Name: establishing a porcine ex vivo cornea model for studying drug treatments against bacterial keratitis
Uploaded: 2020-05-12T13:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishing a Porcine Ex Vivo Cornea Model for Studying Drug Treatments against Bacterial Keratitis at JoVE.com

作者要感谢切斯特菲尔德的艾略特·阿巴特奥提供猪眼。玻璃戒指是谢菲尔德大学化学系的玻璃鼓风机丹·杰克逊根据我们的设计制作的。作者要感谢医学研究理事会（MR/S004688/1）的资助。作者还要感谢沙纳利·迪克韦拉夫人在角膜制备方面的技术帮助。作者要感谢乔纳森·埃默里先生在图片格式化方面所起的帮助。

白化病实验室的兔子被牺牲在实验室里，根据内政部批准的协议进行其他计划中的实验工作。这些研究不需要眼睛进行实验性使用，因此它们用于此协议。
1. 绝育
<ol><li>关键步骤：在蒸馏水中浸泡 1 小时（v/v/v） Distel 溶液，用刷子清洁，用自来水冲洗，并在 185 °C 的烤箱中消毒，至少 2 小时，对所有钳子和剪刀进行消毒。</li>
	<li>通过在 121 °C 下自动拍击 15 分钟或根据制?...

<ol>
	<li>Vazirani, J., Wurity, S., Ali, M. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Multidrug-Resistant+Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+Keratitis+Risk+Factors,+Clinical+Characteristics,+and+Outcomes.">Multidrug-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Keratitis Risk Factors, Clinical Characteristics, and Outcomes.</a> Ophthalmology. 122 (10), 2110-2114 (2015).</li><li>Sharma, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Keratitis.">Keratitis.</a> Bioscience Reports. 21 (4), 419-444 (2001).</li><li>Sharma, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pseudomonas+aeruginosa+biofilm:+Potential+therapeutic+targets.">Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm: Potential therapeutic targets.</a> Biologicals. 42 (1), 1-7 (2014).</li><li>Ersoy, S. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Correcting+a+Fundamental+Flaw+in+the+Paradigm+for+Antimicrobial+Susceptibility+Testing.">Correcting a Fundamental Flaw in the Paradigm for Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing.</a> EBioMedicine. 20, 173-181 (2017).</li><li>Kubicek-Sutherland, J. Z., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host-dependent+Induction+of+Transient+Antibiotic+Resistance:+A+Prelude+to+Treatment+Failure.">Host-dependent Induction of Transient Antibiotic Resistance: A Prelude to Treatment Failure.</a> EBioMedicine. 2 (9), 1169-1178 (2015).</li><li>Pinnock, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+rabbit+and+human+corneas+as+models+for+bacterial+and+fungal+keratitis.">Ex vivo rabbit and human corneas as models for bacterial and fungal keratitis.</a> Graefe's Archive for Clinical and Experimental Ophthalmology. 255 (2), 333-342 (2017).</li><li>Harman, R. M., Bussche, L., Ledbetter, E. C., Van de Walle, G. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+and+Characterization+of+an+Air-Liquid+Canine+Corneal+Organ+Culture+Model+To+Study+Acute+Herpes+Keratitis.">Establishment and Characterization of an Air-Liquid Canine Corneal Organ Culture Model To Study Acute Herpes Keratitis.</a> Journal of Virology. 88 (23), 13669-13677 (2014).</li><li>Madhu, S. N., Jha, K. K., Karthyayani, A. P., Gajjar, D. U. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+Caprine+Model+to+Study+Virulence+Factors+in+Keratitis.">Ex vivo Caprine Model to Study Virulence Factors in Keratitis.</a> Journal of Ophthalmic &amp; Vision Research. 13 (4), 383-391 (2018).</li><li>Vermeltfoort, P. B. J., van Kooten, T. G., Bruinsma, G. M., Hooymans, A. M. M., vander Mei, H. C., Busscher, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+transmission+from+contact+lenses+to+porcine+corneas:+An+ex+vivo+study.">Bacterial transmission from contact lenses to porcine corneas: An ex vivo study.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 46 (6), 2042-2046 (2005).</li><li>Duggal, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Zinc+oxide+tetrapods+inhibit+herpes+simplex+virus+infection+of+cultured+corneas.">Zinc oxide tetrapods inhibit herpes simplex virus infection of cultured corneas.</a> Molecular Vision. 23, 26-38 (2017).</li><li>Brothers, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bacterial+Impediment+of+Corneal+Cell+Migration.">Bacterial Impediment of Corneal Cell Migration.</a> Investigative Ophthalmology &amp; Visual Science. 56 (7), (2015).</li><li>Alekseev, O., Tran, A. H., Azizkhan-Clifford, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+Organotypic+Corneal+Model+of+Acute+Epithelial+Herpes+Simplex+Virus+Type+I+Infection.">Ex vivo Organotypic Corneal Model of Acute Epithelial Herpes Simplex Virus Type I Infection.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (69), (2012).</li><li>Sack, R. A., Nunes, I., Beaton, A., Morris, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Host-Defense+Mechanism+of+the+Ocular+Surfaces.">Host-Defense Mechanism of the Ocular Surfaces.</a> Bioscience Reports. 21 (4), 463-480 (2001).</li><li>Kunzmann, B. C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+of+a+porcine+corneal+endothelial+organ+culture+model+for+research+purposes.">Establishment of a porcine corneal endothelial organ culture model for research purposes.</a> Cell and Tissue Banking. 19 (3), 269-276 (2018).</li><li>Oh, J. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Processing+Porcine+Cornea+for+Biomedical+Applications.">Processing Porcine Cornea for Biomedical Applications.</a> Tissue Engineering Part C-Methods. 15 (4), 635-645 (2009).</li><li>Shi, W. Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Protectively+Decellularized+Porcine+Cornea+versus+Human+Donor+Cornea+for+Lamellar+Transplantation.">Protectively Decellularized Porcine Cornea versus Human Donor Cornea for Lamellar Transplantation.</a> Advanced Functional Materials. 29, 1902491-1902503 (2019).</li><li>Menduni, F., Davies, L. N., Madrid-Costa, D., Fratini, A., Wolffsohn, J. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterisation+of+the+porcine+eyeball+as+an+in-vitro+model+for+dry+eye.">Characterisation of the porcine eyeball as an in-vitro model for dry eye.</a> Contact Lens &amp; Anterior Eye. 41 (1), 13-17 (2018).</li><li>Castro, N., Gillespie, S. R., Bernstein, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ex+vivo+Corneal+Organ+Culture+Model+for+Wound+Healing+Studies.">Ex vivo Corneal Organ Culture Model for Wound Healing Studies.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (144), (2019).</li></ol>

