Name: combined infusion and stimulation with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (cis-fscv) to assess ventral tegmental area receptor regulation of phasic dopamine
Uploaded: 2020-04-23T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined Infusion and Stimulation with Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry CIS-FSCV to Assess Ventral Tegmental Area Receptor Regulation of Phasic Dopamine at JoVE.c

Arbejdet blev støttet af Elizabethtown College (R.J.W, M.L., og L.M.), af en NSF Graduate Fellowship (RJW) og af Yale School of Medicine (NC).

Alle forsøg blev udført i henhold til National Institutes of Health (NIH) Guide for Care and Use of Laboratory Animals og blev godkendt af både Elizabethtown College og Yale University Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC). Denne protokol er specifik for bedøvet rotte forberedelse af at udnytte CIS-FSCV.
1. Presurgiske præparater
<ol><li>Forberedelse af elektrodeopløsning<ol>
<li>For at gøre elektrode backfill opløsning, forberede en opløsning af 4 M kaliumacetat med 1...

<ol>
	<li>Grace, A. A., Bunney, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+control+of+firing+pattern+in+nigral+dopamine+neurons:+burst+firing.">The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: burst firing.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 4 (11), 2877-2890 (1984).</li><li>Lester, D. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Midbrain+acetylcholine+and+glutamate+receptors+modulate+accumbal+dopamine+release.">Midbrain acetylcholine and glutamate receptors modulate accumbal dopamine release.</a> Neuroreport. 19 (9), 991-995 (2008).</li><li>Lodge, D. J., Grace, A. 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Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Expression+of+functional+cannabinoid+CB2+receptor+in+VTA+dopamine+neurons+in+rats.">Expression of functional cannabinoid CB2 receptor in VTA dopamine neurons in rats.</a> Addiction Biology. 22 (3), 752-765 (2017).</li><li>Wickham, R. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+studying+phasic+dopamine+signaling+in+brain+reward+mechanisms.">Advances in studying phasic dopamine signaling in brain reward mechanisms.</a> Frontiers in Bioscience. 5, 982-999 (2013).</li><li>Wightman, R. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Monitoring+of+transmitter+metabolites+by+voltammetry+in+cerebrospinal+fluid+following+neural+pathway+stimulation.">Monitoring of transmitter metabolites by voltammetry in cerebrospinal fluid following neural pathway stimulation.</a> Nature. 262 (5564), 145-146 (1976).</li><li>Grace, A. A., Bunney, B. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+control+of+firing+pattern+in+nigral+dopamine+neurons:+single+spike+firing.">The control of firing pattern in nigral dopamine neurons: single spike firing.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 4 (11), 2866-2876 (1984).</li><li>Mameli-Engvall, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hierarchical+control+of+dopamine+neuron-firing+patterns+by+nicotinic+receptors.">Hierarchical control of dopamine neuron-firing patterns by nicotinic receptors.</a> Neuron. 50 (6), 911-921 (2006).</li><li>Wickham, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventral+tegmental+area+alpha6beta2+nicotinic+acetylcholine+receptors+modulate+phasic+dopamine+release+in+the+nucleus+accumbens+core.">Ventral tegmental area alpha6beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors modulate phasic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens core.</a> Psychopharmacology. 229 (1), 73-82 (2013).</li><li>Solecki, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+role+of+ventral+tegmental+area+acetylcholine+and+N-methyl-D-aspartate+receptors+in+cocaine-seeking.">Differential role of ventral tegmental area acetylcholine and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in cocaine-seeking.</a> Neuropharmacology. 75, 9-18 (2013).</li><li>John, C. E., Jones, S. R., Michael, A. C., Borland, L. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast+Scan+Cyclic+Voltammetry+of+Dopamine+and+Serotonin+in+Mouse+Brain+Slices.">Fast Scan Cyclic Voltammetry of Dopamine and Serotonin in Mouse Brain Slices.</a> Electrochemical Methods for Neuroscience. , (2007).</li><li>Rice, M. E., Cragg, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nicotine+amplifies+reward-related+dopamine+signals+in+striatum.">Nicotine amplifies reward-related dopamine signals in striatum.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 7 (6), 583-584 (2004).</li><li>Espana, R. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hypocretin+1/orexin+A+in+the+ventral+tegmental+area+enhances+dopamine+responses+to+cocaine+and+promotes+cocaine+self-administration.">Hypocretin 1/orexin A in the ventral tegmental area enhances dopamine responses to cocaine and promotes cocaine self-administration.</a> Psychopharmacology. 214 (2), 415-426 (2011).</li><li>Addy, N. