Name: measuring light-switching behavior using an occupancy and light data logger
Uploaded: 2020-01-16T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Light-Switching Behavior Using an Occupancy and Light Data Logger at JoVE.com

这项研究得到了华沙SWPS社会科学和人文大学伦理委员会的批准（编号为46/2016）。
1. 选择记录器部署的实验站点
<ol><li>选择一个室内实验场地，允许在靠近光源的地方安装记录器（用于充分检测光线变化），并收集有关房间占用状态（用于充分运动检测）的行为的数据。单个参与者（即一次一个）。</li>
	<li>确定房间及其指定用户（男性、女性或共同用户）的预期用途。 ?...

<ol>
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当计划同时使用多个站点（用于记录器部署）时，应确保每个站点具有相同的体系结构布局，以便排除参与者出现不同行为模式的可能性（即，由于占用时间和光切换可能性）。合适的场所应配备一个或多个光源，仅配备一个相应的灯开关，对乘员可见。否则，应计划使用一个记录器冷杉每个光源/灯开关。此外，在选择占用传感器的预设超时值（协议中的第二步）之前，建议在实验现场对记录器...

心理学中最常用的促进环境行为的衡量标准之一是以调查、访谈或问卷1的形式进行自我报告。造成这一趋势的原因之一，只是进行实地实验的困难，这通常需要相当大量的资源和精确的操作2，3。然而，这种权衡是值得的，因为众所周知，依靠自我报告措施在预测客观行为4、5、6时可能会误导人。
在试图避免这个问题的同时，专注于研究节能行为的研究人员通常使用观测（观测事件的名义分类，例如开/关灯）或残差（过去行为的可量化证据，例如，kWh 中的能耗）数据作为因变量7的测量。虽然这两种测量方法都是有价值的，但观测数据最常用于现场实验2、3、8，特别是当它们的因变量涉及光开关行为时。
在获取观测数据之前，研究人员应考虑几个方法问题，即：1）样本代表性;2） 观察员人数，以排除可能的人为错误;3） 观察者间协议，以排除实验者的偏见;4） 观察员位置，应隐藏，以减少被参与者发现的可能性;5） 明确和具体定义的观察编码;6） 观察措施的预测试;7） 观察员培训;8） 建立观测系统时间9。尽管大多数上述问题已经得到解决（例如，那些涉及可靠性分析10或编码观测数据11的问题）似乎并非所有问题都在描述光开关行为实验的文章中受到太多关注。
对实验环境（均涉及公共浴室/卫生间的光线切换行为）的四项研究（均涉及公共浴室/厕所）的相似性，对4项研究进行分析，结果显示，尽管每项研究中的位置细节都精确，但观测测量细节却各不相同。由于每项研究都采用自然主义观察，因此，由于可能干扰或违反社会规范（例如，如果男性实验者进入女性洗手间，反之亦然），收集观察员异性参与者行为的信息并不总是可能的14。在某些情况下，没有提供参与者性别的精确数据15。当考虑到性别可能是预测有利于环境行为的一个重要因素时，这似乎是一个限制。
然而，最大的差异出现在对观察者的描述和测量时间上。尽管这些描述自然会因实验地点的不同而不同，但观测者的确切人数并不总是提供14。此外，观察员的确切位置没有明确12，14，15，这使得很难进行可能的复制，并确保参与者不知道被观察。在四篇分析文章中，只有一篇提供了观察者位置的详细说明13。
此外，观测间隔的确切时间仅由一项研究12提供，而其他研究要么描述总体学习时间（一般描述观察发生的每个研究日的次数），13、15或完全没有描述。这再次妨碍复制和确定观测时间是否系统，是否足以实现研究目的。
这些实验的局限性作为指导方针和要点提出，在今后的研究中应加以考虑。在任何情况下，它的目的都无意削弱这些研究的重要性。应考虑将所述区域最大化研究操作性，以利于复制，在心理学17、18中发挥重要作用，并简化实地实验的进行。然而，能否通过改进最终依靠人类观测的观察方法来处理所有上述问题，值得怀疑。
由于这些原因，占用和光数据记录器（见材料表）是一个有价值的工具，可以有效地用于收集有关特定类型的节能行为的信息，光切换，没有使用观察者或道德限制的限制（记录器不收集视听数据）。总体而言，本文的目的是介绍占用和光数据记录器的一个模型的技术描述和可能性。据作者所知，这是第一次尝试在心理学的实地实验中全面介绍这一工具。
记录器的技术描述 本文使用的占用/光数据记录器模型（见材料表）配备了128 kB的标准存储器容量。记录仪重量30克，其尺寸为3.66厘米×8.48厘米×2.36厘米。
控制按钮、光传感器和电池托盘位于顶部面板上。前面板由占用传感器和液晶屏组成，而后面板则配有安装磁铁和环（图1）。USB 2.0 端口位于底部面板上，允许使用 USB 电缆将记录器连接到计算机，以便在部署前启用设置，并在以后使用专用于此数据记录器的分析软件包获取读出。
集成光传感器（光电池）阈值大于 65 lx，适用于大多数公共场所的不同光源类型（LED、CFL、荧光灯、HID、白炽灯、天然）。总体而言，记录器根据光信号的强度（更精确地）解释光状态变化（ON/OFF），更精确地，无论它低于还是高于校准阈值的水平。还应注意的是，传感器通过内置滞后水平约为±12.5%19，防止错误检测 ON 和 OFF 状态。
运动传感器确定房间是被占用还是无人居住。使用热释红外 （PIR） 传感器，它根据人的体温（与周围温度不同）检测人的运动。讨论记录器的检测范围最大为 5 米，扩展版的记录器具有 12 m 的范围。水平检测性能高达 94°（[47°]），垂直可达 82°（[41°]）。
所述的占用/光数据记录仪模型已与开源建筑科学传感器一起得到验证，似乎可提供光强度和占用频率21的可靠测量。此外，这些记录器模型在内置环境研究中已被证明是有用的，正是在照明应用22，23，24。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>HOBO Occupancy/Light (5m Range) Data Logger</td>
			<td>ONSET</td>
			<td>UX90-005</td>
			<td>As advertised by Onset - The HOBO UX90-005 Room Occupancy/Light Data Logger is available in a standard 128 KB memory model (UX90-005) capable of 84,650 measurements and an expanded 512KB memory version (UX90-005M) capable of over 346,795 measurements. For details and other products visit: <a href="https://www.onsetcomp.com/products/data-loggers/ux90-005" target="_blank">https://www.onsetcomp.com/products/data-loggers/ux90-005</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HOBO Light Pipe</td>
			<td>ONSET</td>
			<td>UX90-LIGHT-PIPE-1</td>
			<td>An optional fiber optic attachment or light pipe that eliminates effects of ambient light to ensure the most accurate readings. For details visit: <a href="https://www.onsetcomp.com/support/manuals/17522-using-ux90-light-pipe-1" target="_blank">https://www.onsetcomp.com/support/manuals/17522-using-ux90-light-pipe-1</a></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HOBOware</td>
			<td>ONSET</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td>Setup, graphing and analysis software for Windows and Mac. There are two versions of HOBOware: HOBOware (available for free) and HOBOware Pro (paid version which allows for additional analysis with different loggers). Each of them are dedicated to HOBO loggers. For details visit: <a href="https://www.onsetcomp.com/products/software/hoboware" target="_blank">https://www.onsetcomp.com/products/software/hoboware</a></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

