Name: a planarian motility assay to gauge the biomodulating properties of natural products
Uploaded: 2020-05-30T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Planarian Motility Assay to Gauge the Biomodulating Properties of Natural Products at JoVE.com

作者希望感谢机构促进办公室和莫里斯维尔学院基金会为支持这项工作而提供出版补助金，以及SUNY莫里斯维尔学院科技入门计划（CSTEP）对SUNY莫里斯维尔的本科研究的持续援助和支持。我们还要感谢索菲亚·赫钦斯对所述技术的有益评论。

1. 平面畜牧业
<ol><li>使用从生物供应公司购买的平面动物或野生捕获者（如果需要）。该协议中使用的平面学家是供应清单中列出的杜格西亚·蒂格里纳。这个物种也被称为吉拉迪亚蒂格里纳31。其他水生植物物种也是可以接受的2,2，3。 注：所述协议适用于从生物供应公司购买的动物。这种检测系统尚未用野生捕获的...

<ol>
	<li>Moustakas, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Guarana+provides+additional+stimulation+over+caffeine+alone+in+the+planarian+model.">Guarana provides additional stimulation over caffeine alone in the planarian model.</a> PloS One. 10 (4), 0123310 (2015).</li><li>Raffa, R. B., Valdez, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cocaine+withdrawal+in+Planaria.">Cocaine withdrawal in Planaria.</a> European Journal of Pharmacology. 430 (1), 143-145 (2001).</li><li>Raffa, R. B., Holland, L. J., Schulingkamp, R. 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M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PLDT+(planarian+light/dark+test):+an+invertebrate+assay+to+quantify+defensive+responding+and+study+anxiety-like+effects.">PLDT (planarian light/dark test): an invertebrate assay to quantify defensive responding and study anxiety-like effects.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 293, 284-288 (2018).</li><li>Risse, B., Otto, N., Berh, D., Jiang, X., Kl&#228;mbt, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=FIM+Imaging+and+FIMtrack:+two+new+tools+allowing+high-throughput+and+cost+effective+locomotion+analysis.">FIM Imaging and FIMtrack: two new tools allowing high-throughput and cost effective locomotion analysis.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 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B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Planarians+as+models+of+cadmium-induced+neoplasia+provide+measurable+benchmarks+for+mechanistic+studies.">Planarians as models of cadmium-induced neoplasia provide measurable benchmarks for mechanistic studies.</a> Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 142, 544-554 (2017).</li><li>Van Roten, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+carcinogenic+trigger+to+study+the+function+of+tumor+suppressor+genes+in+Schmedtea+mediterranea.">A carcinogenic trigger to study the function of tumor suppressor genes in Schmedtea mediterranea.</a> Disease Models and Mechanisms. 11 (9), 032573 (2018).</li><li>Mason, P. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chemo-klino-kinesis+in+planarian+food+location.">Chemo-klino-kinesis in planarian food location.</a> Animal Behaviour. 23 (2), 460-469 (1975).</li><li>Van Huizen, A. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Weak+magnetic+fields+alter+stem+cell-mediated+growth.">Weak magnetic fields alter stem cell-mediated growth.</a> Science Advances. 5 (1), 7201 (2019).</li><li>Brown, H. M., Ogden, T. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+electrical+response+of+the+planarian+ocellus.">The electrical response of the planarian ocellus.</a> Journal of General Physiology. 51 (2), 255-260 (1968).</li><li>Inoue, T., Yamashita, T., Agata, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Thermosensory+signaling+by+TRPM+is+processed+by+brain+serotonergic+neurons+to+produce+planarian+thermotaxis.">Thermosensory signaling by TRPM is processed by brain serotonergic neurons to produce planarian thermotaxis.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 34 (47), 15701-15714 (2014).