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+L-type+calcium+channel+blocker,+isradipine,+attenuates+cue-induced+cocaine-seeking+by+enhancing+dopaminergic+activity+in+the+ventral+tegmental+area+to+nucleus+accumbens+pathway.">The L-type calcium channel blocker, isradipine, attenuates cue-induced cocaine-seeking by enhancing dopaminergic activity in the ventral tegmental area to nucleus accumbens pathway.</a> Neuropsychopharmacology. 43 (12), 2361-2372 (2018).</li><li>Hermans, A., Wightman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conical+tungsten+tips+as+substrates+for+the+preparation+of+ultramicroelectrodes.">Conical tungsten tips as substrates for the preparation of ultramicroelectrodes.</a> Langmuir. 22 (25), 10348-10353 (2006).</li><li>Borland, L. M., Michael, A. C., Borland, L. M., Michael, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Introduction+to+Electrochemical+Methods+in+Neuroscience.">An Introduction to Electrochemical Methods in Neuroscience.</a> Electrochemical Methods for Neuroscience. , (2007).</li><li>Mundroff, M. L., Wightman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Amperometry+and+cyclic+voltammetry+with+carbon+fiber+microelectrodes+at+single+cells.">Amperometry and cyclic voltammetry with carbon fiber microelectrodes at single cells.</a> Current Protocols in Neuroscience. 6 (6), 14 (2002).</li><li>Rodeberg, N. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hitchhiker's+Guide+to+Voltammetry:+Acute+and+Chronic+Electrodes+for+in+vivo+Fast-Scan+Cyclic+Voltammetry.">Hitchhiker's Guide to Voltammetry: Acute and Chronic Electrodes for in vivo Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry.</a> ACS Chemical Neuroscience. 8 (2), 221-234 (2017).</li><li>Sabeti, J., Gerhardt, G. A., Zahniser, N. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chloral+hydrate+and+ethanol,+but+not+urethane,+alter+the+clearance+of+exogenous+dopamine+recorded+by+chronoamperometry+in+striatum+of+unrestrained+rats.">Chloral hydrate and ethanol, but not urethane, alter the clearance of exogenous dopamine recorded by chronoamperometry in striatum of unrestrained rats.</a> Neuroscience Letters. 343 (1), 9-12 (2003).</li><li>Masuzawa, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pentobarbital+inhibits+ketamine-induced+dopamine+release+in+the+rat+nucleus+accumbens:+a+microdialysis+study.">Pentobarbital inhibits ketamine-induced dopamine release in the rat nucleus accumbens: a microdialysis study.</a> Anesthesia &amp; Analgesia. 96 (1), 148-152 (2003).</li><li>Montague, P. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+gain+control+of+dopamine+delivery+in+freely+moving+animals.">Dynamic gain control of dopamine delivery in freely moving animals.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 24 (7), 1754-1759 (2004).</li><li>Keithley, R. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Higher+sensitivity+dopamine+measurements+with+faster-scan+cyclic+voltammetry.">Higher sensitivity dopamine measurements with faster-scan cyclic voltammetry.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 83 (9), 3563-3571 (2011).</li><li>Jackson, B. P., Dietz, S. M., Wightman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fast-scan+cyclic+voltammetry+of+5-hydroxytryptamine.">Fast-scan cyclic voltammetry of 5-hydroxytryptamine.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 67 (6), 1115-1120 (1995).</li><li>Park, J., Takmakov, P., Wightman, R. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vivo+comparison+of+norepinephrine+and+dopamine+release+in+rat+brain+by+simultaneous+measurements+with+fast-scan+cyclic+voltammetry.">In vivo comparison of norepinephrine and dopamine release in rat brain by simultaneous measurements with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. 119 (5), 932-944 (2011).</li><li>Wenzel, J. 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R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetic+versus+electrical+stimulation+of+dopamine+terminals+in+the+nucleus+accumbens+reveals+local+modulation+of+presynaptic+release.">Optogenetic versus electrical stimulation of dopamine terminals in the nucleus accumbens reveals local modulation of presynaptic release.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. 134 (5), 833-844 (2015).</li><li>Sun, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Genetically+Encoded+Fluorescent+Sensor+Enables+Rapid+and+Specific+Detection+of+Dopamine+in+Flies,+Fish,+and+Mice.">A Genetically Encoded Fluorescent Sensor Enables Rapid and Specific Detection of Dopamine in Flies, Fish, and Mice.</a> Cell. 174 (2), 481-496 (2018).</li><li>Robinson, D. 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CIS-FSCV giver en unik mulighed for at undersøge VTA receptor mekanismer underliggende phasic DA frigivelse. Der er to kritiske trin for at sikre en korrekt optagelse. For det første skal der opnås en stabil baseline-optagelse med lidt drift i det fremkaldte DA-signal. En vigtig måde at øge sandsynligheden for at etablere en stabil optagelse er at sikre, at elektroden har haft masser af tid til at cykle på både 60 Hz og 10 Hz (typisk 15 min ved 60 Hz og 10 min ved 10 Hz). Som kulfiber bliver cyklet, kulfiber selv ...