measuring light-switching behavior using an occupancy and light data logger

由于自我报告和观察到的亲环境行为之间的差异，研究人员建议使用更直接的行为度量。虽然直接的行为观察可能增加研究的外部有效性和通用性，但可能非常耗时，并且受到实验者或观察者的偏见。为了解决这些问题，使用数据记录器作为自然观测的替代方法，可以使研究人员在不中断参与者自然发生的行为的情况下进行广泛的研究。本文介绍了这样的工具之一 - 占用和光数据记录器 - 其技术描述，部署协议，以及有关其在心理实验中可能应用的信息。与人类观察相比，测得记录器可靠性的测试结果与在公共厕所（N = 1，148）的15天测量期间收集的数据示例一起提供，其中包括：1） 房间占用情况的变化;2）室内光线变化;和3）房间入住时间。

与人类观测相比，记录器的可靠性测试 为了与人类观察相比，测试记录器的可靠性，在位于大学校园的单一男厕所进行了4小时的现场测试。两名男性观察员在洗手间外等候（距离前门约5米），独立记录访客的行为，包括入住率/时间和光线切换（熄灯时熄灯或熄灯）。同时，两个数据记录器被安装在同一个单一的厕所里，收集了与人类观察者相同的信息。总共记录了24名男性的行?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Measuring Light-Switching Behavior Using an Occupancy and Light Data Logger at JoVE.com

Measuring Light-Switching Behavior Using an Occupancy and Light Data Logger

本文介绍了使用和部署占用和光数据记录器的过程，它允许在字段设置中收集有关参与者的光切换行为的数据。

使用占用和光数据记录器测量光切换行为

Due to discrepancies between self-reported and observed pro-environmental behavior, researchers suggest the use of more direct measures of behavior. ...

