Name: vector competence analyses on aedes aegypti mosquitoes using zika virus
Uploaded: 2020-05-31T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Vector Competence Analyses on Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes using Zika Virus at JoVE.com

Vi anerkender personalet i World Reference Center for Emerging Virus and Arboviruses (WRCEVA): Dr. Robert Tesh, Hilda Guzman, Dr. Kenneth Plante, Dr. Jessica Plante, Dionna Scharton og Divya Mirchandani, for deres utrættelige arbejde med kuratering og levering af mange af de virale stammer, der anvendes til vores og andre gruppers vektorkompetence eksperimenter. Det præsenterede arbejde blev finansieret af McLaughlin Fellowship Fund (SRA) og NIH giver AI120942 og AI121452.

Alle procedurer, der udføres i disse protokoller, blev udført i fuld overensstemmelse med protokoller, der blev godkendt af den institutionelle biosikkerhedskomité og den institutionelle dyrepleje- og brugskomité ved University of Texas Medical Branch i Galveston.
1. Forstærk ZIKV i Vero-celler
<ol><li>Grow Vero-celler (CCL-81 eller VeroE6) i Dulbeccos modifikation af Eagles minimale essentielle medium (DMEM) suppleret med henholdsvis 10 % v/v varmeinaktiveret fosterkvægsserum (FBS) og...

