Name: an image guided transapical mitral valve leaflet puncture model of controlled volume overload from mitral regurgitation in the rat
Uploaded: 2020-05-19T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat at JoVE.com

这项工作由美国心脏协会向D提供19PRE34380625和14SDG20380081资助。 科科兰和M.帕达拉分别从国家卫生研究院向M.帕达拉提供HL135145、HL133667和HL140325，以及埃默里大学医院中城凯雷弗雷泽心脏中心向M.帕达拉提供的基础设施资金。

Emory 大学动物护理和使用计划根据协议号 EM63Rr（批准日期 06/06/2017）批准了程序。
1. 手术前准备
<ol><li>蒸汽消毒手术前手术器械。</li>
	<li>在手术当天，将大鼠从外壳转移到手术室，并称重。</li>
	<li>根据重量提取术前和术后药物：两剂卡普罗芬（每剂2.5毫克/千克），一剂金塔霉素（6毫克/千克）和一剂丁丙诺啡（0.02毫克/千克）。</li>
	<li>确保气体混合器中有足够的西露拉?...

<ol>
	<li>Nkomo, V. T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Burden+of+valvular+heart+diseases:+a+population-based+study.">Burden of valvular heart diseases: a population-based study.</a> Lancet. 368 (9540), 1005-1011 (2006).</li><li>Zamorano, J. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+and+Severity+of+Mitral+Regurgitation:+Are+There+any+Differences+Between+Primary+and+Secondary+Mitral+Regurgitation?.">Mechanism and Severity of Mitral Regurgitation: Are There any Differences Between Primary and Secondary Mitral Regurgitation?.</a> The Journal of Heart Valve Disease. 25 (6), 724-729 (2016).</li><li>Grossman, W., Jones, D., McLaurin, L. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Wall+stress+and+patterns+of+hypertrophy+in+the+human+left+ventricle.">Wall stress and patterns of hypertrophy in the human left ventricle.</a> Journal of Clinical Investigation. 56 (1), 56-64 (1975).</li><li>Carabello, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Concentric+versus+eccentric+remodeling.">Concentric versus eccentric remodeling.</a> Journal of Cardiac Failure. 8 (6), S258-S263 (2002).</li><li>Braunwald, E., Welch, G. H., Sarnoff, S. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemodynamic+effects+of+quantitatively+varied+experimental+mitral+regurgitation.">Hemodynamic effects of quantitatively varied experimental mitral regurgitation.</a> Circulation Research. 5 (5), 539-545 (1957).</li><li>Sasayama, S., Kubo, S., Kusukawa, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Hemodynamic+and+angiocardiographic+studies+on+cardiodynamics:+experimental+mitral+insufficiency.">Hemodynamic and angiocardiographic studies on cardiodynamics: experimental mitral insufficiency.</a> Japanese Circulation Journal. 34 (6), 513-530 (1970).</li><li>Hennein, H., Jones, M., Stone, C., Clark, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left+ventricular+function+in+experimental+mitral+regurgitation+with+intact+chordae+tendineae.">Left ventricular function in experimental mitral regurgitation with intact chordae tendineae.</a> Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. 105 (4), 624-632 (1993).</li><li>Stumpe, K. O., S&#246;lle, H., Klein, H., Kr&#252;ck, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanism+of+sodium+and+water+retention+in+rats+with+experimental+heart+failure.">Mechanism of sodium and water retention in rats with experimental heart failure.</a> Kidney International. 4 (5), 309-317 (1973).</li><li>Abassi, Z., Goltsman, I., Karram, T., Winaver, J., Hoffman, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aortocaval+fistula+in+rat:+A+unique+model+of+volume-overload+congestive+heart+failure+and+cardiac+hypertrophy.">Aortocaval fistula in rat: A unique model of volume-overload congestive heart failure and cardiac hypertrophy.</a> Journal of Biomedicine and Biotechnology. 2011 (January), 1-13 (2011).</li><li>Corporan, D., Onohara, D., Hernandez-Merlo, R., Sielicka, A., Padala, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Temporal+changes+in+myocardial+collagen,+matrix+metalloproteinases,+and+their+tissue+inhibitors+in+the+left+ventricular+myocardium+in+experimental+chronic+mitral+regurgitation+in+rodents.">Temporal changes in myocardial collagen, matrix metalloproteinases, and their tissue inhibitors in the left ventricular myocardium in experimental chronic mitral regurgitation in rodents.</a> American Journal of Physiology - Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 315 (5), H1269-H1278 (2018).</li><li>Onohara, D., Corporan, D., Hernandez-Merlo, R., Guyton, R. A., Padala, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mitral+Regurgitation+Worsens+Cardiac+Remodeling+in+Ischemic+Cardiomyopathy+in+an+Experimental+Model.">Mitral Regurgitation Worsens Cardiac Remodeling in Ischemic Cardiomyopathy in an Experimental Model.</a> The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery. , (2019).</li><li>Garcia, R., Diebold, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Simple,+rapid,+and+effective+method+of+producing+aortocaval+shunts+in+the+rat.">Simple, rapid, and effective method of producing aortocaval shunts in the rat.</a> Cardiovascular Research. 24 (5), 430-432 (1990).</li><li>Brower, G. L., Janicki, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contribution+of+ventricular+remodeling+to+pathogenesis+of+heart+failure+in+rats.">Contribution of ventricular remodeling to pathogenesis of heart failure in rats.</a> American Journal of Physiology-Heart and Circulatory Physiology. 280 (2), H674-H683 (2001).</li><li>McCutcheon, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dynamic+changes+in+the+molecular+signature+of+adverse+left+ventricular+remodeling+in+patients+with+compensated+and+decompensated+chronic+primary+mitral+regurgitation.">Dynamic changes in the molecular signature of adverse left ventricular remodeling in patients with compensated and decompensated chronic primary mitral regurgitation.</a> Circulation Heart Failure. 12 (9), (2019).</li><li>McCutcheon, K., Manga, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Left+ventricular+remodeling+in+chronic+primary+mitral+regurgitation.">Left ventricular remodeling in chronic primary mitral regurgitation.</a> Cardiovascular Journal of Africa. 29 (1), 51-64 (2018).</li></ol>

