Name: a lab-on-a-chip platform for stimulating osteocyte mechanotransduction and analyzing functional outcomes of bone remodeling
Uploaded: 2020-05-21T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Lab-On-A-Chip Platform for Stimulating Osteocyte Mechanotransduction and Analyzing Functional Outcomes of Bone Remodeling at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了国家科学基金会（CBET 1060990和EBMS1700299）的支持。此外，本材料还基于国家科学基金会研究生研究奖学金计划（2018250692）支持的工作。本材料中表达的任何意见、结论、结论或建议均为作者的意见、结论或建议，不一定反映国家科学基金会的观点。

1. 芯片面罩制备
注：步骤 1.1 - 1.3 仅在初始收到芯片掩码时执行一次。它们确保面罩在使用过程中不会低头。微流体面罩的设计先前曾描述过11、14。,14口罩是内部设计的，是使用高分辨率立体光刻设计的（图1A）。
<ol><li>用塑料板盖住面罩的顶部表面，以保护该表面免受粘合。使用喷雾粘合剂将...

<ol>
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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+mechanically+loaded+osteocytes+and+inflammation+on+bone+remodeling+in+a+bisphosphonate-induced+environment.">The effects of mechanically loaded osteocytes and inflammation on bone remodeling in a bisphosphonate-induced environment.</a> Bone. 127, 460-473 (2019).</li><li>George, E. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Quantifying the roles of stimulated osteocytes and inflammation in bone remodeling Doctor of Philosophy. , (2019).</li><li>York, S. L., Sethu, P., Saunders, M. 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M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Solvent+compatibility+of+poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based+microfluidic+devices.">Solvent compatibility of poly(dimethylsiloxane)-based microfluidic devices.</a> Analytical Chemistry. 75 (23), 6544-6554 (2003).</li><li>Regehr, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biological+implications+of+polydimethylsiloxane-based+microfluidic+cell+culture.">Biological implications of polydimethylsiloxane-based microfluidic cell culture.</a> Lab Chip. 9 (15), 2132-2139 (2009).</li><li>Wang, Y., Burghardt, T. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Uncured+PDMS+inhibits+myosin+in+vitro+motility+in+a+microfluidic+flow+cell.">Uncured PDMS inhibits myosin in vitro motility in a microfluidic flow cell.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 563, 56-60 (2018).</li><li>Millet, L. J., Stewart, M. E., Sweedler, J. V., Nuzzo, R. G., Gillette, M. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microfluidic+devices+for+culturing+primary+mammalian+neurons+at+low+densities.">Microfluidic devices for culturing primary mammalian neurons at low densities.</a> Lab Chip. 7 (8), 987-994 (2007).</li><li>Kilic, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Brain-on-a-chip+model+enables+analysis+of+human+neuronal+differentiation+and+chemotaxis.">Brain-on-a-chip model enables analysis of human neuronal differentiation and chemotaxis.</a> Lab Chip. 16 (21), 4152-4162 (2016).</li><li>Van Scoy, G. 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本文介绍了为培养骨细胞、骨细胞和骨细胞构建骨骼改造LOC平台奠定基础。通过改变芯片内井的深度和大小，开发了多种配置，以机械载荷刺激骨质和量化骨骼重塑的功能结果（图1B）。
在芯片组装过程中，优化等离子氧化协议对于消除泄漏问题至关重要。我们发现，将 PDMS 表面暴露在使用中射频功率设置（步骤 4.1）生成的 30 s 氧等离子体...