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	<li>Azar, S. R., Weaver, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Vector+Competence:+What+Has+Zika+Virus+Taught+Us.">Vector Competence: What Has Zika Virus Taught Us.</a> Viruses. 11 (9), 867 (2019).</li><li>Souza-Neto, J. A., Powell, J. R., Bonizzoni, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Aedes+aegypti+vector+competence+studies:+A+review.">Aedes aegypti vector competence studies: A review.</a> Infection, Genetics and Evolution. 67, 191-209 (2019).</li><li>Smith, D. R., Adams, A. P., Kenney, J. L., Wang, E., Weaver, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Venezuelan+Equine+Encephalitis+Virus+in+the+Mosquito+Vector+Aedes+taeniorhynchus:+Infection+Initiated+by+a+Small+Number+of+Susceptible+Epithelial+Cells+and+a+Population+Bottleneck.">Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus in the Mosquito Vector Aedes taeniorhynchus: Infection Initiated by a Small Number of Susceptible Epithelial Cells and a Population Bottleneck.</a> Virology. 372 (1), 176-186 (2008).</li><li>Forrester, N. L., Coffey, L. L., Weaver, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Arboviral+bottlenecks+and+challenges+to+maintaining+diversity+and+fitness+during+mosquito+transmission.">Arboviral bottlenecks and challenges to maintaining diversity and fitness during mosquito transmission.</a> Viruses. 6 (10), 3991-4004 (2014).</li><li>Kramer, L. D., Ciota, A. T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissecting+vectorial+capacity+for+mosquito-borne+viruses.">Dissecting vectorial capacity for mosquito-borne viruses.</a> Current Opinion in Virology. 15, 112-118 (2015).</li><li>Kramer, L. D., Hardy, J. L., Presser, S. B., Houk, E. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dissemination+Barriers+for+Western+Equine+Encephalomyelitis+Virus+in+Culex+tarsalis+infected+after+Ingestion+of+Low+Viral+Doses.">Dissemination Barriers for Western Equine Encephalomyelitis Virus in Culex tarsalis infected after Ingestion of Low Viral Doses.</a> American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 30 (1), 190-197 (1981).</li><li>Lounibos, L. P., Kramer, L. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Invasiveness+of+Aedes+aegypti+and+Aedes+albopictus+and+Vectorial+Capacity+for+Chikungunya+Virus.">Invasiveness of Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus and Vectorial Capacity for Chikungunya Virus.</a> The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 214, 453-458 (2016).</li><li>Heitmann, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Forced+Salivation+as+a+Method+to+Analyze+Vector+Competence+of+Mosquitoes.">Forced Salivation as a Method to Analyze Vector Competence of Mosquitoes.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (138), e57980 (2018).</li><li>Beerntsen, B. T., James, A. A., Christensen, B. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genetics+of+Mosquito+Vector+Competence.">Genetics of Mosquito Vector Competence.</a> Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews. 64 (1), 115-137 (2000).</li><li>Guo, X. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Culex+pipiens+quinquefasciatus:+a+potential+vector+to+transmit+Zika+virus.">Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus: a potential vector to transmit Zika virus.</a> Emerging Microbes &amp; Infections. 5 (9), 102 (2016).</li><li>Secundino, N. F. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus+transmission+to+mouse+ear+by+mosquito+bite:+a+laboratory+model+that+replicates+the+natural+transmission+process.">Zika virus transmission to mouse ear by mosquito bite: a laboratory model that replicates the natural transmission process.</a> Parasites &amp; Vectors. 10 (1), 346 (2017).</li><li>Smith, D. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Venezuelan+Equine+Encephalitis+Virus+Transmission+and+Effect+on+Pathogenesis.">Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Transmission and Effect on Pathogenesis.</a> Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (8), 1190-1196 (2006).</li><li>Lazear, H. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Mouse+Model+of+Zika+Virus+Pathogenesis.">A Mouse Model of Zika Virus Pathogenesis.</a> Cell Host Microbe. 19 (5), 720-730 (2016).</li><li>Morrison, T. E., Diamond, M. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Animal+Models+of+Zika+Virus+Infection,+Pathogenesis,+and+Immunity.">Animal Models of Zika Virus Infection, Pathogenesis, and Immunity.