal solitons have attracted great interest in the past decades for their behavior in a steady state, where the dispersion is balanced by the ...

近年来，耗散Kerr孤子已成为一种新型的芯片级相干光源，因其在孤子物理研究和实际应用中的巨大价值而受到高度关注。耗散克尔孤子具有很高的重复率。因此，测量相对参数，特别是重复率波动是一个挑战。在我们的工作中，我们找到了一种方法来获得它。同时，对于实际应用，坚固的封装也是必需的。我们的协议为片上微环谐振器封装、孤子生成和重复率波动测量提供了一种有效的方法。首先，用芯片夹具固定微环谐振器。在六轴耦合级（包括三个分辨率为50纳米的线性级和三个分辨率为0.003度的角度级）上，放置一个八通道光纤阵列。使用1， 550纳米激光器作为光源，实时监测耦合效率。仔细调整光纤阵列的位置。通过光功率计测量输入功率和输出功率。将插入损耗保持在最小值，通常小于 6 分贝，对应于每个刻面的耦合损耗小于 3 分贝。使用紫外线弯曲粘合剂粘合微环谐振器和光纤阵列。将粘合剂放在接触面的侧边缘，以确保光路上没有胶水。将UV弯曲的粘合剂暴露在UV灯下150秒，然后在120摄氏度的腔室中烘烤超过一小时。Co 使用银胶将最大功率为 3.9 瓦的 10.2 毫米 x 6.05 毫米热电冷却器芯片凝聚到标准 14 引脚蝶形封装的底板上。将热电冷却器芯片的两个电极焊接到蝶形封装的两个引脚上。使用银胶将钨板粘贴到热电冷却器芯片的表面上。使用钨板作为散热器来填充热电冷却器和微环谐振器之间的间隙。使用掺铒光纤放大器来增强泵，以产生微梳子。使用光纤偏振控制器控制泵的极化状态。使用单模光纤连接所有设备。固定泵浦激光器的波长。在1556.3纳米处，通过外部商用热电冷却器控制器手动将工作温度调谐到66摄氏度以上，该温度足以使用银胶将微环谐振器的共振移动到钨板的顶部，并将光纤阵列的尾纤固定在蝶形封装的输出板上，以泵的红色一侧。使用光谱分析仪监控输出光谱。使用三千兆赫光电探测器检测输出功率迹线，并使用示波器进行记录。将掺铒光纤放大器的输出设置为34分贝毫瓦，或响应30.5分贝毫瓦的片上功率，这可确保有足够的功率耦合到微环谐振器中，用于微梳子的产生。将热敏电阻设置为对应于66摄氏度工作温度的两千欧姆，然后通过增加热敏电阻的设定值来缓慢降低工作温度。通过光纤极化控制器调整泵的极化，直到在三角形传输功率迹线的下降沿观察到孤子晶体的步进。当在光谱分析仪上观察到手掌状光谱时，停止降低工作温度。在这些实验中，热敏电阻的值约为5.6千欧姆。将生成的孤子晶体连接到可调的带通滤波器，以提取单个梳状线。将可调谐带通滤波器的通带设置为0.1纳米。在整个C和L波段上调整其中心波长，并将滤光片斜率设置为每纳米400分贝。将选定的梳状线耦合到不对称的模拟曾德尔干涉仪。使用声光调制器将不对称模拟发送器干涉仪的一个臂中的光学频率偏移 200 兆赫兹。另一臂中的光场被两公里25公里的光纤段延迟。连接光电二极管以检测输出光信号，并使用电频谱分析仪分析功率谱密度谱。调谐可调带通滤波器的中心波长。测量每条梳状线的功率谱密度。使用相同的方法，测量具有空位的孤子晶体的功率谱密度曲线。记录功率谱密度曲线的三分贝带宽，这将通过Python程序分段输入您的拟合度。该图显示了在泵上调谐谐谐振热时的传动动力总成。有一个明显的功率阶跃表明孤子晶体的产生。这里显示了具有27个孤子的完美孤子晶体，以及具有单个空缺的孤子晶体。基于2 km和25 km延迟光纤的完美孤子晶体， 功率谱密度曲线具有平坦的顶部， 这是由延迟时间内的频率波动引起的。基于两公里延迟光纤和25公里延迟光纤的典型孤子晶体光谱分段拟合，线性线绘制为蓝色。综上所述，将片上微环谐振器封装在蝶形单元中，提出一种产生孤子晶体的热调谐方法。最后，我们采用延迟自外差法实现重复率波动的测量。

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Statistics

Engineering

Unit 1

Measure of Central Tendency

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Ultrasound Velocity Measurement in a Liquid Metal Electrode

超声速度测量的液态金属电极

A growing number of electrochemical technologies depend on fluid flow, and often that fluid is opaque. Measuring the flow of an opaque fluid is inherently ...

科研

工程学

Advanced Experimental Methods for Low-temperature Magnetotransport Measurement of Novel Materials

对于新材料的低温磁输运测量先进的实验方法

Novel electronic materials are often produced for the first time by synthesis processes that yield bulk crystals (in contrast to single crystal thin film ...

Methods for Measuring the Orientation and Rotation Rate of 3D-printed Particles in Turbulence

测量的方向和旋转速率方法3D打印在湍流颗粒

Experimental methods are presented for measuring the rotational and translational motion of anisotropic particles in turbulent fluid flows. 3D printing ...

A High Performance Impedance-based Platform for Evaporation Rate Detection

蒸发速率检测一种基于阻抗高性能平台

This paper describes the method of a novel impedance-based platform for the detection of the evaporation rate. The model compound hyaluronic acid was ...

Optical Trap Loading of Dielectric Microparticles In Air

介电微粒的光阱装载在空气中

We demonstrate a method to trap a selected dielectric microparticle in air using radiation pressure from a single-beam gradient optical trap. Randomly ...

Measurement of Quantum Interference in a Silicon Ring Resonator Photon Source

量子干涉效应在硅谐振环光子源测量

Silicon photonic chips have the potential to realize complex integrated quantum information processing circuits, including photon sources, qubit ...

Standardized Method for Measuring Collection Efficiency from Wipe-sampling of Trace Explosives

从微量炸药的擦拭取样测量收集效率的标准化方法

One of the limiting steps to detecting traces of explosives at screening venues is effective collection of the sample. Wipe-sampling is the most common ...

Measuring Magnetically-Tuned Ferroelectric Polarization in Liquid Crystals

液晶中磁调谐铁电极化的测量

Materials showing coupling phenomena between magnetism and (ferro)electricity, i.e., magnetoelectric effects, have attracted a great deal of attention due ...

Method Development for Contactless Resonant Cavity Dielectric Spectroscopic Studies of Cellulosic Paper

纤维素纸非接触式共振腔电谱研究的方法研究

The current analytical techniques for characterizing printing and graphic arts substrates are largely ex situ and destructive. This limits the amount of ...

Cryogenic Liquid Jets for High Repetition Rate Discovery Science

用于高重复率发现科学的低温液体射流

This protocol presents a detailed procedure for the operation of continuous, micron-sized cryogenic cylindrical and planar liquid jets. When operated as ...