骨骼是一种高度动态的组织，需要三种主要细胞类型之间的复杂协调：骨细胞、成骨细胞和成骨细胞。这些细胞之间的多细胞相互作用是导致瘫痪和长期不动期间发生的骨质流失，以及因生长和运动而发生的骨骼形成的原因。骨细胞是最丰富的骨细胞类型，对应用于骨骼的机械刺激非常敏感。机械刺激改变骨质代谢活性，导致关键信号分子11、22的增加。通过这个过程，称为二次转导，骨细胞可以直接协调成骨细胞（骨形成细胞）和成骨细胞（骨重组细胞）的活动。保持骨平衡需要骨骼形成和骨吸收率之间的严格调节;然而，这个过程的中断可能导致疾病状态，如骨质疏松症或骨质病。
这三种细胞类型之间相互作用的复杂性非常适合利用微流体和片上实验室 （LOC） 技术进行研究。为此，我们的实验室最近建立了LOC平台的概念证明，用于分析骨骼重塑过程中的骨再吸收和形成（功能结果）。该平台可用于研究细胞相互作用、改变的加载环境以及调查药物筛选。近年来，为研究调节骨重塑的分子信号通路开发了各种微流体装置;然而，这些系统中有许多通过间接标记量化改造，这些标记指示功能活动33、4、5、6、7。4,5,6,7我们的系统的一个优点是，它可用于直接量化功能结果。骨骼重塑是一个长期的过程。因此，直接定量骨吸收和形成需要一个培养系统，可以维持至少几个星期到月88，9，10，11。9,10,11因此，在开发LOC平台时，我们建立了形成和吸收所需的长期培养协议，并在系统内保持了长达7周的11周细胞。此外，我们还将两种细胞类型的适当培养基板纳入平台;骨细胞直接在骨骼上培养，骨细胞，已知是塑料粘附物，在聚苯乙烯盘上培养。此外，我们讨论了有关不育、长期细胞毒性和芯片拆卸的问题，以便进行改造分析11，12。11,
LOC平台还可用于通过矩阵变形诱导骨质异质转导。开发了一个3D打印机械装载装置，与LOC配对，并应用静态平面外散回来拉伸细胞13。为了适应这种机械负载，LOC 内的井深度增加。这种小规模、简单的机械装载装置可以很容易地由具有有限工程经验的实验室生产，我们之前曾共享过3D打印组件13的图纸。在目前的工作中，我们展示了成功使用LOC所需的一些新技术。 具体来说，我们演示了芯片制造、功能基板的细胞播种、机械加载和芯片拆卸，用于重塑定量。我们认为，这些技术的解释得益于视觉格式。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Acrylic sheet</td>
			<td>Optix</td>
			<td>--</td>
			<td>3.175 mm thick</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Angled dispensing tips</td>
			<td>Jensen Global</td>
			<td>JG18-0.5X-90</td>
			<td>Remove plastic connector prior to use</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Biopsy punch</td>
			<td>Robbins Instruments</td>
			<td>RBP-10</td>
			<td>1 mm diameter</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bone wafers</td>
			<td>Boneslices.com</td>
			<td>0.4 mm thick</td>
			<td>Bovine cortical bone</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bovine calf serum</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calipers</td>
			<td>Global Industrial</td>
			<td>T9F534164</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell spatula</td>
			<td>TPP</td>
			<td>99010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chip mask</td>
			<td>ProtoLabs</td>
			<td>Custom-designed</td>
			<td>Print material: Accura SL 5530</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cork borer</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>07-865-10B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cotton tipped applicator</td>
			<td>Puritan</td>
			<td>806-WCL</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture dish (100 mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430591</td>
			<td>Sterile, Non-tissue culture treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Culture dish (150 mm)</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430597</td>
			<td>Sterile, Non-tissue culture treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double sided tape</td>
			<td>3M Company</td>
			<td>Scotch 237</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Hyclone</td>
			<td>SH30910</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-327379</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leveling box</td>
			<td>Custom-made</td>
			<td>--</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Masking tape</td>
			<td>3M Company</td>
			<td>Scoth 2600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MC3T3-E1 preosteoblasts</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>CRL-2593</td>
			<td>Subclone 4</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mechanical loading device</td>
			<td>Custom-made</td>
			<td>--</td>
			<td>3D printed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Minimum essential alpha medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12571-063</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MLO-Y4 osteocytes</td>
			<td>--</td>
			<td>--</td>
			<td>Gift from Dr. Lynda Bonewald</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Packaging tape</td>
			<td>Duck Brand</td>
			<td>--</td>
			<td>Standard packaging tape</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paraffin film</td>
			<td>Bemis Parafilm</td>
			<td>PM999</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Invitrogen</td>
			<td>p4333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasma cleaner</td>
			<td>Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td>PDC-001</td>
			<td>Expanded plasma cleaner</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polydimethylsiloxane kit</td>
			<td>Dow Corning</td>
			<td>Sylgard 184</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Polystyrene coverslips</td>
			<td>Nunc Thermanox</td>
			<td>174942</td>
			<td>Sterile, tissue culture treated</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Oven</td>
			<td>Quincy Lab</td>
			<td>12-180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RAW264.7 preosteoclasts</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>TIB-71</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel</td>
			<td>BD Medical</td>
			<td>372611</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Silicone tubing</td>
			<td>Saint-Gobain Tygon</td>
			<td>ABW00001</td>
			<td>ID: 1/32&#34; (0.79 mm), OD: 3/32&#34; (2.38 mm)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>SolidWorks software</td>
			<td>Dassault Syst&#232;mes</td>
			<td>--</td>
			<td>Used to generate 3D printed models and perform FEA</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Spray adhesive</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>2323879</td>
			<td>Multi-purpose adhesive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe (5 ml)</td>
			<td>BD Medical</td>
			<td>309646</td>
			<td>Sterile</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe pump</td>
			<td>Harvard Apparatus</td>
			<td>70-2213</td>
			<td>Pump 11 Pico Plus</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tapered laboratory spatula</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>21-401-10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Two-part expoxy</td>
			<td>Loctite</td>
			<td>1395391</td>
			<td>5 minute quick set</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Type I collagen</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>354236</td>
			<td>Rat tail collagen</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vacuum desiccator</td>
			<td>Bel-Art</td>
			<td>F42010-0000</td>
			<td></td>
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			<td>Waterproof sealant</td>
			<td>Gorilla</td>
			<td>8090001</td>
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a lab-on-a-chip platform for stimulating osteocyte mechanotransduction and analyzing functional outcomes of bone remodeling