</a> Journal of Virology. 91 (8), 9-17 (2017).</li><li>Reynolds, E. S., Hart, C. E., Hermance, M. E., Brining, D. L., Thangamani, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Overview+of+Animal+Models+for+Arthropod-Borne+Viruses.">An Overview of Animal Models for Arthropod-Borne Viruses.</a> Comparative Medicine. 67 (3), 232-241 (2017).</li><li>Rossi, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+a+Novel+Murine+Model+to+Study+Zika+Virus.">Characterization of a Novel Murine Model to Study Zika Virus.</a> American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 94 (6), 1362-1369 (2016).</li><li>Styer, L. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mosquitoes+inoculate+high+doses+of+West+Nile+virus+as+they+probe+and+feed+on+live+hosts.">Mosquitoes inoculate high doses of West Nile virus as they probe and feed on live hosts.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 3 (9), 1262-1270 (2007).</li><li>Azar, S. R., Diaz-Gonzalez, E. E., Danis-Lonzano, R., Fernandez-Salas, I., Weaver, S. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Naturally+infected+Aedes+aegypti+collected+during+a+Zika+virus+outbreak+have+viral+titres+consistent+with+transmission.">Naturally infected Aedes aegypti collected during a Zika virus outbreak have viral titres consistent with transmission.</a> Emerging Microbes &amp; Infections. 8 (1), 242-244 (2019).</li><li>Dzul-Manzanilla, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+vertical+transmission+and+co-circulation+of+chikungunya+and+dengue+viruses+in+field+populations+of+Aedes+aegypti+(L.)+from+Guerrero,+Mexico.">Evidence of vertical transmission and co-circulation of chikungunya and dengue viruses in field populations of Aedes aegypti (L.) from Guerrero, Mexico.</a> Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 110 (2), 141-144 (2016).</li><li>Grard, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+virus+in+Gabon+(Central+Africa)+&#8211;+2007:+a+new+threat+from+Aedes+albopictus.">Zika virus in Gabon (Central Africa) &#8211; 2007: a new threat from Aedes albopictus.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 8 (2), 2681 (2014).</li><li>Grubaugh, N. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Genomic+epidemiology+reveals+multiple+introductions+of+Zika+virus+into+the+United+States.">Genomic epidemiology reveals multiple introductions of Zika virus into the United States.</a> Nature. 546 (7658), 401-405 (2017).</li><li>Guerbois, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Outbreak+of+Zika+Virus+Infection,+Chiapas+State,+Mexico,+2015,+and+First+Confirmed+Transmission+by+Aedes+aegyti+Mosquitoes+in+the+America.">Outbreak of Zika Virus Infection, Chiapas State, Mexico, 2015, and First Confirmed Transmission by Aedes aegyti Mosquitoes in the America.</a> The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 214 (9), 1349-1356 (2016).</li><li>Lundstrom, J. O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sindbis+virus+polyarthritis+outbreak+signalled+by+virus+prevalence+in+the+mosquito+vectors.">Sindbis virus polyarthritis outbreak signalled by virus prevalence in the mosquito vectors.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 13 (8), 0007702 (2019).</li><li>Miller, B. R., Monath, T. P., Tabachnik, W. J., Ezike, V. I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemic+yellow+fever+caused+by+an+incompetent+mosquito+vector.">Epidemic yellow fever caused by an incompetent mosquito vector.</a> Tropical Medicine and Parasitology. 40 (4), 396-399 (1989).</li><li>Brown, H. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effectiveness+of+Mosquito+Traps+in+Measuring+Species+Abundance+and+Composition.">Effectiveness of Mosquito Traps in Measuring Species Abundance and Composition.</a> Journal of Medical Entomology. 45 (3), 517-521 (2008).</li><li>Gorsich, E. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+comparative+assessment+of+adult+mosquito+trapping+methods+to+estimate+spatial+patterns+of+abundance+and+community+composition+in+southern+Africa.">A comparative assessment of adult mosquito trapping methods to estimate spatial patterns of abundance and community composition in southern Africa.</a> Parasites &amp; Vectors. 12 (1), 462 (2019).</li><li>Azar, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ZIKV+Demonstrates+Minimal+Pathologic+Effects+and+Mosquito+Infectivity+in+Viremic+Cynomolgus+Macaques.">ZIKV Demonstrates Minimal Pathologic Effects and Mosquito Infectivity in Viremic Cynomolgus Macaques.