</li><li>Byrne, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+ethanol+on+negative+phototaxis+and+motility+in+brown+planarians+(Dugesia+tigrina).">Effects of ethanol on negative phototaxis and motility in brown planarians (Dugesia tigrina).</a> Neuroscience Letters. 685, 102-108 (2018).</li><li>de Sousa, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptomic+analysis+of+planarians+under+simulated+microgravity+or+8g+demonstrates+that+alteration+of+gravity+induces+genomic+and+cellular+alterations+that+could+facilitate+tumoral+transformation.">Transcriptomic analysis of planarians under simulated microgravity or 8g demonstrates that alteration of gravity induces genomic and cellular alterations that could facilitate tumoral transformation.</a> International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 20 (3), 720 (2019).</li><li>Best, J. B., Rubinstein, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Maze+learning+and+associated+behavior+in+planaria.">Maze learning and associated behavior in planaria.</a> Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology. 55, 560-566 (1962).</li><li>Shomrat, T., Levin, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+automated+training+paradigm+reveals+long-term+memory+in+planarians+and+its+persistence+through+head+regeneration.">An automated training paradigm reveals long-term memory in planarians and its persistence through head regeneration.</a> The Journal Experimental Biology. 216, 3799-3810 (2013).</li><li>Robarts-Galbraith, R. H., Newmark, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=On+the+organ+trail:+insights+into+organ+regeneration+in+the+planarian.">On the organ trail: insights into organ regeneration in the planarian.</a> Current Opinion in Genetics &amp; Development. 32, 37-46 (2015).</li><li>Ivancovic, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Model+systems+for+regeneration:+planarians.">Model systems for regeneration: planarians.</a> Development. 146 (17), 167684 (2019).</li><li>Herath, S., Lobo, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cross-inhibition+of+Turing+patterns+explains+the+self-organized+regulatory+mechanism+of+planarian+fission.">Cross-inhibition of Turing patterns explains the self-organized regulatory mechanism of planarian fission.</a> Journal of Theoretical Biology. 485, 110042 (2019).</li><li>Itoh, M. T., Shinozawa, T., Sumi, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+rhythms+of+melatonin-synthesizing+enzyme+activities+and+melatonin+levels+in+planarians.">Circadian rhythms of melatonin-synthesizing enzyme activities and melatonin levels in planarians.</a> Brain Research. 830 (1), 165-173 (1999).</li><li>Itoh, M. T., Igarashi, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Circadian+rhythm+of+serotonin+levels+in+planarians.">Circadian rhythm of serotonin levels in planarians.</a> Neuroreports. 11 (3), 473-476 (2000).</li><li>Hinrichsen, R. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Photosensitivity+and+motility+in+planarian+Schmedtea+mediterranea+vary+diurnally.">Photosensitivity and motility in planarian Schmedtea mediterranea vary diurnally.</a> Chronobiology International. 36 (12), 1789-1793 (2019).</li><li>Raffa, R. B., Desai, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Description+and+quantification+of+cocaine+withdrawal+signs+in+planaria.">Description and quantification of cocaine withdrawal signs in planaria.</a> Brain Research. 1032 (1-2), 200-202 (2005).</li><li>Pag&#225;n, O. 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介绍了一种简单易用的平面活动测定，以确定天然产品的兴奋剂和戒断作用。作为行为模型，有必要对评分运动有严格的规程，并明确任何行为的定义，以标准化不同实验者之间的观察。提出的想法演示了如何实现这一点。使用该协议的每个实验室应调整所呈现的信息，以适应所测试的特定产品的效果。建议仔细设置工作空间，以确保参与研究的每个调查员在一致条件下进行测试（<strong class="xfig...

