Name: opsono-adherence assay to evaluate functional antibodies in vaccine development against bacillus anthracis and other encapsulated pathogens
Uploaded: 2020-05-19T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens at JoVE.com

J. Chua, D. Chabot og A. Friedlander designede de procedurer, der er beskrevet i manuskriptet. J. Chua og T. Putmon-Taylor udførte eksperimenterne. D. Chabot udførte dataanalyse. J. Chua skrev manuskriptet.
Forfatterne takker Kyle J. Fitts for fremragende teknisk bistand.
Arbejdet blev støttet af Defense Threat Reduction Agency tilskud CBM. VAXBT.03.10.RD.015, plannummer 921175.
Udtalelser, fortolkninger, konklusioner og anbefalinger er forfatternes og er ikke nødvendigvis godkendt af den amerikanske hær. Indholdet af denne publikation afspejler ikke nødvendigvis forsvarsministeriets synspunkter eller politikker, og omtale af handelsnavne, kommercielle produkter eller organisationer indebærer heller ikke godkendelse fra den amerikanske regering.

I overensstemmelse med Animal Welfare Act, Public Health Service politik, og andre føderale vedtægter og forskrifter vedrørende dyr og forsøg med dyr, den forskning, der er beskrevet her blev udført under en institutionel Animal Care and Use Committee-godkendt protokol. Anlægget, hvor denne forskning blev udført, er akkrediteret af Association for Assessment and Accreditation of Laboratory Animal Care, International og overholder principperne i vejledningen for pleje og brug af laboratoriedyr, National Research Co...

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T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Use+of+highly+encapsulated+Streptococcus+pneumoniae+strains+in+a+flow-cytometric+assay+for+assessment+of+the+phagocytic+capacity+of+serotype-specific+antibodies.">Use of highly encapsulated Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in a flow-cytometric assay for assessment of the phagocytic capacity of serotype-specific antibodies.</a> Clinical and Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology. 5 (5), 703-710 (1998).</li><li>Wang, T. T., Fellows, P. F., Leighton, T. J., Lucas, A. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induction+of+opsonic+antibodies+to+the+gamma-D-glutamic+acid+capsule+of+Bacillus+anthracis+by+immunization+with+a+synthetic+peptide-carrier+protein+conjugate.">Induction of opsonic antibodies to the gamma-D-glutamic acid capsule of Bacillus anthracis by immunization with a synthetic peptide-carrier protein conjugate.</a> FEMS Immunology and Medical Microbiology. 40 (3), 231-237 (2004).</li><li>Chabot, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protection+of+rhesus+macaques+against+inhalational+anthrax+with+a+Bacillus+anthracis+capsule+conjugate+vaccine.">Protection of rhesus macaques against inhalational anthrax with a Bacillus anthracis capsule conjugate vaccine.</a> Vaccine. 34 (34), 4012-4016 (2016).</li><li>Chabot, D. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Efficacy+of+a+capsule+conjugate+vaccine+against+inhalational+anthrax+in+rabbits+and+monkeys.">Efficacy of a capsule conjugate vaccine against inhalational anthrax in rabbits and monkeys.</a> Vaccine. 30 (5), 846-852 (2012).</li><li>Chua, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formaldehyde+and+Glutaraldehyde+Inactivation+of+Bacterial+Tier+1+Select+Agents+in+Tissues.">Formaldehyde and Glutaraldehyde Inactivation of Bacterial Tier 1 Select Agents in Tissues.</a> Emerging Infectious Diseases. 25 (5), 919-926 (2019).</li><li>. Guide for the Care and Use of Laboratory Animals (Eighth Edition) Available from: <a target="_blank" href="https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/guide-for-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals.pdf">https://grants.nih.gov/grants/olaw/guide-for-the-care-and-use-of-laboratory-animals.pdf</a> (2011)</li><li>Durando, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Experience+with+pneumococcal+polysaccharide+conjugate+vaccine+(conjugated+to+CRM197+carrier+protein)+in+children+and+adults.">Experience with pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (conjugated to CRM197 carrier protein) in children and adults.</a> Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 19, 1-9 (2013).</li><li>Adams, W. 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V., Middleton, D. R., Avci, F. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Opsonophagocytic+Killing+Assay+to+Assess+Immunological+Responses+Against+Bacterial+Pathogens.">Opsonophagocytic Killing Assay to Assess Immunological Responses Against Bacterial Pathogens.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (146), e59400 (2019).</li><li>Ezzell, J. W., Welkos, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+capsule+of+Bacillus+anthracis,+a+review.">The capsule of Bacillus anthracis, a review.</a> Journal of Applied Microbiology. 87 (2), 250 (1999).</li><li>Hanna, P. C., Acosta, D., Collier, R. 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Kapselbaserede vacciner har vist sig at være effektive mod talrige bakterielle patogener , og mange er licenseret til brug hos mennesker25,26,27. Disse vacciner virker ved at generere antistoffer rettet mod kapslen, og mange af disse undersøgelser bruger OPKA til at vise antistoffernes opsono-fagocytiske funktioner13,14,16,...