</a> Viruses. 10 (11), 661 (2018).</li><li>Azar, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differential+Vector+Competency+of+Aedes+albopictus+Populations+from+the+Americas+for+Zika+Virus.">Differential Vector Competency of Aedes albopictus Populations from the Americas for Zika Virus.</a> American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. 97 (2), 330-339 (2017).</li><li>Hanley, K. A., Azar, S. R., Campos, R. K., Vasilakis, N., Rossi, S. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Support+for+the+Transmission-Clearance+Trade-Off+Hypothesis+from+a+Study+of+Zika+Virus+Delivered+by+Mosquito+Bite+to+Mice.">Support for the Transmission-Clearance Trade-Off Hypothesis from a Study of Zika Virus Delivered by Mosquito Bite to Mice.</a> Viruses. 11 (11), 1072 (2019).</li><li>Hart, C. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zika+Virus+Vector+Competency+of+Mosquitoes,+Gulf+Coast,+United+States.">Zika Virus Vector Competency of Mosquitoes, Gulf Coast, United States.</a> Emerging Infectious Diseases. 23 (3), 559-560 (2017).</li><li>Karna, A. K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colonized+Sabethes+cyaneus,+a+Sylvatic+New+World+Mosquito+Species,+Shows+a+Low+Vector+Competence+for+Zika+Virus+Relative+to+Aedes+aegypti.">Colonized Sabethes cyaneus, a Sylvatic New World Mosquito Species, Shows a Low Vector Competence for Zika Virus Relative to Aedes aegypti.</a> Viruses. 10 (8), 434 (2018).</li><li>Roundy, C. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variation+in+Aedes+aegypti+Mosquito+Competence+for+Zika+Virus+Transmission.">Variation in Aedes aegypti Mosquito Competence for Zika Virus Transmission.</a> Emerging Infectious Diseases. 23 (4), 625-632 (2017).</li><li>Wilson, A. J., Harrup, L. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reproducibility+and+relevance+in+insect-arbovirus+infection+studies.">Reproducibility and relevance in insect-arbovirus infection studies.</a> Current Opinion in Insect Science. 28, 105-112 (2018).</li><li>Hagan, R. W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dehydration+prompts+increased+activity+and+blood+feeding+by+mosquitoes.">Dehydration prompts increased activity and blood feeding by mosquitoes.</a> Scientific Reports. 8 (1), 6804 (2018).</li><li>Guo, X. X., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host+Feeding+Patterns+of+Mosquitoes+in+a+Rural+Malaria-Endemic+Region+in+Hainan+Island,+China.">Host Feeding Patterns of Mosquitoes in a Rural Malaria-Endemic Region in Hainan Island, China.</a> Journal of the American Mosquito Control Association. 30 (4), 309-311 (2014).</li><li>Kuno, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Early+history+of+laboratory+breeding+of+Aedes+aegypti+(Diptera:+Culicidae)+focusing+on+the+origins+and+use+of+selected+strains.">Early history of laboratory breeding of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) focusing on the origins and use of selected strains.</a> Journal of Medical Entomology. 47 (6), 957-971 (2010).</li><li>Mayilsamy, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Extremely+Long+Viability+of+Aedes+aegypti+(Diptera:+Culicidae)+Eggs+Stored+Under+Normal+Room+Condition.">Extremely Long Viability of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae) Eggs Stored Under Normal Room Condition.</a> Journal of Medical Entomology. 56 (3), 878-880 (2019).</li><li>Althouse, B. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Potential+for+Zika+Virus+to+Establish+a+Sylvatic+Transmission+Cycle+in+the+Americas.">Potential for Zika Virus to Establish a Sylvatic Transmission Cycle in the Americas.</a> PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases. 10 (12), 0002055 (2016).</li><li>Vasilakis, N., Cardosa, J., Hanley, K. A., Holmes, E. C., Weaver, S. 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De metoder, der er beskrevet her, giver en generaliseret arbejdsgang til at udføre vektorkompetenceanalyser. Som en generel ramme bevares mange af disse metoder i hele litteraturen. Der er dog plads til ændringer (gennemgået i Azar og Weaver1). Virus (f.eks. viral afstamning, opbevaring af udfordringsvirus, viral passagehistorie), entomologi (f.eks. laboratoriekolonisering af mygpopulationer, medfødt immunitet, myggemikrobiomet/viromet) og eksperimentelle variabler (f.eks. blodmelssammensætni...