骨骼重塑是骨骼生长和修复以及适应机械环境变化所需的严格监管过程。在这个过程中，对心肌敏感性骨细胞调节骨细胞和合成代谢性骨细胞之间的对立反应。为了更好地了解调节这一过程的高度复杂的信号通路，我们的实验室开发了一个基础的片上实验室（LOC）平台，用于分析小型系统中骨骼重塑的功能结果（形成和再吸收）。由于骨骼重塑是一个漫长的过程，发生在数周到数月，我们开发了系统内的长期细胞培养协议。成骨细胞和成骨细胞生长在LOC内的功能活性基质上，并维持长达七周。之后，芯片被拆解，以便定量骨骼形成和吸收。此外，我们还设计了一种3D打印机械装载装置，与LOC平台配对，并可用于通过变形细胞基质诱导骨质异质异化。我们在LOC平台内优化了骨细胞、成骨细胞和成骨细胞的细胞培养方案，并解决了不育和细胞毒性问题。在这里，我们介绍了用于制造和消毒LOC、在功能基板上播种细胞、诱导机械负载和拆卸LOC以量化端点结果的协议。我们认为，这些技术为开发真正的芯片上器官进行骨骼重塑奠定了基础。

浅井配置可用于分析成骨和成骨细胞的功能活性。通过成骨细胞和通过成骨细胞的再吸收形成骨骼需要数周到数月的培养时间。从MC3T3-E1预骨质形成用阿利扎林红和冯科萨污渍11，15,15量化。在第49天，沾染了阿利扎林红的平均表面积为10.7%=2.2%（平均值= 均值的标准误差）11。与冯·科萨染色的平均表面积为6.4%~1.6...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Lab-On-A-Chip Platform for Stimulating Osteocyte Mechanotransduction and Analyzing Functional Outcomes of Bone Remodeling at JoVE.com

A Lab-On-A-Chip Platform for Stimulating Osteocyte Mechanotransduction and Analyzing Functional Outcomes of Bone Remodeling

在这里，我们提出了用于在芯片实验平台内分析骨骼重塑的协议。3D 打印机械装载装置可与平台配对，通过变形细胞基质诱导骨质异质异体转导。该平台还可用于量化骨细胞和成骨细胞（再吸收/形成）的骨骼重塑功能结果。

用于刺激骨质复变和分析骨骼重塑功能结果的实验室A芯片平台

Bone remodeling is a tightly regulated process that is required for skeletal growth and repair as well as adapting to changes in the mechanical ...

