Name: isolation of tonsillar mononuclear cells to study ex vivo innate immune responses in a human mucosal lymphoid tissue
Uploaded: 2020-06-14T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国家国防和保全会的支持。H） 用于实验和 N.B. 研究金（AAP 2017 166）。N.S. 感谢ANRS对奖学金（AAP 2016 1）、欧洲分子生物学组织EMBO奖学金（LT 834 2017）、乌尔姆大学医学院（LSBN.0147）和德国福森斯格梅施泰因施夫DFG（SM 544/1）的启动资助计划的支持。

标本不是专门为研究目的收集的，研究不被视为侵入性。然而，人类扁桃体收集需要当地有关当局的道德批准。就我们而言，它得到了个人保护委员会（IDRCB/EUDRACT：2018A0135847）的批准。此外，请每位患者或法律代表同意获得捐赠者的个人数据（例如性别、年龄、耳鼻喉科感染史），以帮助解释实验结果。
1. 处理人体扁桃体组织
<ol><li>将每个捐赠者的扁桃体放入一个无菌的50...

<ol>
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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+Histopathology+of+Mucosa-Associated+Lymphoid+Tissue.">Enhanced Histopathology of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue.</a> Toxicologic Pathology. 34 (5), 687 (2006).</li><li>Strioga, M. M., Dobrovolskiene, N. 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E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+specialised+structure+of+crypt+epithelium+in+the+human+palatine+tonsil+and+its+functional+significance.">The specialised structure of crypt epithelium in the human palatine tonsil and its functional significance.</a> Journal of Anatomy. 185, 111-127 (1994).</li><li>Cesta, M. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Normal+Structure,+Function,+and+Histology+of+Mucosa-Associated+Lymphoid+Tissue.">Normal Structure, Function, and Histology of Mucosa-Associated Lymphoid Tissue.</a> Toxicologic Pathology. 34 (5), 599-608 (2006).</li><li>Kaditis, A. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Obstructive+sleep+disordered+breathing+in+2-to+18-year-old+children:+diagnosis+and+management+TASK+FORCE+REPORT+ERS+STATEMENT.">Obstructive sleep disordered breathing in 2-to 18-year-old children: diagnosis and management TASK FORCE REPORT ERS STATEMENT.</a> European Respiratory Journal. 47, 69-94 (2016).</li><li>Herbeuval, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=HAART+reduces+death+ligand+but+not+death+receptors+in+lymphoid+tissue+of+HIV-infected+patients+and+simian+immunodeficiency+virus-infected+macaques.">HAART reduces death ligand but not death receptors in lymphoid tissue of HIV-infected patients and simian immunodeficiency virus-infected macaques.</a> AIDS. 23 (1), 35-40 (2009).</li><li>Herbeuval, J. P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+expression+of+IFN-alpha+and+TRAIL/DR5+in+lymphoid+tissue+of+progressor+versus+nonprogressor+HIV-1-infected+patients.">Differential expression of IFN-alpha and TRAIL/DR5 in lymphoid tissue of progressor versus nonprogressor HIV-1-infected patients.</a> Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (18), 7000-7005 (2006).</li><li>Smith, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Control+of+TLR7-mediated+type+I+IFN+signaling+in+pDCs+through+CXCR4+engagement-A+new+target+for+lupus+treatment.">Control of TLR7-mediated type I IFN signaling in pDCs through CXCR4 engagement-A new target for lupus treatment.</a> Science Advances. 5 (7), eaav9019 (2019).</li><li>Lucas-Hourani, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Inhibition+of+pyrimidine+biosynthesis+pathway+suppresses+viral+growth+through+innate+immunity.">Inhibition of pyrimidine biosynthesis pathway suppresses viral growth through innate immunity.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 9 (10), e1003678 (2013).</li><li>Kleiveland, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Peripheral+Blood+Mononuclear+Cells.">Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells.</a> The Impact of Food Bioactives on Health. , 161-167 (2015).</li><li>Ban, Y. L., Kong, B. H., Qu, X., Yang, Q. F., Ma, Y. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=BDCA-1+,+BDCA-2++and+BDCA-3++dendritic+cells+in+early+human+pregnancy+decidua.">BDCA-1+, BDCA-2+ and BDCA-3+ dendritic cells in early human pregnancy decidua.</a> Clinical and Experimental Immunology. 151 (3), 399-406 (2008).</li><li>Papaioannou, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Age-Dependent+Changes+in+the+Size+of+Adenotonsillar+Tissue+in+Childhood:+Implications+for+Sleep-Disordered+Breathing.">Age-Dependent Changes in the Size of Adenotonsillar Tissue in Childhood: Implications for Sleep-Disordered Breathing.</a> The Journal of Pediatrics. 162 (2), 269-274 (2013).</li></ol>