Phasic dopamin (DA) frigivelse fra ventral tegmental område (VTA) til kernen accumbens (NAc) spiller en afgørende rolle i belønning-relaterede adfærd. VTA DA neuroner skifte fra en tonic-lignende fyring (3-8 Hz) til en burst-lignende fyring (>14 Hz)1, som producerer phasic DA frigivelse i NAc. VTA udtrykker en række somatodendritiske receptorer , der er godt positioneret til at styre skiftet fra tonic til burst-fyring2,3,4,5. Identificere, hvilke af disse receptorer, og deres respektive input, kontrol phasic DA frigivelse vil uddybe vores forståelse af, hvordan belønning-relaterede kredsløb er organiseret. Formålet med den metode, der er beskrevet her, kombineret infusion og stimulering med hurtigscanning cyklisk voltammetri (CIS-FSCV), er hurtigt og robust at vurdere funktionaliteten af VTA-receptorer i kørselsphasic DA-frigivelse.
Udtrykket kombineret infusion og stimulering (CIS) refererer til farmakologisk manipulerende receptorer på en gruppe neuroner (her VTA) og stimulere disse neuroner til at studere receptorens funktion. I bedøvelsesrotteren stimulerer vi elektrisk VTA'en til at fremkalde et stort fasisk DA-signal (1-2 μM) i NAc-kernen målt ved hurtigscanning af cyklisk voltammetri (FSCV). Infusioner af farmakologiske lægemidler (dvs. receptoragonister/antagonister) på stimuleringsstedet kan bruges til at måle funktionen af VTA-receptorer ved at observere den efterfølgende ændring i fremkaldte phasic DA-frigivelse. FSCV er en elektrokemisk tilgang, der har både høj rumlig (50-100 μm) og tidsmæssig (10 Hz) opløsning, og er velegnet til at måle belønningsrelaterede, phasic DA-hændelser6,7. Denne opløsning er finere end andre in vivo neurokemiske målinger, såsom mikrodialyse. Således er CIS-FSCV tilsammen velegnet til at vurdere VTA-receptorregulering af phasic dopaminfrigivelse.
En almindelig måde at undersøge VTA receptor funktion er ved hjælp af en kombination af elektrofysiologiske tilgange, der omhandler, hvordan disse receptorer ændre fyring sats af neuroner1,8. Disse undersøgelser er meget værdifulde i at forstå, hvilke receptorer der er involveret i at køre DA fyring ved aktivering. Men, disse undersøgelser kan kun foreslå, hvad der kan ske nedstrøms på axon terminal (dvs. frigivelse af en neurotransmitter). CIS-FSCV bygger på disse elektrofysiologiske undersøgelser ved at besvare, hvordan produktionen af VTA burst-fyring, phasic DA frigivelse, er reguleret af receptorer placeret på VTA dendritter og celle organer. Cis-FSCV er således velegnet til at bygge videre på disse elektrofysiologistudier. Som et eksempel kan nicotinisk receptoraktivering fremkalde burst-firing i VTA9, og CIS-FSCV i den bedøvede rotte blev brugt til at vise, at nicotinisk acetylcholin receptor (nAChR) aktivering i VTA også styrer phasic DA-frigivelsen i NAc10,11.
Mekanistisk undersøgelse af phasic DA regulering er også almindeligt undersøgt ved hjælp af skive præparater sammen med bad anvendelse af narkotika. Disse undersøgelser fokuserer ofte på den præsynaptiske regulering af phasic DA frigivelse fra dopamin terminaler, som cellelegemer er ofte fjernet fra skiven12. Disse præparater er værdifulde til at studere præsynaptiske receptoreffekter på dopaminterminaler, mens CIS-FSCV er bedre egnet til at studere somatodendritiske receptoreffekter på dopaminneuroner samt præsynaptiske input til VTA. Denne sondring er vigtig, fordi somatodendritisk receptor aktivering i VTA kan have en anden effekt end NAc præsynaptisk receptor aktivering. Faktisk, blokering dopaminergic presynaptic nAChRs i NAc kan forhøjephasic dopamin frigivelse under burst-fyring13, mens det modsatte er tilfældet på VTA somatodendritc nAChRs10,11.
CIS-FSCV er en ideel tilgang til at studere VTA-receptorers evne til at regulere phasic DA-frigivelse. Det er vigtigt, at denne tilgang kan udføres i en intakt rotte, enten bedøvet eller fri bevægelse. Denne tilgang er velegnet til akutte undersøgelser, at studere receptor funktion i sin baseline tilstand10,14 samt langsigtede undersøgelser, der kan vurdere funktionelle ændringer i en receptor efter eksponering af narkotika eller adfærdsmanipulation11,15.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode Filling Solution/Supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micropipette</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>MF286-5 (28 gauge)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>236497-100G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium Chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>P3911-25G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode Supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon fiber</td>
			<td>Thornel</td>
			<td>T650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode puller</td>
			<td>Narishige International</td>
			<td>PE-22</td>
			<td>Note: horizontal pullers can be used as well</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass capillary</td>
			<td>A-M systems</td>
			<td>626000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulated wires for electrodes</td>
			<td>Weico Wire and Cable Incorporated</td>
			<td>UL 1423</td>
			<td>Length; 10 cm; diameter,0.4mm; must get custom made; insulated material should cover 5 cm of the wire</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Light Microscope (for viewing and cutting electrode)</td>
			<td>Fischer Scientific</td>
			<td>M3700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pin</td>
			<td>Phoenix Enterprises</td>
			<td>HWS1646</td>