使用外体猪角膜开发这种角膜模型的主要驱动力是为开发新型抗菌素的研究人员提供具有代表性的体外模型，以更准确地确定前脑阶段的抗菌功效。这将为参与开发新的抗菌药物的研究人员提供在临床前阶段对药物设计和配方的更大控制，提高临床试验的成功率，通过有针对性的研究减少动物的使用，并加快将新的抗菌素转化为临床。
多项研究已调查了感染各种动物的外生?...

角膜感染是致盲的重要原因，在低收入和中等收入国家流行。这种疾病的病因因地区而异，但细菌占这些病例的绝大多数。伪多莫纳斯阿鲁吉诺萨是导致一种快速进步的疾病的重要病原体。在许多情况下，患者留下频闪疤痕，不规则的散光，需要移植或在最坏的情况下，失去一只眼睛1，2。
由 P.aeruginosa 引起的细菌性角膜炎是一种难以治疗的眼睛感染，特别是由于抗微生物药物耐药菌 株的日益出现。在过去十年中，很明显，测试和开发新的治疗角膜感染的方法，一般来说，特别是那些由 伪多莫纳斯 sp.引起的，对于对抗抗生素耐药性3的当前趋势至关重要。
为了测试角膜感染新疗法的疗效，传统的体外微生物方法是一种糟糕的替代方法，因为在实验室培养期间和在体内感染期间细菌生理学的差异，以及由于缺乏宿主接口4，5。然而，体内动物模型昂贵、耗时，只能提供少量的复制品，并引起人们对动物福利的担忧。
在本文中，我们展示了一个简单和可重复的角膜炎体外猪模型，可用于测试急性和慢性感染的各种治疗方法。我们已经使用 P.aeruginosa 进行这个实验，但模型也与其他细菌，以及生物体，如真菌和酵母，导致角膜炎运作良好。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>50 mL Falcon tube</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Amphotericin B</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A2942</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cellstar 12 well plate</td>
			<td>Greiner Bio-One</td>
			<td>665180</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dextran</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>31425-100mg-F</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Distel</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12899357</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM + glutamax</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>D0819</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dual Oven Incubator</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>OVe1020</td>
			<td>Sterilising oven</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Epidermal growth factor</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>E5036-200UG</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>F12 HAM</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>N4888</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Foetal calf serum</td>
			<td>Labtech International</td>
			<td>CA-115/500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15307805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Handheld homogeniser 220</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>15575809</td>
			<td>Homogeniser</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heracell VIOS 160i</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>15373212</td>
			<td>Tissue culture incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Heraeus Megafuge 16R</td>
			<td>VWR</td>
			<td>521-2242</td>
			<td>Centrifuge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Insulin, recombinant Human</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>91077C-1G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LB agar</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L2897</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Multitron</td>
			<td>Infors</td>
			<td>Not appplicable</td>
			<td>Bacterial incubator</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>P4417</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>SLS</td>
			<td>P0781</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>12664785</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish 35x10mm CytoOne</td>
			<td>Starlab</td>
			<td>CC7672-3340</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Povidone iodine</td>
			<td>Weldricks pharmacy</td>
			<td>2122828</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Safe 2020</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>1284804</td>
			<td>Class II microbiology safety cabinet</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel blade number 15</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>O305</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel Swann Morton</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11849002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

establishing a porcine ex vivo cornea model for studying drug treatments against bacterial keratitis