所述协议使用平面运动提供一种评估自然物质的生物调节作用的手段。它经过专门调整，以确定这些物质是否作为兴奋剂，以及他们是否与可测量的戒断行为1相关。这种测定，称为平面运动速度（pLmV）测试，首次用于测试已知的药理剂2,2，3。这种基于平面运动性测定的应用自此越来越受欢迎，并已被对天然产品以外的物质感兴趣的不同实验室采用,。对于此测定，将平面放在含有泉水的培养皿中，或放入含有溶解生物调节剂的泉水。由于菜本身被放置在图形纸上，因此动物在容器上移动时与时间交叉的网格线数可用于确定每个条件下的移动速率。光/暗测试，也称为条件位置偏好测试（CPP），是监测平面运动性主题的另一个变化，并评估动物的反应和迁移到黑暗的环境6，7,的速度。也可以使用计算机程序和质量（COM）跟踪中心（8，9，10，11）,9,分析,平面运动的视频跟踪。
将平面图用作此类研究的动物模型与其他动物相比具有若干优势，因为实验者可以轻松控制检测环境。具体来说，在实验前使计划学家挨饿可以防止他们接触其他可能混淆结果的营养或药理剂，而所调查的特定生物调节器只需直接添加到培养水中，即可将特定生物调节剂引入规划者，从而标准化接触。由于平面动物有神经系统和神经递质，让人联想到"高阶"动物，这些动物对神经肌肉刺激的生理和实验反应被认为与其他,,生物体12、13、14、15、16,13,14有生物学上相关。15此外，由于平面学家在实验室中维护成本相对较低，因此为许多研究人员提供了一个可获取的生物模型。
作为一种实验动物，平面动物适合广泛的研究。例如，我们的小组，以及其他研究者使用平面学家来研究肿瘤发生17，18，19。,1917,平面学家还表现出对化学、热、引力、电、照片和磁刺激的一系列反应行为，这些行为构成了其他测定系统的基础。其中一些效应已用于研究这些动物的学习和记忆20，21，22，23，24，25，26，27。20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27目前文献中平面模型的主要用途是平面多能干细胞（称为新细胞）的活动及其在再生中的作用28、29、30。,29,30因此，采用此处描述的模型允许使用其他基于平面的测定进行进一步研究，以提供对天然产品和其他生物调节剂如何影响生物体的更广泛理解。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Bottled Water - 1 Gal.</td>
			<td>Poland Spring</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Spring water for planarian culture and to prepare solutions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Brown Planaria (Dugesia tigrina)</td>
			<td>Carolina Biological Supply Company</td>
			<td>132954</td>
			<td>Brown planaria living (other species are acceptable)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flat Paintbrush</td>
			<td>Royal Crafter&#39;s Choice</td>
			<td>9159</td>
			<td>Flat watercolor paintbrushes for cleaning planarian culture containers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Petri Dish - 10 cm</td>
			<td>Kimax</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>10 cm diameter (glass) Petri dishes for pLmV assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass Petri Dish - 5 cm</td>
			<td>Kimax</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>5 cm and Petri dishes for rinsing planarians during withdrawal experiments and for stimulant habituation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Grid Paper</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Standard 0.5 cm grid paper for pLmV assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>iPEVO Visualizer (software)</td>
			<td>iPEVO</td>
			<td>https://www.ipevo.com/software/visualizer</td>
			<td>Document camera software for video capture and recording</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Metalware Set with Support Stand and Retort Ring</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Standard chemistry lab ring stand to hold a cell phone camera if used</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Organic Egg</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Organic egg or beef liver for feeding planarains</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polycarbonate Bottle w/ Screw-on Cap - 10 mL</td>
			<td>Beckman</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Plastic vials to hold 5 to 10 mL volumes for stimulant habituation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round Storage Container - 10 cm</td>
			<td>Ziploc</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>10 cm Round food storage containers for approximately 90 planarians or fewer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Round Water Paint Brush</td>
			<td>LOEW-Cornell</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Small round watercolor paint brushes (numbers 3 to 6) - soft</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Transfer Pipette</td>
			<td>Any</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Wide bore (5 mL) plastic transfer pipettes to move planarians</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>USB Document Camera</td>
			<td>iPEVO</td>
			<td>CDVU-06IP</td>
			<td>Document camera (or other camera or cell phone camera)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a planarian motility assay to gauge the biomodulating properties of natural products

描述一种直接、可控的方法，利用非寄生植物， 杜格西亚蒂格里纳，一种自由生活水生扁虫，来研究天然产品的兴奋剂和戒断特性。受益于平面生理学独特方面的实验分析已应用于伤口愈合、再生和肿瘤发生的研究。此外，由于平面学家对各种环境刺激表现出敏感性，并且能够学习和开发有条件的反应，因此它们可用于检查学习和记忆的行为研究。平面学家拥有基本的双边对称性和中枢神经系统，该系统使用神经递质系统，可以用于研究神经肌肉生物调节器的作用。因此，开发了监测平面运动和运动的实验系统，以检查物质成瘾和戒断。由于平面运动提供了一个敏感、易于标准化的动能检测系统来监测刺激作用的潜力，因此平面运动速度（pLmV）测试经过调整，通过确定动物与时间交叉的网格线数，来监测平面动物的刺激和戒断行为。在这里，对该技术及其应用进行演示和说明。