			<td>To be soldered onto the insuled electrode wire and reference electrode; connects to headstage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Putty</td>
			<td>Alcolin</td>
			<td><a target="_blank" href="https://www.dickblick.com/items/23922-1003/">23922-1003</a></td>
			<td>Used to place electrode on while cutting the carbon fiber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpal Blade</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>500239</td>
			<td>For cutting carbon fiber to the apprpriate length</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver Wire</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>327026-4G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FSCV Hardware/Software</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Faraday Cage</td>
			<td>U-Line</td>
			<td>H-3618 (36&#34; x 24&#34; x 42&#34;)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potentiostat</td>
			<td>Univ. of N. Carolina, Electronics Facility</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulating electrode</td>
			<td>PlasticsOne</td>
			<td>MS303/2-A/SPC</td>
			<td>when ordering, request a 22 mm cut below pedestal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TarHeel HDCV Software</td>
			<td>University of North Carolina-Chapel Hill</td>
			<td>-</td>
			<td><a href="https://chem.unc.edu/critcl-main/criticl-electronics/criticl-electronics-hardware/" target="_blank">https://chem.unc.edu/critcl-main/criticl-electronics/criticl-electronics-hardware/</a> for ordering information</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UEI breakout box</td>
			<td>Univ. of N. Carolina, Electronics Facility</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="https://chem.unc.edu/critcl-main/criticl-electronics/criticl-electronics-hardware/" target="_blank">https://chem.unc.edu/critcl-main/criticl-electronics/criticl-electronics-hardware/</a> for ordering information</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UEI power supply</td>
			<td>Univ. of N. Carolina, Electronics Facility</td>
			<td></td>
			<td><a href="https://chem.unc.edu/critcl-main/criticl-electronics/criticl-electronics-hardware/" target="_blank">https://chem.unc.edu/critcl-main/criticl-electronics/criticl-electronics-hardware/</a> for ordering information</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulator Hardware</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurolog stimulus isolator</td>
			<td>Digitimer Ltd.</td>
			<td>DS4</td>
			<td>Neurolog 800A</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infusion/Stimulation Supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Infusion Pump</td>
			<td>New Era Syringe Pump</td>
			<td>NE-300</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Internal Cannula</td>
			<td>PlasticsOne</td>
			<td>C315I/SPC INTERNAL 33GA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microliter Syringe</td>
			<td>Hamilton</td>
			<td>80308</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tubing</td>
			<td>PlasticsOne</td>
			<td>C313CT/ PKG TUBING 023 X 050 PE50</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical Supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cannula Holder</td>
			<td>Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td>1776 P-1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton Tip Applicators</td>
			<td>Vitality Medical</td>
			<td>806</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrode Holder</td>
			<td>Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td>1770</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heating Pad</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>RT-0501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone Iodine</td>
			<td>Vitality Medical</td>
			<td>29906-004</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Screws</td>
			<td>Stoelting</td>
			<td>Bone Anchor Screws/Pkg.of 100</td>
			<td>1.59 mm O.D., 3.2 mm long</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silver wire reference with AgCl</td>
			<td>InVivo Metric</td>
			<td>E255A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Square Gauze</td>
			<td>Vitality Medical</td>
			<td>441408</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotax</td>
			<td>Kopf Instruments</td>
			<td>Model 902 (Dual Arm Bar)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Histological Supplies</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Formulin</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>1004960700</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Power supply</td>
			<td>BK Precision</td>
			<td>9110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>80497</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tungsten microelectrode</td>
			<td>MicroProbes</td>
			<td>WE30030.5A3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drugs for infusions</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>((2R)-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>A5282</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-methyl-D-aspartate</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M3262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mecamylamine hydrochloride (M9020-5mg)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>M9020</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scopolamine hydrobromide (S0929-1g)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0929</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combined infusion and stimulation with fast-scan cyclic voltammetry (cis-fscv) to assess ventral tegmental area receptor regulation of phasic dopamine