报告采用可重复的可复制的严重MR型，具有良好的存活率（手术后存活率为93.75%），术后无明显并发症。实时成像与跨食管波多心动图和引入针头到跳动的心脏刺穿斜线传单是可行的，可以教。在这项研究中，用23G针大小产生严重MR，使用更小或更大的针头可以根据需要变化。此模型中诱导的 MR 在左心室上产生低压体积过载，这是临床观察的斜线瓣膜病变的更好表示。本模型MR发病后两周内观察严...

斜体再退（MR）是一种常见的心脏瓣膜病变，诊断为美国普通人口的1.7%和9%的老年人口超过65岁1岁。在这个心脏瓣膜病变中，在systole中，斜体瓣膜传单的不当关闭，导致血液从左心室回流到左中庭。MR 可能发生由于各种病因;然而，与继发性MR2相比，斜线瓣膜（原发MR）的主要病变的诊断和治疗更为频繁。分离的原MR通常是斜线瓣膜肌瘤变性的结果，导致传单或弦弦肌腱的伸长，或一些和弦断裂，所有这些都导致瓣膜收缩的丧失。
这种瓣膜病变引起的MR会提高每个心跳中填充左心室的血液量，增加末端舒张壁应力，并提供螺旋动力学压力，从而引发心脏适应和重塑。心脏重塑在这个病变中通常的特点是显著膨胀33，4，4轻度壁肥大，长期保持收缩功能。由于弹出分数通常保留，使用手术或转导器手段的 MR 校正通常被推迟，直到出现症状，如呼吸困难，心力衰竭和心律失常。然而，未校正的 MR 与心脏不良事件的高风险相关，尽管目前对于这些事件背后的超结构变化的了解尚不得而知。
MR的动物模型为研究心脏的这种超结构变化和研究这种疾病的纵向进展提供了一个有价值的模型。此前，研究人员通过制造外心室-心房分流5、心内和弦破裂6或传单穿孔7，在猪、狗和绵羊等大型动物中诱导MR。虽然手术技术在大型动物中更容易，但由于在大型动物中进行此类研究的成本很高，这些研究仅限于小样本大小的亚慢性随访。此外，由于这些模型中组织的分子分析通常具有挑战性，因为物种特异性抗体有限，并且为对齐而对基因组库进行了批带分析。
MR的小型动物模型可以提供一个合适的替代研究这个瓣膜病变及其对心脏重塑的影响。历史上，使用心脏体积超载的肛门瘘（ACF）的大鼠模型。1973年，Stumpe等人8年首次描述，一种动脉静脉瘘被手术创建，以绕过高压动脉血从下降的主动脉到低压劣质的静脉卡瓦。瘘管的高流速导致心脏两侧剧烈的体积超载，导致右、左心室肥大和功能障碍在创建ACF9的几天内发生。尽管成功，ACF并不模仿MR的力学，一种低压体积过载，它提高了预载荷，但也减少了后载。由于 ACF 模型的这种局限性，我们寻求开发和描述一种更好地模拟低压体积过载的 MR 模型。
在这里，我们描述了一个模型斜体瓣传单穿刺，在大鼠10，11,11创建严重的MR协议。在实时超声心动导指导下，将皮下针引入跳动的大鼠心脏，并推进到前线体瓣膜传单中。该技术具有很强的可重复性，是一个相对好的模型，模仿MR，如在患者身上看到的。MR 严重性由用于穿孔的线粒体传单的针头大小控制，MR 的严重程度可以使用跨食管波多心动图 （TEE） 进行评估。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>23G needle</td>
			<td>Mckesson</td>
			<td>16-N231</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25G needle, 5/8 inch</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>1031797</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-0 vicryl</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>J496H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-0 prolene</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>8307H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% ethanol</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>350600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACE Light Source</td>
			<td>Schott</td>
			<td>A20500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACUSON AcuNav Ultrasound probe</td>
			<td>Biosense Webster</td>
			<td>10135936</td>
			<td>8Fr Intracardiac echo probe</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACUSON PRIME Ultrasound System</td>
			<td>Siemens</td>
			<td>SC2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Betadine</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>1073829</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Blunted microdissecting scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS5990</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>99628</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carprofen</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>7847425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chest tube (16G angiocath)</td>
			<td>Terumo</td>
			<td>SR-OX1651CA</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Disposable Surgical drapes</td>
			<td>Med-Vet</td>
			<td>SMS40</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electric Razor</td>
			<td>Oster</td>
			<td>78400-XXX</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gentamycin</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>78057791</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heat lamp with table clamp</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>HL-1 120V</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostatic forceps, curved</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS7341</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostatic forceps, straight</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS7110</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Induction chamber</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific</td>