人类扁桃体代表一个综合和生理的外活体模型，用于研究粘膜界面的先天免疫反应，因为它们模仿了二次淋巴器官的作用。有趣的是，TPC的细胞组成与PBMC相似，包括所有主要细胞群，尽管它们的百分比与血液中的PBMC不同（图1）。也可以发现额外的种群，因为所有的免疫反应都是在组织（粘血或继发淋巴器官）中启动的，而不是血液中。
使用人体组织?...

由于可及性以及明显的伦理原因，对人体器官的研究受到限制。然而，它们对于完全理解人类生物学的复杂性至关重要。分离细胞（原发物系或细胞系）的培养物是细胞生物学研究中的标准系统，因为它们的可用性。虽然分离的细胞培养允许杰出的发现，但细胞系的使用却受到更密切的审查，因为它们在体内器官生物学中并不完全模仿。然而，三维细胞或组织外植的培养高度复杂44，5，6。5,6事实上，一块组织或器官是高度异质的，因为它的细胞组成因组织中的定位而异。因此，使用组织块需要分析许多技术和生物复制，导致需要大量捐赠者或患者。
粘膜相关的淋巴组织（MALT）在结构上与淋巴结相似，但具有独特的功能，因为它们的主要作用是调节粘膜免疫7。与淋巴结（通常位于与组织距离）不同，MALT通常位于粘膜组织上皮的正下方。从组织学上讲，它们主要由高浓度的B和T细胞组成，但也由抗原呈现细胞组成，如巨噬细胞和树突细胞。MALT约占人体淋巴组织的50%。MALT根据其位置细分为九组：GALT（古特-）、BALT（布朗丘斯-）、NALT（鼻腔）、CALT（结节）、LALT（喉部）、SALT（皮肤）、VALT（vulvo-）、O-MALT（组织）和D-MALT（扩散）。O-MALT主要由瓦尔德耶扁桃体环的扁桃体组成，是最容易接触的MALT88、9。9事实上，位于奥罗巴林的扁桃体是保护消化道和呼吸道免受（潜在）侵入性微生物侵害的主要屏障10。此外，扁桃体被细分层的鳞状非角质上皮覆盖，由含有血管、神经和淋巴的结缔组织胶囊支撑，便于进入免疫细胞11，12。11,此外，扁桃体切除术是切除扁桃体手术，是治疗睡眠障碍呼吸的儿童的常见手术，使扁桃体在生理环境中很容易获得组织13。
通西尔允许研究涉及粘膜免疫的病理学中的免疫细胞反应。事实上，在HIV感染中，由于扁桃体是由高浓度的免疫细胞组成的，它们是病毒复制的主要目标，但也产生大量的细胞因子，在循环中未检测到14，15。,15在稳定状态下，各种粘膜组织（包括扁桃体）中存在罕见的先天性细胞，但基本上不在血液中。
因此，吨位体单核细胞（TPC）是一个比PBPC更相关和复杂的模型，可以回答更深刻的问题。另一方面，组织外植物的使用可能很复杂，并不总是与先天免疫研究相关。因此，我们建立了一个模型来研究使用TCC16粘膜免疫活化。在这里，我们描述了一种将TCC与新鲜人类扁桃体有效隔离的方法。这种方法允许恢复大量的免疫细胞，同时保持其完整性，用于前活体研究。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10 meshes steel grid - 1910 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>198586</td>
			<td>To put in the cell strainer Cellector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 meshes steel grid - 230 &#181;m</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>198591</td>
			<td>To put in the cell strainer Cellector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70 &#181;m white ClearLine cell strainers</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>141379C</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anios Excell D detergent</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>59852</td>
			<td>Detergent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic solution, 100x</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15140122</td>
			<td>100 U/mL Penicilium and 100 &#956;g/mL Streptomycin - to add to culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BD FalconTM Round-Bottom Tubes, 5 mL</td>
			<td>BD Biosciences</td>
			<td>352063</td>
			<td>FACS Tubes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell strainer Cellector, 85 mL and 37 mm diameter</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>198585</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CellTiter-Glo (CTG) Luminescent Cell Viability Assay</td>
			<td>Promega</td>
			<td>G7572</td>
			<td>Viability assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge 5810 R</td>
			<td>Eppendorf</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Conical tubes Falcon 50 mL</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Curved tweezers</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>711200</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D2650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>D8537</td>
			<td>Without calcium and magnesium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>EnVision</td>
			<td>PerkinElmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Measures the luminescence</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS)</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>To add to culture media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence labeles antibodies</td>
			<td>See Table 1</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Pestle</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>198599</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hepes (1M)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15630056</td>
			<td>Use at 20 mM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LEGENDplex Human Anti-Virus Response Panel</td>
			<td>BioLegend</td>
			<td>740390</td>
			<td>Bead-based immunoassay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Lymphoprep</td>
			<td>StemCell</td>
			<td>7801</td>
			<td>Density gradient medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mr. Frosty container</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>5100-0001</td>
			<td>Slow freezing container</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pierce 16% Formaldehyde (w/v), Methanol-free</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>28908</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Resiquimod (R848)</td>
			<td>InvivoGen</td>
			<td>tlrl-r848</td>
			<td>TLR7/8 agonist</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI-1640 Medium</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>R8758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SPL Cell Culture Dish, 150 x 25 mm (SPL150)</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>330009</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical blade sterile N&#176;23</td>
			<td>Dutscher</td>
			<td>132523</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraComp eBeads Compensation Beads</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>01-2222-41</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>UltraPure 0.5M EDTA, pH 8.0</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15575020</td>
			<td>To make wash buffer in PBS</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