Vektor kompetence er defineret som evnen på niveau med arter, befolkning, og endda en individuel, af en given leddyr såsom en myg, kryds, eller phlebotomine sand flyve, at erhverve og overføre et middel biologisk med replikation eller udvikling i leddyr1,2. Med hensyn til myg og leddyrbårne vira (dvs. arbovirus) er midlet imbibed fra en viremisk vært af en kvindelig myg. Efter indtagelse skal virussen produktivt inficere en af en lille population af midgut epitelceller3, overvinde forskellige fysiologiske forhindringer som proteolytisk nedbrydning af fordøjelsesenzymer, tilstedeværelsen af mikrobiota (midgut infektionsbarriere eller MIB) og den uds sekitære pertrofisk matrix. Infektion af midgut epitel skal efterfølges af replikation af virus og eventuel flugt fra midgut ind i myggens åbne kredsløbssystem, eller hæmolymph, som repræsenterer starten af en formidlet infektion overvinde midgut flugt barriere (MEB). På dette tidspunkt virus kan etablere infektioner i sekundære væv (f.eks nerver, muskler, og fedt organer) og fortsætte med at replikere, selv om en sådan sekundær replikation kan ikke være strengt nødvendigt for virus til at inficere acinare celler i spytkirtlerne (overvinde spytkirtel infektion barriere). Udgang fra spytkirtlen acinar celler i deres apikale hulrum og derefter bevægelse ind i spytkanalen muliggør podning af virus i efterfølgende værter på bidende, og fuldfører transmission cyklus1,2,4,5,6,7.
I betragtning af denne velkarakteriseret og generelt bevarede mekanisme for spredning inden for en myg vektor, laboratorie vektor kompetence vurderinger er ofte metodisk ens, selv om forskelle i protokoller findes1,2. Generelt, efter oral virus eksponering, myg dissekeres, således at individuelle væv såsom midgut, ben, æggestokke, eller spytkirtler kan analyseres for virusinfektion, formidlet infektion, formidlet infektion / potentielle transovarial transmission, og formidles infektion / potentiel transmission kompetence, henholdsvis8. Den blotte tilstedeværelse af en virus i spytkirtlerne er imidlertid ikke endelige beviser for overførselsevne, da der er tegn på en spytkirteludgang / udgangsbarriere (SGEB) i nogle vektor / viruskombinationer1,2,4,5,7,9. Standardmetoden til at bevise transmissionskompetence forbliver myggeoverførsel til et modtageligt dyr10,11,12. Men i betragtning af, at for mange arbovirus dette nødvendiggør brugen af immunkompromitterede murin modeller13,14,15,16, denne metode er ofte omkostnings-uoverkommelige. Et almindeligt anvendt alternativ er indsamlingen af myg spyt, som kan analyseres ved omvendt transskription-polymerase kædereaktion (RT-PCR) eller en smitsom analyse for at påvise tilstedeværelsen af den virale genom eller infektiøse partikler, henholdsvis. Det er værd at bemærke, at sådanne in vitro spyt indsamling metoder kan overvurdere12 eller undervurdere17 mængden af virus deponeret under in vivo fodring, hvilket indikerer, at sådanne data skal fortolkes med forsigtighed. Ikke desto mindre er in vitro-metoden meget værdifuld, når den analyseres ud fra den blotte tilstedeværelse af virus i spyt, hvilket indikerer transmissionspotentiale.
To vigtige tilgange findes til bestemmelse af myg vektorer i arboviral sygdom udbrud. Den første metode involverer feltovervågning, hvor myg indsamles i forbindelse med aktiv transmission18,19,20,21,22,23,24. Men i betragtning af at infektionsraterne typisk er ret lave (f.eks. kan den anslåede infektionsrate på 0,061 % af myg i områder med aktiv zikavirus (ZIKV) i USA21), inkriminering af potentielle vektorarter være stærkt forudindtaget ved at fange metode25,26 og tilfældig tilfældighed (f.eks. prøveudtagning af en inficeret person ud af 1.600 ikke-inficerede)21 . Under hensyntagen til dette kan en given undersøgelse ikke erhverve tilstrækkelige myg i både rå tal eller artsdiversitet til nøjagtigt at prøve myg, der er involveret i transmission. I modsætning hertil foretages vektorkompetenceanalyser i laboratorieindstilling, hvilket giver mulighed for streng kontrol af parametre som oral dosis. Selv om disse laboratorievurderinger ikke fuldt ud er i stand til at repræsentere den sande kompleksitet af myggeinfektion og transmissionskapacitet i en feltindstilling, forbliver de stadig kraftfulde værktøjer inden for arbovirologi.
Baseret på forskellige vektorkompetenceanalyser med ZIKV i flere myggearter, populationer og metoder27,28,29,30,31,32samt en nylig gennemgang af vektorkompetencevurderinger1beskriver vi her flere af protokollerne forbundet med en typisk vektorkompetencearbejdsgang. I disse forsøg blev tre Ae. aegypti-populationer fra Amerika (byen Salvador, Brasilien, Den Dominikanske Republik og den nedre Rio Grande Valley, TX, USA) udsat for en enkelt stamme af ZIKV (Mex 1-7, GenBank Accession: KX247632.1) ved 4, 5 eller 6 log10 fokusdannende enheder (FFU)/mL doser i form af kunstige blodmel. Efterfølgende blev de analyseret for tegn på infektion, formidlet infektion og overførselskompetence efter forskellige tidspunkter med ekstrinsisk inkubation (2, 4, 7, 10 og 14 dage) ved hjælp af dissektion og en cellekulturbaseret infektiøs analyse. Selvom den nuværende arbejdsgang/protokoller er optimeret til ZIKV, kan mange elementer oversættes direkte til andre myggebårne arbovirus i leddyrs indeslutning og biosikkerhedsniveau 2 og 3 (ACL/BSL2 eller ACL/BSL3).