			<td>EZ-1785</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Injection Plug, Cap, Luer Lock</td>
			<td>Exel</td>
			<td>26539</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Patterson Veterinary</td>
			<td>6679401725</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mechanical ventilator</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>Inspira ASV</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microdissecting forceps</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS5135</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microdissecting spring scissors</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS5603</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holder</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS6417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>No. 15 surgical blade</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>1642</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Non-woven sponges</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>446036</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Otoscope</td>
			<td>Welch Allyn</td>
			<td>23862</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oxygen</td>
			<td>Airgas Healthcare</td>
			<td>UN1072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pulse Oximeter</td>
			<td>Nonin Medical</td>
			<td>2500A VET</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retractor, Blunt 4x4</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS6524</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rodent Surgical Monitor</td>
			<td>Indus Instruments</td>
			<td>113970</td>
			<td>The integrated platform allows for monitoring of vital signs and surgical warming</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scale</td>
			<td>Salter Brecknell</td>
			<td>LPS 150</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Handle</td>
			<td>Roboz</td>
			<td>RS9843</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silk suture 3-0</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>220263</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small Animal Anesthesia System</td>
			<td>Ohio Medical</td>
			<td>AKDL03882</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile saline (0.9%)</td>
			<td>Baxter</td>
			<td>281322</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sugical Mask</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>188696</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical cap</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>852952</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Surgical gloves</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>854486</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 10mL</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>1031801</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe 1mL</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>1031817</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultra-high frequency probe</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Visualsonics</td>
			<td>MS250</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ultrasound gel</td>
			<td>McKesson</td>
			<td>150690</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>VEVO Ultrasound System</td>
			<td>Fujifilm Visualsonics</td>
			<td>VEVO 2100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

an image guided transapical mitral valve leaflet puncture model of controlled volume overload from mitral regurgitation in the rat

斜体再加重 （MR） 是一种广泛流行的心脏瓣膜病变，导致心脏重塑并导致充血性心力衰竭。虽然未矫正MR的风险及其不良预后是已知的，但心脏功能、结构和重塑的纵向变化却不完全被理解。这种知识差距限制了我们对 MR 校正最佳时间的理解，以及早期和晚期 MR 修正对左心室的好处。为了研究在MR设置中左心室重塑的分子机制，动物模型是必要的。传统上，主囊瘘骨模型被用来诱导体积过载，这与临床相关的病变（如 MR. MR） 代表低压体积过载血液动力学压力器不同，后者需要模拟此情况的动物模型。在这里，我们描述了一个严重MR的啮齿动物模型，其中大鼠斜体瓣膜的前单张在跳动的心脏中用23G针穿孔，带有超声心动图像指导。MR的严重程度通过回声心动图进行评估和确认，并报告模型的可重复性。