Phasic dopamin (DA) frigivelse fra ventral tegmental område (VTA) til kernen accumbens spiller en afgørende rolle i belønning behandling og forstærkning læring. Forståelse af, hvordan de forskellige neuronale input i VTA kontrol phasic DA frigivelse kan give et bedre billede af kredsløb, der styrer belønning behandling og forstærkning læring. Her beskriver vi en metode, der kombinerer intra-VTA kanyle infusioner af farmakologiske agonister og antagonister med stimulation-fremkaldte phasic DA frigivelse (kombineret infusion og stimulation, eller CIS) målt ved in vivo hurtigscanning cyklisk voltammetry (FSCV). Ved hjælp af CIS-FSCV i bedøvede rotter kan et phasic DA-respons fremkaldes ved elektrisk at stimulere VTA med en bipolar elektrode udstyret med en kanyle, mens der registreres i kernen accumbens kerne. Farmakologiske agonister eller antagonister kan infunderes direkte på stimuleringsstedet for at undersøge specifikke VTA-receptorers roller i kørselsfasisk DA-udgivelse. En stor fordel ved CIS-FSCV er, at VTA receptor funktion kan studeres in vivo, der bygger på in vitro undersøgelser.

CIS-FSCV blev brugt til at studere funktionen af VTA N-methyl-D-aspartatreceptorer (NMDAR), nicotinske acetylcholinreceptorer (nAChRs) og muscariniske acetylcholinreceptorer (mAChRs) i kørsel af phasic DA-frigivelse i NAc-kernen. Figur 2 viser repræsentative data for en negativ kontrol, infusion af 0,9% saltvand, før (baseline) og 9 min postinfusion (saltvand). Figur 2 viser et farveplot med potentiale på y-aksen, tiden på x...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined Infusion and Stimulation with Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry CIS-FSCV to Assess Ventral Tegmental Area Receptor Regulation of Phasic Dopamine at JoVE.c

Combined Infusion and Stimulation with Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry CIS-FSCV to Assess Ventral Tegmental Area Receptor Regulation of Phasic Dopamine

Målet med denne protokol er at direkte manipulere ventral tegmental område receptorer til at studere deres bidrag til subsekund dopamin frigivelse.

Kombineret infusion og stimulering med hurtigscanning cyklisk voltammetri (CIS-FSCV) til vurdering af ventral tegmental område receptor regulering af Phasic dopamin

Phasic dopamine (DA) release from the ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the nucleus accumbens plays a pivotal role in reward processing and reinforcement ...