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3mL Standard Reservoir</td>
			<td>R37P30</td>
			<td>Hemotek Ltd</td>
			<td>Insectary Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>7/32&#34; Stainless Steel 440 Grade C Balls</td>
			<td>4RJH9</td>
			<td>Grainger</td>
			<td>Grinding Media</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Acetone, Histological Grade, Fisher Chemicals, Poly Bottle, 4L, 4/Case</td>
			<td>A16-P4</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Adenosine 5&#39;-triphospate disodium salt hydrat, microbial, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture</td>
			<td>A6419-1G</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Flavivirus Group Antigen Antibody, clone D1-4G2-4-15</td>
			<td>MAB10216</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>Primary Antibody for focus forming assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Mouse IgG (H+L) Antibody, Human Serum Adsorbed and Peroxidase-Labeled, 1.0mL/Bottle</td>
			<td>5450-0011</td>
			<td>KPL/Seracare</td>
			<td>Secondary Antibody for focus forming assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bleach</td>
			<td>NC0427256</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Decontamination</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Corning, Cell Culture Treated Flasks, 150cm2, Vented Cap, Case of 50</td>
			<td>10-126-34</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Cell culture consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar Cell Culture Plates, 24-well, 5/bag, 100/case, Corning</td>
			<td>07-200-740</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Cell culture consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Costar Cell Culture Plates, 96-well, 5/bag, 100/case, Corning</td>
			<td>07-200-91</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Cell culture consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Crystal Violet</td>
			<td>C0775-100G</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>Stain</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Eppendorf Snap Cap Microcentrifuge Safe-Lock 2mL Tubes, 500/Case</td>
			<td>05-402-7</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 15mL Conical Centrigue Tubes</td>
			<td>14-959-70C</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon 50mL Conical Centrigue Tubes</td>
			<td>14-959-49A</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Disposable Polystyrene Serological 10mL Pipets, 200/Case</td>
			<td>13-675-20</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Disposable Polystyrene Serological 1mL Pipets, 1000/Case</td>
			<td>13-675-15B</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Disposable Polystyrene Serological 25mL Pipets, 200/Case</td>
			<td>13-675-30</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Disposable Polystyrene Serological 5mL Pipets, 200/Case</td>
			<td>13-675-22</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Falcon Standard Tissue Culture Dishes</td>
			<td>08-772B</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum-Premium, 500mL</td>
			<td>S11150</td>
			<td>Atlanta Biologicals</td>
			<td>Cell culture reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fisherbrand Economy Plain Glass Microscope Slides</td>
			<td>12-550-A3</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Immobilization of Mosquitos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FU1 Feeder</td>
			<td>FU1-0</td>
			<td>Hemotek Ltd</td>
			<td>Insectary Equipment; feeding units</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gibco DPBS with Calcium and Magnesium, 10 x 500mL Bottles</td>
			<td>140-040-182</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Cell culture reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gibco Fungizone, Amphotericin B, 250&#956;g/mL, 50mL/Bottle</td>
			<td>15-290-026</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>Cell culture reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gibco Penicillin-Streptomycin (10,000 U/mL), 100mL/Bottle, 20 Bottles/Case</td>
			<td>15-140-163</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Cell culture reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gibco, Tryptsin-EDTA (.25%), Phenol red, 20 x 100mL Bottles</td>
			<td>25-200-114</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Cell culture reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gibcom DMEM, High Glucose, 10 x 500mL Bottles</td>
			<td>11-965-118</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Cell culture reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Blood, Unspecified Gender, Na-Citrate, 1 Unit</td>
			<td>7203706</td>
			<td>Lampire</td>
			<td>Bloodmeal preparation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>InsectaVac Aspirator</td>
			<td>2809B</td>
			<td>Bioquip</td>
			<td>Insectary Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methanol, Certified ACS, Fisher Chemicals, Amber Glass Bottle, 4L, 4/Case</td>
			<td>A412-4</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Fixative</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Methyl cellulose, viscosity: 3,500-5,600 cP, 2 % in water(20 &#176;C), 250g/Bottle</td>
			<td>M0512-250G</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>Cell culture reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro-chem Plus Disinfectant Detergent</td>
			<td>C849T34</td>
			<td>Thomas Scientific</td>
			<td>Decontamination; working dilution of dual quaternary ammonium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mineral Oil, BioReagent, for molecular biology</td>
			<td>M5904-5X5ML</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>Immobilization of Mosquitos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>O-rings</td>
			<td>OR37-25</td>
			<td>Hemotek Ltd</td>
			<td>Insectary Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plastic Plugs</td>
			<td>PP5-250</td>
			<td>Hemotek Ltd</td>
			<td>Insectary Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PS6 Power Unit (110-120V)</td>
			<td>PS6120</td>
			<td>Hemotek Ltd</td>
			<td>Insectary Equipment; power source</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rubis Forceps, Offset blades, superfine points</td>
			<td>4525</td>
			<td>Bioquip</td>
			<td>Insectary Equipment</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sarstedt Inc, 2mL Screw Cap Microtube, Conical Bottom, O-ring Cap, Sterile, 1000/Case</td>
			<td>50-809-242</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose, BioUltra, for molecular biology</td>
			<td>84097-250G</td>
			<td>MilliporeSigma</td>
			<td>Reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ThermoScientific, ART Barrier Low Retention 1000&#956;L Pipette Tips, 100 tips/Rack, 8 Racks/Pack, 4 Packs/Case</td>
			<td>21-402-487</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ThermoScientific, ART Barrier Low Retention 200&#956;L Pipette Tips, 96 tips/Rack, 10 Racks/Pack, 5 Packs/Case</td>
			<td>21-402-486</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ThermoScientific, ART Barrier Low Retention 20&#956;L Pipette Tips, 96 tips/Rack, 10 Racks/Pack, 5 Packs/Case</td>
			<td>21-402-484</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ThermoScientific, ART Barrier Low Retention, Extended Reach 10&#956;L Pipette Tips, 96 tips/Rack, 10 Racks/Pack, 5 Packs/Case</td>
			<td>21-402-482</td>
			<td>FisherScientific</td>
			<td>Plastic consumable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TissueLyser II</td>
			<td>85300</td>
			<td>QIAGEN</td>
			<td>Homogenization</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TrueBlue Peroxidase Substrate Kit, 200mL</td>
			<td>5510-0030</td>
			<td>Seracare</td>
			<td>Developing solution for focus forming assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vero</td>
			<td>CCL-81</td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>Mammalian cell line to amplify virus and conduct infectious assay</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vero C1008 [Vero 76, clone E6, Vero E6]</td>
			<td>CRL-1586</td>
			<td>American Type Culture Collection</td>
			<td>Mammalian cell line to amplify virus and conduct infectious assay</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