Anerkendelse, tilslutning, internalisering og nedbrydning af et patogen er integreret i phagocytose1, en fremtrædende vej i værten medfødt immunrespons, der først blev beskrevet af Ilya Metchnikoff i 18832,3. Phagocytiske leukocytter samt andre celler i immunsystemet er meget diskriminerende i deres valg af mål; de er i stand til at skelne mellem "infektiøs ikke-selv" og "ikke-infektiøst selv" gennem patogenrelaterede molekylære mønstre ved deres repertoire af mønstergenkendelsesreceptorer (PRR)4,5. Værtsgenkendelse af et patogen kan også forekomme ved binding af værtsoptisoniner, såsom komplement og antistoffer6. Denne proces, kaldet opsonisering, frakker patogenet med disse molekyler, hvilket forbedrer internaliseringen ved binding til opsoniske receptorer (f.eks. komplement og Fc-receptorer) på phagocytiske celler6. For at et patogen skal overholde en phagocyt, er kollektiv binding af flere receptorer med deres cognate ligands nødvendig. Først da kan tilslutning udløse og opretholde signalkaskader inde i værtscellen for at starte internalisering6.
På grund af betydningen af fagocytose i rydning af patogener og forebyggelse af infektion har ekstracellulære patogener udviklet mange måder at undergrave denne proces for at forlænge deres overlevelse. En strategi af betydning er produktionen af en anionisk polymer (f.eks polysaccharid eller polyaminosyre) kapsel, som er anti-fagocytisk i kraft af sin ladning, er dårligt immunogen, og skjolde molekyler på bakterielle kuvert fra PRR6,7. Patogener som Cryptococcus neoformans og Streptococcus pneumoniae har kapsler bestående af saccharid polymerer, mens Staphylococcus epidermidis og nogle Bacillus arter producerer poly-ɣ-glutamic syre (PGGA)7,8. Men andre patogener producerer kapsler, der ligner det ikke-smitsomme selv. For eksempel har Streptococcus pyogenes og en patogen stamme af B. cereus en hyaluronsyrekapsel, der ikke kun er anti-phagocytisk, men som heller ikke kan genkendes som fremmed af immunsystemet9,10.
Bøjning af kapsel til bæreproteiner omdanner dem fra fattige, T-uafhængige antigener til stærkt immunogene T-afhængige antigener, der kan fremkalde høje serum anti-kapsel antistoftitler11,12. Denne strategi er anvendt til godkendte vacciner mod S. pneumoniae, Hæmofili influenza ,og Neisseria meningitides11. De opsoniske aktiviteter anti-kapsel antistoffer er almindeligvis blevet evalueret af opsono-fagocytiske drab assays (OPKA)13,14,15,16. Disse assays tester, om funktionelle antistoffer kan udløse fagocytose og dræbe14. Anvendelsen af OPKA med infektiøse patogener, såsom biologiske udvalgte agenser i klasse 1 og toksiner (BSAT), herunder B. anthracis17,er imidlertid farlig og udgør en sikkerhedsrisiko. disse analysemetoder kræver omfattende håndtering af en udvalgt agent. Select agent håndtering kan kun ske i begrænset biosikkerhed niveau 3 (BSL-3) laboratorier; Arbejdet på disse områder kræver langvarige driftsprocedurer på grund af de mange sikkerhedsforanstaltninger, der skal følges. BSL-3 laboratorier er typisk heller ikke udstyret med det specialiserede udstyr, der anvendes til OPKA-arbejde, såsom mikroskoper og cytometre. Således har vi udviklet en alternativ analyse baseret på brugen af inaktiverede bakterier18,19. Vi henviser til dette som en opsono-overholdelse assay (OAA), der ikke er afhængig af internalisering og drab assay output; I stedet anvendes overholdelse af opsoniserede inaktiverede patogener som et indeks for fagocytose. Mekanistisk, OAA er en passende erstatning, fordi tilslutning sker a priori og er tæt sammenflettet med internalisering og intracellulære drab. Fra et biosikkerhedsperspektiv foretrækkes OAA, fordi det kræver minimal håndtering af et infektiøst middel, er eksperimentelt af kortere varighed end OPKA og kan udføres i BSL-2-laboratorier, efter at en bestand af det inaktiverede patogen er produceret og overført.
Vi demonstrerer brugen af OAA til at undersøge den opsoniske funktion af antikapselantistoffer, der findes i sera af ikke-menneskelige primater (NHPs), der er vaccineret med en kapselkonjugat [dvs. PGGA fra B. anthracis konjugeret til det ydre membranproteinkompleks (OMPC) af Neisseria meningitides]20. Serum opsoniseret bacilli blev inkuberet med en vedhængende mus makrofag celle linje, RAW 264,7. Efter fiksering blev cellemonomeren og den vedhængende bacilli afbildet af fluorescensmikroskopi. Bakteriel vedhæftning steg, når bacilli blev inkuberet med serum fra NHP'er vaccineret med kapselkonjugat sammenlignet med kontrolserum20. Tilslutning korreleret med overlevelse af miltbrand udfordring20,21. Således karakteriserede brugen af OAA funktionen af anti-kapselantistoffer og lettede i høj grad test af vores vaccinekandidat.

