Name: artificial thermal ageing of polyester reinforced and polyvinyl chloride coated technical fabric
Uploaded: 2020-01-29T15:00:00
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这项工作的出版得到了格但斯克工业大学土木与环境工程学院的支持。

1. 技术织物的热老化加速实验
<ol><li>总体准备<ol>
<li>使用适当的软件（为了提供恒定的应变率测试）和视频分量计准备测试机器。</li>
		<li>准备一个热室，提供80°C（± 1 °C）和90°C（±1°C）的恒定温度，持续至少12周。</li>
	</ol></li>
	<li>标本制备<ol>
<li>展开技术织物 AF9032 包。用柔软的铅笔或标记在与扭曲或填充方向平行的织物表面上绘制所需的形状（300 mm x 50 mm）。 注：织物表面的试样分布?...

<ol>
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本文提出了详细的实验方案，以模拟用于土木工程应用的聚酯增强型和PVC涂层织物的实验室加速实验。该协议仅通过提高环境温度来描述人工热老化的情况。这是真实天气条件的明显简化，因为紫外线辐射和水的影响在材料服务老化中起着额外的作用。
一般来说，在实验室中进行的加速老化条件应尽可能接近被测试材料的真实天气和服务条件。例如，用于航空航天或海洋结?...

聚酯型建筑面料通常用于建造悬挂屋顶1。由于相对便宜，具有良好的机械性能，它们可以用于长期开发（例如，在波兰索波特森林歌剧院的悬挂屋顶）。不幸的是，天气条件、紫外线辐射、生物原因和操作目的（季节预应力和松动2）会影响它们的机械性能。由 AF9032 制成的悬挂式屋顶通常是季节性结构，通常受高温影响（尤其是在夏季阳光明媚的日子），定期预紧和松动。为了正确设计悬挂屋顶，织物参数不仅要在开发之初确定，还要经过几年的使用。
老龄化分析测量老化指标，并比较参数的初始和最终值，以评估老龄化的影响。通过对12种不同类型的屋面膜的比较分析，提出了最简单的方法之一。这些膜暴露于室外风化2或4年。作者使用几个属性的评级系统来评估织物的耐久性。为了提供聚合物热老化的分析，可以应用时间温度叠加原理（TTSP）。该原理指出，材料在低温和低应变水平下的行为类似于它在高温和高应变水平上的行为。简单的乘法因法可用于将当前温度属性与参考温度下的属性相关联。在图形上，它对应于日志时间刻度上的曲线偏移。关于温度，提出了两种方法，将移位因子和老化温度结合起来：威廉斯-兰德尔-费里（WLF）方程和阿雷尼乌斯定律。瑞典标准 ISO 113465中包括这两种方法，用于估计橡胶或硫化和热塑性材料的寿命和最高工作温度。最近，热老化和Arrrhenius方法已用于电缆寿命预测6，7，加热管8，和聚合物胶PMMA4。Arrhenius 定律的延伸是考虑到其他老化因素（如电压、压力等）的艾林定律。9.或者，其他研究提出并验证了描述老化的简单线性模型（例如，生物传感器老化10）。虽然Arhenius方法被普遍使用，但人们正在讨论它在每一种材料的生命周期预测中的相关性。因此，该方法必须谨慎使用，特别是在初始假设和实验条件6方面。
与大多数聚合物类似，当前研究中使用的聚酯织物表现出由熔融温度 （Tm）和玻璃过渡温度 （Tg） 定义的两个截然不同的过渡阶段。熔融温度（Tm）是材料从固态变为液态时的温度，玻璃过渡温度（Tg）是玻璃和橡胶状态11之间的边界。根据制造商的数据，AF9032织物由聚酯线（Tg = 100±180 °C12，Tm = 250±290 °C13）和PVC涂层（Tg = 80°87 °C14，15，Tm = 160×260°C16）制成。老化温度 T°应选择在 Tg以下。在晴天，悬挂屋顶顶部温度甚至可达90°C;因此，这里测试了两个老化温度（80°C 和 90°C）。这些温度低于螺纹 Tg并接近涂层 Tg。
在目前的工作中介绍了加速老化协议在技术织物上的性能。人工热老化用于预测材料性能的变化。本文阐述了适当的实验室测试程序以及推断相对短期实验结果的方法。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>AF 9032 technical fabric</td>
			<td>Shelter-Rite Seaman Corporation</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>knife of scisors</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>marker</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>pernament</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ruler</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sigma Plot</td>
			<td>Systat Software Inc.</td>
			<td>v. 12.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Testing machine Z020</td>
			<td>Zwick Roell</td>
			<td>BT1-FR020TN.A50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TestXpert II program</td>
			<td>Zwick Roell</td>
			<td>v. 3.50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Thermal chamber</td>
			<td>Eurotherm Controls</td>
			<td>2408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tubular spanner</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>13 mm</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Video extensometer</td>
			<td>Zwick Roell</td>
			<td>BTC-EXVIDEO.PAC.3.2.EN</td>
			<td>Instead of video extensometer, a mechanical one can be used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VideoXtens</td>
			<td>Zwick Roell</td>
			<td>5.28.0.0 SP2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

artificial thermal ageing of polyester reinforced and polyvinyl chloride coated technical fabric