在这里，我们提出了在一个可适应的芯片实验室平台中培养骨细胞的协议。这些技术可用于加深我们对机械诱导骨重塑机制的理解。我们的系统允许骨细胞的长期培养，从而能够直接量化骨骼的形成和吸收，以应对机械载荷环境的变化。使用这些基础技术可导致发现，这些发现延伸到一些与骨骼相关的问题，如骨质疏松症、骨折愈合和骨质疏松。为了创建井和微通道层，将PDMS预聚合物和固化剂以10比1的比例在塑料杯中混合，并大力混合，然后对聚合物进行30分钟的脱气。慢慢地将混合物倒在适当的预平面膜上。让它坐 30 分钟，在 45 摄氏度下烘烤 18 小时。用锥形实验室铲松开 PDMS 的边缘，小心地从面罩上剥离，然后用手术刀和 3D 打印模板切出单个芯片，然后用包装胶带表面清洁它们。要制作 PDMS 膜层，请重复前面的步骤进行混合、浇注和烘烤 PDMS。从平平盒中取出 PDMS 板材，并切割与井和微通道层尺寸相匹配的单个膜。使用卡钳测量中心的膜厚度，并丢弃任何超出所需厚度的膜，然后用包装胶带仔细清洁膜，并把它们放在一块石蜡薄膜上。要制作 PDMS 盖层，请重复前面的步骤进行混合、浇注和烘烤 PDMS。切割单个盖子大小后，用一毫米活检冲孔打孔穿过 PDMS，然后用包装胶带表面清洁。在中等无线电频率功率设置上，使用等离子清洁剂激活第一层和二层的表面 30 秒，然后将第 1 层的接入孔与第二层的微通道对齐，并牢固地将两层压在一起。对于深井设计，在等离子体处理期间，使用双面胶带将第三层的石蜡膜连接到平面上，重复此过程。从 PDMS 膜中修剪掉多余的材料，然后小心地从芯片底部剥离石蜡膜片。在 65 摄氏度下烘烤芯片 10 分钟，以增加 PDMS 层之间的粘结强度，然后将角度点胶尖端插入盖子上的访问孔，并使用微管尖端用两部分环氧树脂固定它们，以在每个尖端周围涂抹环氧树脂。环氧树脂完全固化后，用70%乙醇表面清洁芯片，并转移到生物安全柜。用无菌硅胶管将五毫升注射器连接到点胶尖端，用 70%乙醇填充整个芯片至少 30 秒。从芯片上去除乙醇，并在一夜之间用紫外线消毒。第二天，用蒸馏水清洗碎屑三次，加注水，然后从点胶尖上取下油管。在37摄氏度下孵育芯片至少48小时。在板子轴周围放置一个压缩弹簧，并将其插入底座底部的中心孔中，然后用四个自攻螺钉将表盘块连接到底座底部。在中央螺钉周围放置第二个压缩弹簧。将螺钉插入表盘底部的六角形孔中，并将组件拧入表盘块中心的螺纹孔中。将四个男女对峙拧入底座底部。通过逆时针转动表盘，直到板的顶部低于底座顶部，然后顺时针缓慢转动表盘，直到板的顶部与底座顶部平起平分。使用五毫升注射器从深井芯片中去除水，并在井底涂上200微升的一级醋酸胶原蛋白，一小时。使用 DPBS 用钙和镁冲洗芯片三次，然后放入芯片支架中。在 MEM alpha 介质中用 MLO-Y4 骨细胞播种芯片，并辅以小牛血清、FBS 和青霉素/链霉素。从点胶尖端取出管子，将芯片放入深井培养皿中，并在37摄氏度和5%的二氧化碳下孵育细胞72小时。孵育后，将无菌管连接到点胶上，并使用五毫升注射器从芯片上取出用过的培养介质，然后用新鲜介质慢慢重新填充芯片。将芯片支架放入装载设备底座顶部的矩形内嵌中，通过盖上的插槽馈送管子，然后将盖子固定到底座上。通过顺时针转动表盘将负载施加到电池中，直到达到所需的板位位，然后将装载装置放入空的 P1000 微移头盒中，然后用负载孵化电池 15 分钟。孵育后，逆时针将表盘转动到原始起始位置，从细胞中取出负载，然后从设备上取下盖子，将芯片支架放入深井培养板中，并在负载恢复后孵育细胞90分钟。使用五毫升注射器从芯片中取出调节介质，然后从芯片支架上取出芯片，然后使用锥形铲来打破 PDMS 盖和井层之间的粘结。单元格现在可以进行分析了。浅井配置可用于分析成骨细胞和骨细胞的功能活动。前细胞的骨骼形成使用阿里扎林红和冯科萨污渍进行量化。骨质疏松的骨吸收是使用托卢伊丁蓝色染色进行量化的，并采用扫描电子显微镜来验证吸收坑的存在。深井芯片配置用于通过平面扩张的静态拉伸细胞来诱导骨细胞机械转移。芯片中种子的骨细胞图像表明，用蒸馏水孵育芯片48小时对于保持典型形态中的细胞生存能力至关重要。在加载过程中，骨细胞暴露在PDMS膜上诱导的应变梯度下。确定了一至两毫米值的平均等效应变与板位移的关系，并生成了诱导应变的代表性热图。加载后，用乳酸脱氢酶染色和附物V和死细胞测定分析细胞活性。拉伸骨细胞的乳酸脱氢酶染色在井外边缘附近出现较浅的染色，与较高应变值的位置相对应。我们的平台提供高度的多功能性，可用于研究调节骨骼重塑的各种因素，如负载引起的机械转移、炎症和药物效应。这里介绍的技术为在芯片上开发真正的骨器官提供了基础，可以极大地增进我们对调节骨骼健康的多细胞复杂性的理解。