vector competence analyses on aedes aegypti mosquitoes using zika virus

De fremlagte procedurer beskriver en generel metode til at inficere Aedes aegypti myg med zikavirus under laboratorieforhold for at bestemme infektionsraten, formidlet infektion og potentiel overførsel af virus i den pågældende myggepopulation. Disse procedurer er bredt udnyttet med forskellige ændringer i vektor kompetence evalueringer globalt. De er vigtige for at bestemme den potentielle rolle, som en given myg (dvs. arter, population, individ) kan spille i transmissionen af et givet middel.

Tre populationer af Ae. aegypti fra Amerika (Salvador, Brasilien, Den Dominikanske Republik, og Rio Grande Valley, TX, USA) blev udsat for et udbrud stamme af ZIKV fra Amerika (ZIKV Mex 1-7, Chiapas Stat, Mexico, 2015) over en række blodmeal titers (4, 5, og 6 log10 FFU / mL) præsenteret i en vasket menneskelig erythrocyt-baserede kunstige blodmel. På dag 2, 4, 7, 10 og 14 postinfection blev delmængder af myg behandlet for at bestemme infektion, spredning og potentielle transmissionsrater.
<p ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Vector Competence Analyses on Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes using Zika Virus at JoVE.com

Vector Competence Analyses on Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes using Zika Virus

Den præsenterede protokol kan bestemme vektorkompetenceN for Aedes aegypti mygpopulationer for en given virus, såsom zika, i en indeslutningsindstilling.