建筑织物AF9032已经进行人工热老化，以确定织物材料参数的变化。拟议的方法以阿雷纽斯提出的加速老化方法为基础。300 mm x 50 mm 样品在翘波和填充方向中切割，并在 80°C 下放置在热室中长达 12 周或 90°C 长达 6 周。然后在环境温度下经过一周的调节后，样品以恒定的应变速率单轴张紧。实验中，确定了非线性弹性（线性片面）和粘塑性（Bodner_Partom）模型的参数。研究了这些参数在老化温度和老化期方面的变化。在这两种情况下，线性近似函数都成功地应用了Arrhenius的简化方法。得到了实验结果与Arrhenius方法结果之间的填充方向的相关性。对于翘波方向，外推结果表现出一定的差异。在这两种温度下都观察到增加和下降的趋势。实验结果仅对填充方向的阿雷尼乌斯定律进行了确认。该方法可以预测长期开发过程中的实际结构行为，这是设计过程中的一个关键问题。

图2将AF9032织物在不同老化时间获得的翘波和填充方向的应力应变曲线并列，在80°C温度水平上，应变速率为0.001s-1。1小时老化期（参考试验）与其余老化期之间的差异明显。老化时间似乎不会对扭曲方向的材料响应产生实质性影响，因为应力-应变曲线高度重复，在最终拉伸强度 （UTS） 方面没有显著差异。它与填充方向观察到的行为相反，在人工老化样本的情况下?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric at JoVE.com

Artificial Thermal Ageing of Polyester Reinforced and Polyvinyl Chloride Coated Technical Fabric

在这里，我们模拟技术织物的加速热老化，并了解这种老化过程如何影响织物的机械性能。

聚酯增强和聚氯乙烯涂层技术织物的人工热老化

Architectural fabric AF9032 has been subjected to artificial thermal ageing to determine changes of the material parameters of the fabric. The proposed ...

该协议有助于在纺织织物上简化加速老化测试的性能，并有助于对测试材料的机械性能进行评估。这一程序使得在相对较短的时间内确定未来的材料特性成为可能，这对专门从事纺织织物屋顶结构的结构设计师来说至关重要。为了评估粘塑性构成关系，需要使用软件绳索的测试机执行由拉伸计控制的恒定应变率测试。在开始实验之前，确认测试机配备有拉伸计和适当的软件，并且热室是可访问的。展开技术织物 AF9032 包，在织物表面上绘制至少 42，300 300 到 50 毫米的形状，平行于扭曲方向，至少 42 个平行于填充方向。在切掉试样之前，使用永久标记指示每个试样上的扭曲方向。使用滑动卡钳测量试样厚度，并计算试样短边上的螺纹数。接下来，将热室设置为 80 摄氏度的恒定温度。当温度接近80摄氏度时，打开室门，将至少七组样品放入室内，尽快关上门，避免温度下降。一小时后，使用热手套去除参考样本集，在未来 12 周内每两周删除一次连续的实验集。从室中移走后，将试样留在室温下一周。在测试之前，使用永久标记在每个试样中间将两个 50 毫米的黑点分开，并在测试机器的每个手柄中安装两个 60 毫米的扁平刀片。当所有四个刀片都到位时，打开机器中的软件并选择专用于拉伸测试的程序。然后在软件中选择具有 200 毫米夹持位置的起始位置以夹紧分离，然后单击"起始位置"按钮以执行 200 毫米夹持夹点分离。要设置视频拉伸计，请沿支撑杆移动摄像机，直到镜头位于试样的中间。检查摄像机的镜头能否在整个实验中提供试样标记的清晰视图。将校准设备放在摄像机前面，然后为镜头选择正确的亮度和对焦。使用夹点夹紧设备，并在视频扩展仪软件的"目标"窗口中选择正确类型的标记。使用"缩放"选项选择校准过程，并在"缩放"窗口中选择校准距离。然后将标记类型更改为"目标"窗口中的"模式"，以允许拉伸计遵循试样上的标记。当所有材料和设备都准备就绪时，在测试机器软件中设置测试参数，然后沿机器的主轴沿垂直轴将试样放在垂直和水平方向的夹具中。使用表格扳手关闭夹具，以选定的恒定应变速率执行测试，直到每个试样断裂。然后每两周使用每组后续样本重复一次测试。经过80摄氏度的实验，每周在90摄氏度下重复手术。测试所有试样后，使用图形软件和样品的横截面面积，根据材料方程与应力应变关系的基本强度重新计算注册力和伸长增量。然后，绘制扭曲和填充样本获得的数据的图形。为了建立非线性弹性建模的分段线性模型，对于每个样本曲线，找到检测线性或接近线性应力应变关系的应变范围。使用图形软件中的"拟合回归"选项和最少平方方法确定所选区域中的最佳拟合线。表示切线为纵向刚度值，其中 I 索引对应于材质的当前方向，J 指数是标识线的连续数字。当所有参数都已划定后，标识线之间的交点。要执行 Arhenius 外推，请根据当地气象台的平均值分配参考温度，并将热室温度分配给老化试验中使用的温度。然后，计算方程的反应速率常数，以数周到数年表示的老化时间。在此图中，显示了AF9032织物在80摄氏度温度水平的不同老化时间获得的扭曲和填充方向的应力应变曲线，应变速率为0.0011/秒。正如所观察到的，参考一小时老化期测试与其余老化期测试之间的差值通常很明显。老化时间似乎没有实质性地影响扭曲方向的物质响应。相比之下，填充方向样品的终极拉伸强度在人工老化样品中比在未填充样品中低得多。此外，对于填充方向，当应变超过0.06时，所实现的应力应变曲线有不同的轨迹。简单拉伸试验的实验应力应变曲线的第一线性部分对应于PVC制成的技术织物的刚度。使用 Arhenius 简化关系，90 度获得的结果可以推断为实际年数。也可以计算扭曲方向的硬化参数和填充方向的粘度参数。应当强调的是，对于博德纳-帕托姆的构成关系，需要进行恒定应变率的实验。机器必须执行这种类型的操作。视频扩展计可由机械拉伸计取代，并可合并各种构成模型，以反映纺织织物的性能。该技术可用于不同复合材料的寿命预测。高温热室的操作需要使用热手套，复杂的测试机应始终小心操作。