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Axon Stretch Growth: The Mechanotransduction of Neuronal Growth

轴突伸展生长：神经生长Mechanotransduction

During pre-synaptic embryonic development, neuronal processes traverse short distances to reach their targets via growth cone. Over time, neuronal somata ...

科研

生物工程

Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization

Environmentally-controlled Microtensile Testing of Mechanically-adaptive Polymer Nanocomposites for ex vivo Characterization

环境控制机械自适应聚合物纳米复合材料的微拉伸测试<em&gt;体外</em&gt;表征

Implantable microdevices are gaining significant attention for several biomedical applications1-4. Such devices have been made from a range of materials, ...

A Versatile Automated Platform for Micro-scale Cell Stimulation Experiments

一种多功能自动化平台微尺度细胞刺激实验

Study of cells in culture (in vitro analysis) has provided important insight into complex biological systems. Conventional methods and equipment for in ...

Preparation of Hydroxy-PAAm Hydrogels for Decoupling the Effects of Mechanotransduction Cues

去耦力学传递线索的影响制备羟基聚丙烯酰胺水凝胶的

It is now well established that many cellular functions are regulated by interactions of cells with physicochemical and mechanical cues of their ...

A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology

在细胞和组织力学生物学应用一种新型的拉伸平台

Tools that allow the application of mechanical forces to cells and tissues or that can quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues have ...

Gradient Strain Chip for Stimulating Cellular Behaviors in Cell-laden Hydrogel

在单元格拉丹水凝胶中刺激细胞行为的应变梯度芯片

Artificial guidance for cellular alignment is a hot topic in the field of tissue engineering. Most of the previous research has investigated single ...

A Microfluidic Platform for High-throughput Single-cell Isolation and Culture

高通量单细胞的分离和文化的微流体平台

Studying the heterogeneity of single cells is crucial for many biological questions, but is technically difficult. Thus, there is a need for a simple, yet ...

Microfluidic Platform with Multiplexed Electronic Detection for Spatial Tracking of Particles

与复用电子检测的粒子的空间跟踪微流体平台

Microfluidic processing of biological samples typically involves differential manipulations of suspended particles under various force fields in order to ...

Assembly and Tracking of Microbial Community Development within a Microwell Array Platform

微孔阵列平台中微生物群落发展的组装与跟踪

The development of microbial communities depends on a combination of complex deterministic and stochastic factors that can dramatically alter the spatial ...

Fabrication and Validation of an Organ-on-chip System with Integrated Electrodes to Directly Quantify Transendothelial Electrical Resistance

用集成电极直接量化 Transendothelial 电阻的 Organ-on-chip 系统的制作与验证

Organs-on-chips, in vitro models involving the culture of (human) tissues inside microfluidic devices, are rapidly emerging and promise to provide useful ...