isolation of tonsillar mononuclear cells to study ex vivo innate immune responses in a human mucosal lymphoid tissue

研究粘膜相关淋巴组织（MALT）的分离细胞，可以理解涉及粘膜免疫的病理学中的免疫细胞反应，因为它们可以模拟组织中宿主-病原体相互作用。虽然从组织中提取的分离细胞是第一个细胞培养模型，但由于组织难以获得，它们的使用一直被忽视。在本协议中，我们解释了如何从健康的人类扁桃体中轻松处理和培养扁桃体单核细胞（TPC），以研究激活时的先天免疫反应，模仿粘膜组织中的病毒感染。TCC与扁桃体分离是快速的，因为扁桃体几乎没有任何上皮，并产生高达数十亿所有主要免疫细胞类型。该方法允许使用多种技术检测细胞因子的产生，包括免疫测定、qPCR、显微镜、流细胞测定等，类似于从血液中使用外周单核细胞（PBMC）。此外，TPC 对药物检测的敏感性高于 PBMC，未来毒性检测需要考虑这一点。因此，前维质TCC培养是一种简单易用的粘膜模型。

我们首先对培养中存在的细胞的免疫特征进行了特征分析，并分析了TCC的含量。我们用流细胞测定从扁桃体中输入TPC。如图1所示，血液中PBMC中存在的所有主要免疫细胞类型都代表扁桃体中的TPC。然而，在TPC中，除B细胞外，所有细胞类型的频率都低于PBMC。
<img alt="Figure 1" class="xfigimg" src="/files/ftp_upload/60914...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue at JoVE.com

Isolation of Tonsillar Mononuclear Cells to Study Ex Vivo Innate Immune Responses in a Human Mucosal Lymphoid Tissue

在本协议中，我们解释了如何轻松地处理和培养来自健康人类的扁桃体单核细胞，从接受部分手术扁桃体切除术，以研究激活时的先天免疫反应，模仿粘膜组织中的病毒感染。

单核细胞分离研究人类粘膜淋巴组织中先天免疫反应

Studying isolated cells from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues (MALT) allows understanding of immune cells response in pathologies involving mucosal ...