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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;width:380px;">0.20 &#181;m syringe filter (25mm, regenerated cellulose)</td>
			<td style="width:483px;">Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td style="width:267px;">431222</td>
			<td style="width:391px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">10 mL syringe (Luer-Lok tip)</td>
			<td>BD, Franklin Lakes, NJ</td>
			<td>302995</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">15&#181; 96 well black plates (plate #1 for imaging)</td>
			<td>In Vitro Scientific, Sunnyvale, CA</td>
			<td>P96-1-N</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">16% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science, Hatfield, PA</td>
			<td>15710</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">75 cm sq. tissue culture treated flask</td>
			<td>Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td>430641</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Agar (powder)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>A1296</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Baby Rabbit Complement</td>
			<td>Cedarlane Labs, Burlington, NC</td>
			<td>CL3441</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
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			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Bacto Yeast Extract</td>
			<td>BD, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td>288620</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">BBL Brain Heart Infusion (BHI)</td>
			<td>BD, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td>211059</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Blood Agar (TSA with Sheep Blood) plates</td>
			<td>Remel, Lenexa, KS</td>
			<td>R01198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cell scraper</td>
			<td>Sarstedt, Newton, NC</td>
			<td>83.183</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Costar 96 well cell culture plates (plates #2 &#38; 3 for dilutions)</td>
			<td>Corning, Corning, NY</td>
			<td>3596</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Cover glass</td>
			<td>Electron Microscopy Science, Hatfield, PA</td>
			<td>72200-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Difco Nutrient Broth</td>
			<td>BD, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td>234000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Dulbecco&#39;s Modified Eagle Medium (DMEM), high glucose</td>
			<td>Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>11965-092</td>
			<td>contains 4500 mg/L glucose, 4 mM L-glutamine, Phenol Red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">EVOS FL Auto Cell Imaging System (fluorescence microscope)</td>
			<td>Life Technologies, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>AMAFD1000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Hyclone, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, South Logan, UT</td>
			<td>SH30071.03</td>
			<td>not gamma irradiated, not heat inactivated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Fluorescein isothiocyanate</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>F143</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">HCS Cell Mask Orange Cell Stain</td>
			<td>Invitrogen, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA</td>
			<td>H32713</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">hemocytometer (Improved Neubauer)</td>
			<td>Hausser Scientific, Horsham, PA</td>
			<td>3900</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">India Ink solution</td>
			<td>BD, Sparks, MD</td>
			<td>261194</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">L- glutamine (200 mM)</td>
			<td>Gibco, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham MA</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td>supplement medium with additional 2mM L-glutamine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Nikon Eclipse TE2000-U (inverted compound microscope)</td>
			<td>Nikon Instruments, Melville, NY</td>
			<td>TE2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">PBS without Calcium or Magnesium</td>
			<td>Lonza, Walkersville, MD</td>
			<td>17-516F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Penicillin-Streptomycin Solution, 100x</td>
			<td>Hyclone, GE Healthcare Life Sciences, South Logan, UT</td>
			<td>SV30010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">petri dishes (100 x 15 mm)</td>
			<td>Falcon, Corning, Durham, NC</td>
			<td>351029</td>
			<td>for agar plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">RAW 264.7 macrophage cell line (Tib47)</td>
			<td>ATCC, Manassas, VA</td>
			<td>ATCC TIB-71</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Slides</td>
			<td>VWR, Radnor, PA</td>
			<td>16004-422</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Sodium Bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>S5761</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Trypan Blue Solution (0.4%)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO</td>
			<td>T8154</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="20">
			<td height="20" style="height:20px;">Zeiss 700 Laser Scanning Microscopy (confocal microscope)</td>
			<td>Carl Zeiss Microimaging, Thornwood, NY</td>
			<td>4109001865956000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