可行性和可重复性 建议的MR模型具有很强的可重复性，在这项研究中使用的100%的大鼠中，在斜线传单中实现了一个定义明确的孔洞。图 6A描述了针头插入斜线阀时的方向。图6B描绘了在手术后2周内从一只代表性大鼠中挖出的斜体瓣膜传单上的一个洞。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat at JoVE.com

An Image Guided Transapical Mitral Valve Leaflet Puncture Model of Controlled Volume Overload from Mitral Regurgitation in the Rat

据报道，一种由斜体反光性导致左心体积过载的啮齿动物模型。通过超声波引导，将一根定义尺寸的针推进到跳动的心脏的斜体瓣膜的前单张中，从而诱导控制严重程度的斜体再加重。

大鼠中三极重化控制体积过载的图像引导透射斜线阀传单穿刺模型

Mitral regurgitation (MR) is a widely prevalent heart valve lesion, which causes cardiac remodeling and leads to congestive heart failure. Though the ...

三位一体体回流是一种常见的瓣膜疾病，会导致心力衰竭。这个老鼠 MR 模型可以帮助我们进一步理解心力衰竭的基本机制。该模型可用于诱导 MR 在跳动的心脏模仿血动力学观察到的患者的这种瓣膜病变，使该模型临床相关。显微外科和处理经验将有助于复制此协议，熟悉超声心动成像和图像解释是成功插针的关键方面。由于这是一种图像引导技术，因此对方法的可视化演示有助于理解过程。在麻醉的350至400克成年Sprague-Dawley大鼠中按照标准方案进行左胸切除术后，使用6-0PROLENE缝合线和微内夹持有人在左心室顶点放置一个包条缝合线。轻轻系绳状缝合线，以稳定顶点，并插入一个 23 量表针，用盐水冲洗，并在近端的插针插入包条缝合线的中心和左心室腔。用一只手稳定引导针头，用另一只手同时操作跨食管回波探头，实现最佳回波视图，使针头可视化。使用实时超声波指导，将针头推进到前手套叶的心室侧。确认针头位置后，通过阀单在一次精细运动中推进针头。一旦通过传单，将针头缩回远离手套阀的左心室，并让一个助手打开彩色多普勒成像，以确认 MR 调整回声探头，以便获得更好的视图。一旦 MR 得到确认，从左心室腔完全缩回针头，并轻轻地系上包条缝合线。然后使用无菌纱布吸收顶点和胸腔上的任何血液。经过5至10分钟的稳定心脏功能，使用中断的4-0Vicryl缝合线近似肋骨，同时将异氟素减至2%下，插入胸管到第六间腹腔空间，并将管子固定到无菌窗帘上，以避免管子意外进入胸腔，然后完成接近肋骨。使用连续缝合将同氟的肌肉层关闭在 1.5%，用异氟兰的皮层在 1%时将 10 毫升 Luer 锁阀倾斜注射器连接到胸管，并在取出管前从胸腔排出 10 到 12 毫升的空气。一旦管被切除，管理最后皮下剂量的卡普罗芬。关闭异氟烃后，继续机械通气，同时大鼠从麻醉中分出监测生命体征。在自发呼吸开始时，关闭通风，以测试大鼠保持这种呼吸的能力和良好的外周腔氧饱和度。一旦大鼠能够在没有通风的情况下保持外周毛细管氧饱和度，将锚定缝合线切到气管上，并排泄动物。当大鼠是流动的，将动物转移到一个干净的笼子与最小的床上用品，并继续监测生命体征与手持外设毛细管氧饱和度监测器。醒来后三小时内，服用丁丙诺啡。手术后两周，将麻醉大鼠放在右侧的十分区域内，插入一个8兆赫的8-法国心内超声探针，将少量凝胶涂在动物的食道上。在双室视图中使用彩色多普勒成像，将左心室和左中庭可视化，并测量左中庭和 MR 喷射的面积，以便按指示计算 MR 喷射面积分数。要近似回流孔的面积，请使用针头的外径使用公式计算 23 个量表指针的面积。使用回流喷射孔口的多普勒门获得连续波多普勒成像，并跟踪波形以计算回流喷射的速度时间积分。使用公式估计 MR 卷。然后顺时针顺时针旋转回波，获得肺静脉的脉冲波多普勒成像，并使用方程计算收缩和舒张波速度。在这些图像中，可以观察到针头插入手套阀的方向。在这里，在手术显示后两周内，在一只具有代表性的大鼠中，在手套瓣叶上的孔中留下的孔。手术后两周，MR大鼠的心脏是球形的，严重扩张，一个生动的 MR 喷射是明显的，平均面积约21平方毫米，平均速度时间积分约40厘米。规范化的 MR 分数通常约为 42%，根据美国超声心动图学会的指南，这被认为是严重的。MR 的严重程度足以诱发肺流量逆转，收缩/舒张比从基线的约 0.9 降至两周时约负 0.7。使用食管超声心动图进行实时成像，并在跳动的心脏中引入针头以刺穿手套传单，这是一种可行的外科手术，可以传授。我们的模型可以与心室心肌病相结合，研究心脏重塑，并有助于调查早期发病与晚发性 MR 对心脏重塑的影响。