通西拉单核细胞比血细胞更相关、更复杂，它们的分离使得研究涉及粘膜免疫的病理中的免疫细胞反应。我们建立的技术允许从粘膜组织中恢复大量的免疫细胞，同时保持其完整性进行外活研究。这种方法非常简单，但扁桃体需要迅速和小心处理，以最大限度地提高产量。如手稿文本所述，将人类扁桃体组织运送到实验室。接下来，将细胞过滤器放在150由25毫米培养皿上。将所有解剖仪器放在另一盘中，以保持无菌。应谨慎处理您的所有主要标本，因为它们以前没有资格，可能含有传染性病原体。然后将 PBS 从小瓶倒入过滤器中，因为它将包含一些出口扁桃体的细胞。使用无菌钳子，使用无菌钳子将扁桃体从小瓶转移到培养皿中。如有必要，添加更多 PBS 以浸入网格。解剖需要大约45分钟每扁桃体。在此期间，扁桃体必须被淹没，以确保良好的生存能力和细胞产量。使用钳子和手术刀去除烧灼的血和肌瘤组织。使用手术刀和弯曲的钳子，将组织切成直径小于半厘米的小碎片。切割所有组织，使小块可以在任何时候浸泡。将几块组织放在细胞过滤器中。用玻璃刺把它们刮到网格上，直到只剩下一层非常薄的白色频闪。拆下并丢弃频闪，以避免堵塞网格。然后使用 10 毫升移液器将电池悬浮液转移到栅格上，最后刮擦它。接下来，使用10毫升移液器将细胞悬浮液转移到无菌小瓶中。用 PBS 清洗网格和细胞过滤器一次，然后将 PBS 也转移到小瓶。在继续之前，让电池悬浮液在室温下在长凳上休息五分钟。将无菌的 70 微米筛放在新的 50 毫升小瓶上。用 10 毫升移液器轻轻将电池悬浮液转移到筛子上。如果筛子堵塞，使用无菌的一毫升移液器尖端的背面刮过筛子的细胞。必要时经常更换筛子。在4摄氏度下以250倍g离心细胞，10分钟。离心后，丢弃上经剂。轻轻敲击小瓶，然后用35毫升PBS重新悬浮细胞，重新悬浮颗粒。要完成细胞分离的第一阶段，将新的70微米筛放在新小瓶的顶部，然后用10毫升移液器将细胞悬浮液转移到它上面。为了获得更清晰的细胞溶液，首先将15毫升的密度梯度介质添加到新的50毫升小瓶中。将 TMC 溶液倒在密度梯度介质上，小心尽量减少混合。接下来，在室温下以 1000 倍 g 离心溶液，在加速和制动关闭时将溶液离心 30 分钟。从离心机取出小瓶后，使用 10 毫升移液器拆下并丢弃上层。请勿干扰 TMC 和密度梯度介质之间的接口。然后用无菌的一毫升移液器尖端取出 TMC，并将其转移到新的 50 毫升小瓶中。要清洗细胞，首先加入50毫升PBS，含有2%的胎儿牛血清和2毫升EDTA。然后在4摄氏度下以250倍g离心管，10分钟。再次清洗细胞，但这次在400倍g下将管子离心，在4摄氏度下10分钟。通过补充RPMI 1640与10%的热灭活FBS、2毫摩尔L-谷氨酰胺和抗生素溶液，准备R10培养基。在 R10 的 10 毫升中重新挂起 TMC。然后计算单元格。细胞可以立即使用或冷冻供将来使用，如手稿中所述。TMC被染色，用抗体孵育，并描述使用流细胞学。TMC包含血液中的周围单核细胞中存在的所有主要免疫细胞类型，简称PMBC。然而，除B细胞外，所有细胞类型的频率在TMC中的频率都低于PBMC。为了研究细胞因子生产中的细胞活化，TMC在一夜之间被安魂曲R848刺激。TMC 以蓝色绘制，生产了除 IFN Lambda 2/3 和 IL-8 之外的所有细胞因子，尽管产量低于 PBMC，以绿色绘制。将 R848 刺激与无刺激进行比较的折叠增加以红色表示。纯化和隔离的TMC、蓝色和扁桃体组织集团，橙色，被刺激24小时与甲型流感病毒，IAV。IFN生产在TMC中检测到，但在组织组的上半时性检测表明组织外植不是研究细胞因子分泌和细胞活化的最佳模型。在与有毒药物C1进行预孵化和用R848刺激后，对TMC和PBMC进行可行性检测。TMC 对 C1 更敏感。这表明，未来治疗中的新药应该在组织细胞中进行测试，而不只是在细胞系、PBMC或组织外植上。此过程允许我们使用像全血的 PBMC 一样的 TMC，并执行相同的细胞实验，如特定细胞类型的纯化、细胞培养、流式细胞学或冷冻。TMC的分离使得在相关模型中更好地描述涉及粘膜免疫的病理学中继发淋巴器官的免疫反应成为可能。