opsono-adherence assay to evaluate functional antibodies in vaccine development against bacillus anthracis and other encapsulated pathogens

Den opsono-vedhængende analyse er en funktionel analyse, der opregner fastgørelse af bakterielle patogener til professionelle fagocytter. Fordi tilslutning er nødvendig for fagocytose og drab, analysen er en alternativ metode til opsono-fagocytiske drab assays. En fordel ved opsono-overholdelsesanalysen er muligheden for at bruge inaktiverede patogener og pattedyrscellelinjer, som muliggør standardisering på tværs af flere eksperimenter. Brugen af et inaktiveret patogen i analysen letter også arbejdet med biosikkerhedsniveau 3 infektiøse agenser og andre virulente patogener. I vores arbejde blev opsono-adherence assay brugt til at vurdere antistoffernes funktionelle evne, fra sera af dyr immuniseret med en miltbrand kapselbaseret vaccine, for at fremkalde overholdelse af fast Bacillus anthracis til en mus makrofagcellelinje, RAW 264.7. Automatiseret fluorescensmikroskopi blev brugt til at tage billeder af bacilli, der klæber til makrofager. Øget tilslutning blev korreleret med tilstedeværelsen af anti-kapsel antistoffer i serumet. Ikke-menneskelige primater, der udviste høje serum anti-kapsel antistof koncentrationer blev beskyttet mod miltbrand udfordring. Således kan opsono-vedhængende assay bruges til at belyse de biologiske funktioner antigen specifikke antistoffer i sera, til at evaluere effekten af vaccine kandidater og andre terapeutiske, og til at tjene som en mulig korrelere af immunitet.