Research

JoVE Journal

Engineering

The Preparation of Electrohydrodynamic Bridges from Polar Dielectric Liquids

Horizontal and vertical liquid bridges are simple and powerful tools for exploring the interaction of high intensity electric fields (8-20 kV/cm) and ...

科研

工程学

The Evolution of Silica Nanoparticle-polyester Coatings on Surfaces Exposed to Sunlight

表面上的纳米硅聚酯涂料暴露在阳光下的演变

Corrosion of metallic surfaces is prevalent in the environment and is of great concern in many areas, including the military, transport, aviation, ...

Inkjet-printed Polyvinyl Alcohol Multilayers

喷墨印刷聚乙烯醇多层

Inkjet printing is a modern method for polymer processing, and in this work, we demonstrate that this technology is capable of producing polyvinyl alcohol ...

Experimental Protocol to Determine the Chloride Threshold Value for Corrosion in Samples Taken from Reinforced Concrete Structures

测定钢筋混凝土结构试样腐蚀的氯化物阈值的试验规程

The aging of reinforced concrete infrastructure in developed countries imposes an urgent need for methods to reliably assess the condition of these ...

Preparation of Liquid Crystal Networks for Macroscopic Oscillatory Motion Induced by Light

光诱导的宏观振荡运动液晶网络的制备

A strategy based on doped liquid crystalline networks is described to create mechanical self-sustained oscillations of plastic films under continuous ...

Detecting the Water-soluble Chloride Distribution of Cement Paste in a High-precision Way

高精度水泥浆水溶氯分布的检测

To improve the accuracy of the chloride distribution along the depth of cement paste under cyclic wet-dry conditions, a new method is proposed to obtain a ...

Preparation of Aligned Steel Fiber Reinforced Cementitious Composite and Its Flexural Behavior

定向钢纤维增强水泥基复合材料的制备及其弯曲性能研究

The aim of this work is to present an approach, inspired by the way in which a compass needle maintains a consistent orientation under the action of the ...

Installation Method to Enhance Quality Control for Fiber Reinforced Polymer Spike Anchors

提高纤维增强聚合物穗锚质量控制的安装方法

Fiber reinforced polymer (FRP) anchors are a promising way to enhance the performance of externally-bonded FRPs applied to existing structures, as they ...

Cutting Procedures, Tensile Testing, and Ageing of Flexible Unidirectional Composite Laminates

柔性单向复合层压板的切割程序、拉伸测试和老化

Many body armor designs incorporate unidirectional (UD) laminates. UD laminates are constructed of thin (&#60;0.05 mm) layers of high-performance yarns, ...

Fabric Moisture Uniform Control to Study the Influence of Air Impingement Parameters on Fabric Drying Characteristics

织物水分统一控制研究空气冲击参数对织物干燥特性的影响

Impinging dryness is now a widely used and effective way for fabric drying due to its high heat and mass transfer coefficient. Previous studies on fabric ...