在实验开始之前，应完成运行 pLmV 测定的实验室设置和工作空间的准备。这包括准备习惯容器，如果需要冲洗容器（用于提取实验），在层压网格纸上的培养皿，以及正确放置的相机（图1）。拍摄所有视频后，建议使用通用数据表来标准化调查人员之间的数据收集和演示（图 2 和 图 2 补充）。
摄像机设置应允许对平?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Planarian Motility Assay to Gauge the Biomodulating Properties of Natural Products at JoVE.com

A Planarian Motility Assay to Gauge the Biomodulating Properties of Natural Products

与动物在泉水中的运动相比，单是植物运动用于测量天然产品的刺激和提取特性。

测量天然产品生物调节特性的平面运动分析

A straightforward, controllable means of using the non-parasitic planarian, Dugesia tigrina, a free-living aquatic flatworm, to study the stimulant and ...

Planarian Locomotor 速度测试是一种快速评估兴奋剂和可能影响运动的各种生物修改剂可能的戒断效果的一种方式。本文易于控制，为在最基本的研究环境中生成可靠的行为数据提供了一种简单易用的方法。由于平面神经系统有一个集中的初级大脑，一个双边对称性和类似的神经递质系统，行为研究使用这些生物体提供临床前洞察可能的脊椎动物反应。实验可以进一步影响生理通路修饰剂，药物，甚至转基因平面，以提供对相关的生物机制的见解。重要的是要有平面，以便容器之间的传输不强调它们，并标准化实验室成员之间的网格线曲线。从此行为论文实验中获得一致结果的最佳方法，是查看有经验的用户如何执行这些结果。建立平面培养后，每周定期给蠕虫喂食两次，定期将切碎的有机煮鸡蛋或混合有机牛肉肝喂一到两个小时。喂食后，从容器中去除任何脏水，并使用平水彩漆刷将任何粘在容器上的食品碎屑和粘液转移到纸巾上。使用新鲜的泉水和温和的漩涡或搅拌，将木板，将蠕虫放入一个干净的容器中。在粘在旧容器上的任何平面图下滑动宽孔点水尖，以方便他们转移到新盘子，并小心地倒出转移水。然后，用新鲜的泉水盖住新容器中的平面。要执行平面运动速度测试，首先确保5至10天的饥饿平面图完全形成完整的和色素的头和尾巴。如果平面学家准备好将一个直径为 10 厘米的清洁 Petri 盘放在一块预层压电网纸上，每个实验组有 0.5 厘米的平方，并添加 20 毫升纯正泉水给对照组或 20 毫升泉水，其中含有要测试的每个菜盘中适当浓度的天然产品。将相机放在准备好的运动速度刺激盘上方，将5至10毫升纯正泉水或含有实验化合物适当浓度的泉水添加到适当大小的习惯容器中。接下来，使用一个小的清洁水彩漆刷轻轻地将一个平面从培养容器转移到准备好的习惯容器，并允许平面体在容器中习惯到溶液两分钟。研究将允许平面动物移动到刷子上，并小心地抬起动物，而不强迫他们。在习惯期结束时，使用刷子小心地将平面转移到准备好的旋转运动速度刺激盘的中心，该刺激盘含有与习惯容器相同的溶液，然后启动相机记录平面体 10 到 11 分钟的运动。为了测试戒断在习惯期结束时的效果，只需在含有泉水的五厘米培养皿中冲洗平面。在将蠕虫转移到装有新鲜泉水的准备好的旋转运动速度盘的中心之前，启动相机记录 10 到 11 分钟的运动。摄像机设置允许清晰地查看平面图和网格纸，并允许在实验期间准确评估动物的进度。数据收集应包括网格线总数以及实验每分钟交叉的累计线数。为了标准化每个试验的结果，可以计算和绘制相对于匹配控制蠕虫的进度交叉的框数。作为基准，泉水中的平面学家通常在三分钟内覆盖大约 25 个箱子。可以检查一系列测试试剂浓度，以确定对感兴趣的测试化合物的平面活性。在动物习惯在所检查的生物调节产品中居住后，可以通过量化泉水中与泉水控制相关的网格线数来评估提取数据。在实验期间，泉水控制平面在电网线路上移动。然而，有时，测试计划者停止在论文中用被测试产品特有的行为跨越网格线。这表明可能需要一种不同的分析方法。可以跟踪此类实例，数据可以说明暴露于特定试剂浓度的动物总数的百分比。必须处理平面，这样在菜之间的转移过程中不会损坏。在确定自然产品不同浓度的影响后，可以添加生物通路改性剂来观察初始结果的任何动态变化。Planarian Locomotor 速度测试用于使用已知的药理剂测试刺激和戒断。我们调整了系统，用天然产品来研究这些相同的概念。