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Seven Steps to Stellate Cells

星状细胞的七个步骤

Hepatic stellate cells are liver-resident  cells of star-like morphology and are located in the space of Disse between  liver sinusoidal endothelial cells ...

科研

免疫与感染

Isolation of Adipose Tissue Immune Cells

脂肪组织免疫细胞的分离

The discovery of increased macrophage infiltration in  the adipose tissue (AT) of obese rodents and humans has led to an  intensification of interest in ...

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

An In vitro Model to Study Immune Responses of Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells to Human Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infection

Human respiratory syncytial  virus (HRSV) infections present a broad spectrum of disease severity, ranging  from mild infections to life-threatening ...

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

Assessing the Innate Sensing of HIV-1 Infected CD4+ T Cells by Plasmacytoid Dendritic Cells Using an Ex vivo Co-culture System.

评估的HIV-1感染的CD4的先天传感<sup&gt; +</sup&gt;性T细胞浆细胞样树突细胞使用<em&gt;体外</em&gt;共培养体系。

HIV-1 innate sensing requires direct contact of infected CD4+ T cells with plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs). In order to study this process, the ...

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

Noninvasive Sampling of Mucosal Lining Fluid for the Quantification of In Vivo Upper Airway Immune-mediator Levels

黏膜衬里流体为体内上呼吸道免疫介质水平量化的无创性取样

This protocol describes noninvasive sampling of undisturbed upper airway mucosal lining fluid. It also details the extraction procedure used prior to the ...

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

Isolation of Salmonella typhimurium-containing Phagosomes from Macrophages

巨噬细胞中含有吞噬的鼠伤寒沙门氏菌的分离

Salmonella typhimurium is a facultative intracellular bacterium that causes gastroenteritis in humans. After invasion of the lamina propria, S. ...

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

Ex Vivo Infection of Human Lymphoid Tissue and Female Genital Mucosa with Human Immunodeficiency Virus 1 and Histoculture

体内人淋巴组织和女性生殖器粘膜与人体免疫机能丧失病毒1和 Histoculture 的感染

Histocultures allow studying intercellular interactions within human tissues, and they can be employed to model host-pathogen interactions under ...

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

A Suction Blister Protocol to Study Human T-cell Recall Responses In Vivo

一种研究人体 T 细胞召回反应的吸水泡协议

Cutaneous antigen-recall models allow for studies of human memory responses in vivo. When combined with skin suction blister (SB) induction, this model ...

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses

A Galleria mellonella Oral Administration Model to Study Commensal-Induced Innate Immune Responses

一种研究食细胞诱导免疫应答的 mellonella 口服液模型

The investigation of the immunogenic potential of commensal bacteria on the host immune system is one essential component when studying intestinal ...

An Ex vivo Assay to Study Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis in the Gastrointestinal Tract

An Ex vivo Assay to Study Candida albicans Hyphal Morphogenesis in the Gastrointestinal Tract

前体内分析研究胃 肠道的 念珠菌血脂磷

Candida albicans hyphal morphogenesis in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract is tightly controlled by various environmental signals, and plays an important ...