占用和光数据记录器可用于现场设置，以收集有关特定类型节能行为（即光切换）发生的信息。与自然观测相反，使用数据记录器可以快速、可靠和不间断地测量参与者的行为，并提供给定现场实验的明确操作。首先，通过将 USB 接口电缆的较大端插入计算机上的 USB 端口，将 USB 接口电缆的较小端插入设备上的端口，将记录器连接到计算机。通过单击工具栏上的启动图标启动软件，该图标将打开记录器设置窗口。输入启动的名称。选择光传感器。将度量设置为从下拉列表中记录状态，然后从下拉列表中选择关闭和打开的状态描述。选择占用传感器。将度量设置为从下拉列表中记录状态，然后从下拉列表中选择未占用的状态描述。单击筛选器按钮以启用其他值的自动计算。选择选择的传感器类型。选择筛选器的类型和要使用的时间间隔。编辑名称并单击创建新系列。选择下拉菜单选项，然后单击"完成"。单击高级按钮以访问传感器属性。选择光传感器。选择设置为校准的最大灵敏度，然后单击保存按钮。选择占用传感器。选择预设超时值，或选择自定义值，如果需要，以分钟和秒为单位输入值。单击保存按钮。建议在实验站点上运行记录器部署的试验测试。根据参与者的实际占用频率选择占用传感器的最可选超时值。根据实验计划选择何时启动记录器：立即，在记录运行时、指定日期和时间或手动使用启动按钮时可用的间隔。选择记录器何时应停止日志记录：内存何时填满，或永远不会停止导致最新数据覆盖最早的数据、手动停止或在指定的日期和时间停止。完成配置后单击"开始"按钮。从计算机中拔下记录器。通过将记录器连接到记录器背面，为记录器配备额外的光纤光管，以便过滤掉任何环境光并确保最准确的读数。将记录器与光源旁边的光源一起安装。如果以前在软件中配置过，请按记录器中的"开始"按钮开始录制。记录器安装的位置不应靠近任何类型的加热源，以确保仅记录房间用户的体温。完成记录后，重新访问实验站点并删除记录器以进行数据读出。通过 USB 电缆将记录器连接到计算机，并启动专用于数据记录器的分析软件包。单击控制面板中的读出设备按钮，或从设备菜单中选择读出，这将使记录器能够卸载收集到的数据。选择要保存数据的位置和文件名。单击"保存"，然后选择要在图形中显示的传感器和事件，然后单击绘图。选择要在表数据和绘图上查看的系列。单击"全部"或"无"按钮以选择或取消选择所有系列，或单击复选框以选择或取消选择单个系列。从控制面板中选择导出表数据。为导出选择目标文件夹。数据记录器可以作为进行心理学实地实验的有用工具。此表显示了光开关行为频率的记录数据，以及在 15 天的测量中访问过两个公共厕所的用户的入住时间。通过对光状态和洗手间类型进行逻辑回归分析，可以分析记录器获得的数据。此表显示已构建模型的系数。遵循这个程序时，研究人员还可以测试各种行为干预的有效性，例如具有有说服力的呼吁提示，这些呼吁旨在培养光开关行为。除了光和入住状态的名义结果外，数据记录器还允许收集和分析有关客房入住状态时间以及入住事件之间的时间的定量信息。

Research

Education

JoVE Journal

JoVE Core

Statistics

Behavior

Unit 1

Summarizing and Visualizing Data

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

Measuring Neural and Behavioral Activity During Ongoing Computerized Social Interactions: An Examination of Event-Related Brain Potentials

测量神经和行为活动期间持续计算机化的社会互动：对事件相关电位的考察

Social exclusion is a complex social phenomenon with powerful negative consequences. Given the impact of social exclusion on mental and emotional health, ...

科研

行为学

Measuring Delay Discounting in Humans Using an Adjusting Amount Task

测量延迟贴现在人类使用的调量任务

Delay discounting refers to a decline in the value of a reward when it is delayed relative to when it is immediately available. Delay discounting tasks ...

Feeding Experimentation Device (FED): Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

Feeding Experimentation Device FED: Construction and Validation of an Open-source Device for Measuring Food Intake in Rodents

饲养实验装置（FED）：建筑和验​​证的开源设备的在鼠害测量摄食

Food intake measurements are essential for many research studies. Here, we provide a detailed description of a novel solution for measuring food intake in ...

An Objective and Child-friendly Assessment of Arm Function by Using a 3-D Sensor

基于3维传感器的 Arm 功能的客观和儿童友好评估

Progressive and irreversible muscle atrophy characterizes Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA) and other similar muscle disorder diseases. Objective assessment ...

Measuring Active and Passive Tameness Separately in Mice

小鼠主动和被动驯服的测定

Domesticated animals such as dogs and laboratory mice show a high level of tameness, which is important for humans to handle them easily. Tameness has two ...

Continuous Noninvasive Measuring of Crayfish Cardiac and Behavioral Activities

小龙虾心脏的连续无创测量与行为活动

A crayfish is a pivotal aquatic organism that serves both as a practical biological model for behavioral and physiological studies of invertebrates and as ...

An Experimental Paradigm for Measuring the Effects of Ageing on Sentence Processing

测量衰老对句子处理影响的实验范式

Previous studies have found that older adults have greater difficulties in processing syntactically complex sentences than younger adults. However, the ...

Flypub To Study Ethanol Induced Behavioral Disinhibition and Sensitization

飞行酒吧研究乙醇诱导的行为抑制和敏感性

Alcohol use disorder (AUD) remains a serious problem in our society. To develop effective interventions for addiction, it is important to understand the ...

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

An Improved Assay and Tools for Measuring Mechanical Nociception in Drosophila Larvae

测量 果蝇 拉瓦的机械结节的改进的检测和工具

Published assays for mechanical nociception in Drosophila have led to variable assessments of behavior. Here, we fabricated, for use with Drosophila ...

Investigating Migraine-Like Behavior Using Light Aversion in Mice

使用轻度厌恶研究小鼠偏头痛样行为

Migraine is a complex neurological disorder characterized by headache and sensory abnormalities, such as hypersensitivity to light, observed as ...