Dette afsnit viser repræsentative mikrografer indsamlet under et OAA-forsøg sammen med resultater, der viser, at OAA kan bruges til at undersøge antistoffernes biologiske funktion. Her blev analysen med succes brugt til at evaluere effekten af en miltbrandvaccinekandidat. Det er afgørende at kontrollere tilstanden af indkapsling på bacilli så lidt at ingen indkapsling får dem til at overholde værtsceller, der producerer en høj baggrund. Figur 1 er et billede af B. anthracis...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens at JoVE.com

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Den opsono-tilslutning assay er en alternativ metode til opsono-fagocytiske drab analyse for at evaluere opsoniske funktioner antistoffer i vaccine udvikling.

Opsono-Adherence Assay at evaluere funktionelle antistoffer i vaccine udvikling mod Bacillus anthracis og andre indkapslede patogener

The opsono-adherence assay is a functional assay that enumerates the attachment of bacterial pathogens to professional phagocytes. Because adherence is ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Opsono-Adherence Assay to Evaluate Functional Antibodies in Vaccine Development Against Bacillus anthracis and Other Encapsulated Pathogens

Passive Administration of Monoclonal Antibodies Against H. capsulatum and Others Fungal Pathogens

Passive Administration of Monoclonal Antibodies Against H. capsulatum and Others Fungal Pathogens

The purpose of the use of this methodology is 1) to advance our capacity to protect individuals with antibody or vaccine for preventing or treating ...

Generation of Recombinant Arenavirus for Vaccine Development in FDA-Approved Vero Cells

Fremstilling af rekombinant arenavirus for Vaccine Development i FDA-godkendte Vero celler

The development and implementation of arenavirus reverse genetics represents a significant breakthrough in the arenavirus field  4. The use of cell-based ...

Using Click Chemistry to Measure the Effect of Viral Infection on Host-Cell RNA Synthesis

Brug Klik Chemistry at måle effekten af ​​Viral infektion på Host-celle RNA-syntese

Many RNA viruses have evolved the ability to inhibit host cell transcription as a means to circumvent cellular defenses. For the study of these viruses, ...

Cell-based Flow Cytometry Assay to Measure Cytotoxic Activity

Cell-baserede Flowcytometri Assay til måling cytotoksisk aktivitet

Cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells is rarely evaluated. We describe here a new cell-based assay to measure the capacity of antigen-specific CD8+ T cells ...

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

En High-throughput Kompatibel Assay at evaluere Drug Effekt mod makrofag passeres<em&gt; Mycobacterium tuberculosis</em

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to ...

Generation of Monoclonal Antibodies Against Natural Products

Generation af monoklonale antistoffer mod naturprodukter

The analysis of the bioactive components present in foods and natural products has become a popular area of study in many fields, including traditional ...

Opsonophagocytic Killing Assay to Assess Immunological Responses Against Bacterial Pathogens

Opsonophagocytic drab Assay at vurdere immunologiske reaktioner mod bakterielle patogener

A key aspect of the immune response to bacterial colonization of the host is phagocytosis. An opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPKA) is an experimental ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Ved hjælp af human induceret pluripotente stamceller-afledte tarm Organoider til at studere og ændre epitelial cellebeskyttelse mod salmonella og andre patogener

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from ...

In Vitro ELISA Test to Evaluate Rabies Vaccine Potency

In Vitro ELISA test til vurdering af rabiesvaccine potens

The growing global concern for the animal welfare is encouraging manufacturers and the National Control Laboratories (OMCLs) to follow the 3Rs strategy ...

Use of an Influenza Antigen Microarray to Measure the Breadth of Serum Antibodies Across Virus Subtypes

Anvendelse af et influenza antigen-Mikroarray til måling af bredden af serum antistoffer på tværs af virus undertyper

The influenza virus remains a significant cause of mortality worldwide due to the limited effectiveness of currently available vaccines. A key challenge ...