Research

JoVE Journal

Biochemistry

A Rapid Laser Probing Method Facilitates the Non-invasive and Contact-free Determination of Leaf Thermal Properties

一种快速探测激光方法有利于叶热性能的非侵入性和无接触测定

Plants can produce valuable substances such as secondary metabolites and recombinant proteins. The purification of the latter from plant biomass can be ...

科研

生物化学

Preparation of Giant Vesicles Encapsulating Microspheres by Centrifugation of a Water-in-oil Emulsion

巨囊泡封装微球通过一个水包油乳液的离心制备

The constructive biology and the synthetic biology approach to creating artificial life involve the bottom-up assembly of biological or nonbiological ...

Assay for Phosphorylation and Microtubule Binding Along with Localization of Tau Protein in Colorectal Cancer Cells

大肠癌细胞中磷酸化和微管结合与 Tau 蛋白定位的测定

The microtubule-associated protein tau is a neuronal protein that localizes mostly in axons. Generally tau is essential for normal neuronal functioning ...

A High-Throughput Luciferase Assay to Evaluate Proteolysis of the Single-Turnover Protease PCSK9

高通量荧光素酶法评价单周转蛋白酶 PCSK9 的蛋白质水解

Proprotein convertase subtilisin/kexin type 9 (PCSK9) is a single-turnover protease which regulates serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) levels and, ...

A Customizable Approach for the Enzymatic Production and Purification of Diterpenoid Natural Products

一种可定制的酶化生产与纯化天然产物的方法

Diterpenoids form a diverse class of small molecule natural products that are widely distributed across the kingdoms of life and have critical biological ...

A Semi-High-Throughput Adaptation of the NADH-Coupled ATPase Assay for Screening Small Molecule Inhibitors

用于筛选小分子抑制剂的NADH耦合ATPase分析的半高通量自适应

ATPase enzymes utilize the free energy stored in adenosine triphosphate to catalyze a wide variety of endergonic biochemical processes in vivo that would ...

Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

Labelling and Visualization of Mitochondrial Genome Expression Products in Baker's Yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae

贝克酵母糖精中线粒体基因组表达产品的标记和可视化

Mitochondria are essential organelles of eukaryotic cells capable of aerobic respiration. They contain circular genome and gene expression apparatus. A ...

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells

Motility of Single Molecules and Clusters of Bi-Directional Kinesin-5 Cin8 Purified from S. cerevisiae Cells

The mitotic bipolar kinesin-5 motors perform essential functions in spindle dynamics. These motors exhibit a homo-tetrameric structure with two pairs of ...

Reconstitution of Septin Assembly at Membranes to Study Biophysical Properties and Functions

在膜上重构隔膜组件以研究生物物理性质和功能

Most cells can sense and change their shape to carry out fundamental cell processes. In many eukaryotes, the septin cytoskeleton is an integral component ...

Shotgun Lipidomics of Rodent Tissues

啮齿动物组织的霰弹枪脂质组学

Lipids play a vital role as essential components of all prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Constant technological improvements in mass spectrometry have ...