Research

JoVE Journal

Medicine

High-frequency High-resolution Echocardiography: First Evidence on Non-invasive Repeated Measure of Myocardial Strain, Contractility, and Mitral Regurgitation in the Ischemia-reperfused Murine Heart

高频超声心动图：非侵入性的反复测量小鼠心脏缺血再灌注心肌劳损，收缩力，二尖瓣关闭不全的第一个证据

Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) was surgically performed in murine hearts which were then subjected to repeated imaging to monitor temporal changes in ...

科研

医学

MRI-guided Disruption of the Blood-brain Barrier using Transcranial Focused Ultrasound in a Rat Model

MRI引导下的破坏血脑屏障在大鼠模型经颅聚焦超声

Focused ultrasound (FUS) disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) is an increasingly investigated technique for circumventing the BBB1-5. The BBB is a ...

Image-guided Convection-enhanced Delivery into Agarose Gel Models of the Brain

图像引导的对流增强交付到大脑的琼脂糖凝胶模型

Convection-enhanced delivery (CED) has been proposed as a treatment option for a wide range of neurological diseases. Neuroinfusion catheter CED allows ...

Subclavian Vein Puncture As an Alternative Method of Blood Sample Collection in Rats

锁骨下静脉穿刺作为大鼠采血的一种替代方法

Blood collection with enough blood volume is essential in animal experiments. Blood collection from the tail vein of rats is popular and less stressful ...

A Simplified Stepwise Approach to Echo Guidance during Percutaneous Mitral Valve Repair

皮下三瓣阀修复期间回声导的简化步进方法

Percutaneous transcatheter edge-to-edge reconstruction of the mitral valve is a safe and well-established therapy for severe symptomatic mitral ...

Four-Dimensional Computed Tomography-Guided Valve Sizing for Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement

用于经导管肺动脉瓣置换术的四维计算机断层扫描引导的瓣膜尺寸

The measurements of the right ventricle (RV) and pulmonary artery (PA), for selecting the optimal prosthesis size for transcatheter pulmonary valve ...

Transcatheter Pulmonary Valve Replacement from Autologous Pericardium with a Self-Expandable Nitinol Stent in an Adult Sheep Model

成年绵羊模型中自体心包经导管肺动脉瓣置换术，使用自扩展镍钛诺支架

Transcatheter pulmonary valve replacement has been established as a viable alternative approach for patients suffering from right ventricular outflow ...

Fully Endoscopic Mitral Valve Repair with Percutaneous Cannulation of Groin Vessels

经皮插管腹股沟血管全内镜二尖瓣修复术

Endoscopic mitral valve surgery (EMS) has become a standard of care at specialized heart centers, further reducing surgical trauma compared to a ...

Modified Arteriovenous Fistula Surgery to Establish the RV Volume Overload Mouse Model

Establishment and Confirmation of a Postnatal Right Ventricular Volume Overload Mouse Model

Establishment and Confirmation of a Postnatal Right Ventricular Volume Overload Mouse Model (Video) | JoVE 

出生后右心室容积超负荷小鼠模型的建立与确认

Right ventricular (RV) volume overload (VO) is common in children with congenital heart disease. In view of distinct developmental stages,the RV ...

Modified Heterotopic Abdominal Heart Transplantation and a Novel Aortic Regurgitation Model in Rats

改良异位腹心移植及新型大鼠主动脉瓣反流模型

Over the past 50 years, many researchers have reported heterotopic abdominal heart transplantation in mice and rats, with some variations in the surgical ...