Vektor kompetence analyser på Aedes aegypti Myg ved hjælp af Zika Virus

The procedures presented describe a generalized methodology to infect Aedes aegypti mosquitoes with Zika virus under laboratory conditions to determine ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Vector Competence Analyses on Aedes aegypti Mosquitoes using Zika Virus

A Calcium Bioluminescence Assay for Functional Analysis of Mosquito (Aedes aegypti) and Tick (Rhipicephalus microplus) G Protein-coupled Receptors

A Calcium Bioluminescence Assay for Functional Analysis of Mosquito Aedes aegypti and Tick Rhipicephalus microplus G Protein-coupled Receptors

Arthropod hormone receptors are potential targets for novel pesticides as they regulate many essential physiological and behavioral processes.  The ...

A Protocol for Collecting and Staining Hemocytes from the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti

A Protocol for Collecting and Staining Hemocytes from the Yellow Fever Mosquito Aedes aegypti

 Mosquitoes are vectors for a number  of disease-causing pathogens such as the yellow fever virus, malaria parasites  and filarial worms. Laboratories are ...

Detection of Infectious Virus from Field-collected Mosquitoes by Vero Cell Culture Assay

Mosquitoes transmit a number of distinct viruses including important human pathogens such as West Nile virus, dengue virus, and chickungunya virus. Many ...

Hybridization in situ of Salivary Glands, Ovaries, and Embryos of Vector Mosquitoes

Hybridization in situ of Salivary Glands, Ovaries, and Embryos of Vector Mosquitoes

Hybridisering<em&gt; In situ</em&gt; Af spytkirtler, æggestokke og embryoner af Vector Myg

Mosquitoes are vectors for a diverse set of pathogens including arboviruses, protozoan parasites and nematodes.  Investigation of transcripts and gene ...

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Zika Virus Infectious Cell Culture System and the In Vitro Prophylactic Effect of Interferons

Zika Virus Infektiøs Cell Culture System og<em&gt; In vitro</em&gt; Profylaktiske virkning af interferoner

Zika Virus (ZIKV) is an emerging pathogen that is linked to fetal developmental abnormalities such as microcephaly, eye defects, and impaired growth. ZIKV ...

Rescue and Characterization of Recombinant Virus from a New World Zika Virus Infectious Clone

Redning og karakterisering af rekombinant virus fra en ny verden Zika Virus infektiøs klon

Infectious cDNA clones allow for genetic manipulation of a virus, thus facilitating work on vaccines, pathogenesis, replication, transmission and viral ...

Zika Virus Specific Diagnostic Epitope Discovery

Zika Virus specifikke diagnostiske epitop opdagelse

High-density peptide microarrays allow screening of more than six thousand peptides on a single standard microscopy slide. This method can be applied for ...

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

A Simple Flow Cytometry Based Assay to Determine In Vitro Antibody Dependent Enhancement of Dengue Virus Using Zika Virus Convalescent Serum

En simpel flowcytometri baseret analyse for at bestemme In Vitro antistof afhængig af forbedring af Dengue Virus ved hjælp af Zika Virus rekreationshjem Serum

Antibody dependent enhancement of infection has been shown to play a major role in Dengue viral pathogenesis. Traditional assays that measure the capacity ...

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

Evaluation of Zika Virus-specific T-cell Responses in Immunoprivileged Organs of Infected Ifnar1-/- Mice

Evaluering af Zika Virus-specifikke T-celle respons i Immunoprivileged organer af inficerede Ifnar1- / - mus

The Zika virus (ZIKV) can induce inflammation in immunoprivileged organs (e.g., the brain and testis), leading to the Guillain-Barr&#233; syndrome and ...

Rescue of Recombinant Zika Virus from a Bacterial Artificial Chromosome cDNA Clone

Redning af rekombinant Zikavirus fra en bakteriel kunstig kromosom cDNA-klon

The association of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection with neurological complications during the recent worldwide outbreak and the lack of approved vaccines ...