This approach can help elucidate the role of specific ventral tegmental area, somatodendritic receptors and phasic dopamine release in the nucleus accumbens. The main advantage of this approach is that questions about receptor function control over phasic dopamine release can be addressed in the intact brain. Optimizing the carbon fiber microelectrode and bipolar stimulator location can be challenging, and some advice for beginners is starting recording in the dorsal striatum.Due to the use and manipulation of multiple types of electrodes, including recording, reference, and stimulating electrodes, a visual guide of when and where these electrodes are implanted will be useful. After confirming a lack of response to pedal reflex, clean the scalp of an anesthetized rat with three sequential iodopovidone and 70%ethanol scrubs. After the last scrub, use sterilized needle nose tweezers and surgical scissors to cut away enough scalp tissue to make room for the implanted electrodes.Gently clean the exposed skull surface with sterilized cotton tip applicators before applying two to three drops of 3%hydrogen peroxide to help identify lambda and bregma. Next, use a one millimeter drill bit set to approximately 20, 000 revolutions per minute to make a 1.5 millimeter diameter hole, 2.5 millimeters anterior and 3.5 millimeters lateral to the bregma. Implant a 1.59 millimeter outer diameter, 3.2 millimeter long screw about halfway into the hole until the screw is firmly in place.Next, drill a one millimeter diameter reference electrode hole in the left hemisphere, 1.5 millimeters anterior, and 3.5 millimeters lateral to the bregma. Insert approximately two millimeters of reference wire into the hole while wrapping the wire around and under the head of the implanted screw. Then fully implant the screw, pinning the reference electrode in place.In the right hemisphere, drill a 1.5 millimeter diameter hole, 1.2 millimeters anterior, and 1.4 millimeters lateral to the bregma, and use tweezers to carefully remove the dura. For the stimulating electrode, drill a square hole two millimeters anterior-posterior and five millimeters medial-lateral centered at 5.2 millimeters posterior and one millimeter lateral to the bregma. Using stereotactic arm bars, lower the bipolar stimulating electrode guide cannula five millimeters below the dura.Using the stereotactic arm bars, lower the carbon fiber microelectrode four millimeters below the dura at the most dorsal portion of the striatum and connect the reference wire and carbon fiber to a potentiostat. Then apply a minus 0.4 to 1.4 volt, 400 volt per second triangular waveform for 15 minutes at 60 Hertz, followed by a 10-minute stimulus at 10 Hertz. To optimize the stimulating electrode location, set the stimulator to produce a bipolar electrical waveform with a 60 Hertz frequency, 24 pulses, 300 microamp current, and two millisecond per phase pulse width.Gently lower the stimulator in 0.2 millimeter increments from 5 to 7.8 millimeters below the dura, stimulating the VTA at each increment. Continue to lower the bipolar-stimulating electrode guide cannula until a stimulation produces phasic dopamine release at the carbon fiber microelectrode within the dorsal striatum. Once a dopamine release has been observed, lower the carbon fiber microelectrode until it is at least six millimeters below the dura into the most dorsal part of the nucleus accumbens core.When the electrode is in position, stimulate the VTA and record the peak amplitude of the dopamine peak, then lower or raise the carbon fiber microelectrode to the site that produces the greatest dopamine release, making sure that the peak of the dopamine response is represented as a clear oxidation peak at 0.6 volts and a reduction peak at minus 0.2 volts. Once the carbon fiber and stimulating electrode guide cannula location has been optimized, stimulate the animal every three minutes for 20 to 30 minutes. After achieving a stable baseline, gently lower the internal cannula by hand into the guide cannula pre-fitted into the bipolar stimulator and obtain an additional two to three baseline recordings to confirm that the cannula insertion did not cause a change in the evoked signal.Once a baseline response has been established, use a syringe pump and a microsyringe to infuse 0.5 microliters of the drug solution of interest into the VTA over a two-minute period. After the infusion, leave the internal cannula in place for at least one minute prior to removal, continuing to record the response every three minutes to measure the post-infusion effects. As demonstrated in these representative color plots, saline infusion does not alter the stimulated phasic dopamine release.The infusion of NMDA produces a robust increase in stimulated phasic dopamine release, while the NMDA receptor competitive antagonist, AP5, produces a robust decrease. Both the non-competitive nicotinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist mecamylamine and the non-selective competitive muscarinic acetylcholine receptor antagonist scopolamine produce a robust decrease in the stimulated phasic dopamine release. In this graph, a summary of the effects of the tested drugs over time can be observed.The infusion cannula must be carefully inserted into the bipolar stimulating electrode. Otherwise, excessive damage can occur, leading to artifactual changes in phasic dopamine release. This approach has allowed investigators to more finely address the specific receptor mechanisms by which phasic dopamine release is regulated in vivo.

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combined Infusion and Stimulation with Fast-Scan Cyclic Voltammetry (CIS-FSCV) to Assess Ventral Tegmental Area Receptor Regulation of Phasic Dopamine

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Laser capture microdissection (LCM) is used to isolate a concentrated population of individual cells or precise anatomical regions of tissue from tissue ...

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Central dopaminergic (DAergic) pathways have an important role in a wide range of functions, such as attention, motivation, and movement. Dopamine (DA) is ...