在开发新型抗菌药物时，动物试验的成功取决于从体外试验到体内动物感染的抗菌效果的准确推断。现有的体外测试通常高估了抗菌效能，因为主机组织作为扩散屏障的存在没有被考虑在内。为了克服这一瓶颈，我们开发了一种细菌性角膜炎的前活体猪角膜模型，使用 伪多莫纳斯阿鲁吉诺萨 作为原型生物体。本文描述了猪角膜的准备和建立感染的协议。定制玻璃模具可直接设置角膜用于感染研究。该模型模拟体内感染，因为细菌增殖取决于细菌损害角膜组织的能力。感染的建立被证实为通过可行的板数评估的殖民地形成单位数量的增加。结果表明，使用此处描述的方法，可以在前体角膜中以高度可重复的方式建立感染。该模型可以在未来扩展，以模拟角膜炎引起的微生物以外的 P.阿鲁吉诺萨。该模型的最终目标是研究抗菌化疗对细菌感染进展的影响，在更能代表体内感染的情况下。通过这样做，这里描述的模型将减少动物用于测试，提高临床试验的成功率，并最终使新型抗菌素快速翻译到诊所。

玻璃模具的设计是一个创新和原创的想法，其使用使我们能够建立模型在一致的方式与最小的/没有污染的问题。这些模具是由谢菲尔德大学的玻璃鼓风机根据设计（图1A）制备的。实验设置保持角膜的凸形，并将细菌保存在发生感染的上皮上部（图1B）上。
猪角膜通常在中等的几天后膨胀。这是正常的，我们发现角膜之间没有显著...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Establishing a Porcine Ex Vivo Cornea Model for Studying Drug Treatments against Bacterial Keratitis at JoVE.com

Establishing a Porcine Ex Vivo Cornea Model for Studying Drug Treatments against Bacterial Keratitis

本文描述了建立细菌性角膜炎前活体猪模型的分步协议。 伪多莫纳斯阿鲁吉诺萨 被用作原型生物体。这种创新模式模仿体内感染，因为细菌的增殖取决于细菌破坏角膜组织的能力。

建立猪外维沃角膜模型研究药物治疗细菌性角膜炎

When developing novel antimicrobials, the success of animal trials is dependent on accurate extrapolation of antimicrobial efficacy from in vitro tests to ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

Saliva, Salivary Gland, and Hemolymph Collection from Ixodes scapularis Ticks

唾液，唾液腺，淋巴收集肩突硬蜱蜱

Ticks are found worldwide and afflict humans with many tick-borne illnesses. Ticks are vectors for pathogens that cause Lyme disease and tick-borne ...

科研

免疫与感染

Recurrent Herpetic Stromal Keratitis in Mice, a Model for Studying Human HSK

复发性单纯疱疹性角膜基质性角膜炎小鼠模型研究人类HSK

Herpetic eye disease, termed herpetic stromal keratitis (HSK), is a potentially blinding infection of the cornea that results in over 300,000 clinical ...

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

Bioluminescent Bacterial Imaging In Vivo

生物发光细菌成像<em在体内</em

This video describes the use of whole body bioluminesce imaging (BLI) for the study of bacterial trafficking in live mice, with an emphasis on the use of ...

Assays for the Identification of Novel Antivirals against Bluetongue Virus

为检验新型抗病毒药物的鉴定对蓝舌病病毒

To identify potential antivirals against BTV, we have  developed, optimized and validated three assays presented here. The CPE-based  assay was the first ...

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

An Ex vivo Model of an Oligodendrocyte-directed T-Cell Attack in Acute Brain Slices

一个<em&gt;体外</em&gt;急性脑片的少突胶质细胞定向T细胞攻击模式

Death of oligodendrocytes accompanied by destruction of neurons and axons are typical histopathological findings in cortical and subcortical grey matter ...

High-throughput Quantitative Real-time RT-PCR Assay for Determining Expression Profiles of Types I and III Interferon Subtypes

高通量实时定量RT-PCR检测方法的确定I型和III型干扰素亚型的表达谱

Described in this report is a qRT-PCR assay for the analysis of seventeen human IFN subtypes in a 384-well plate format that incorporates highly specific ...

In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions

In Vitro and In Vivo Model to Study Bacterial Adhesion to the Vessel Wall Under Flow Conditions

在体外和体内模型来研究细菌粘附于血管壁下流动条件

In order to cause endovascular infections and infective endocarditis, bacteria need to be able to adhere to the vessel wall while being exposed to the ...

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

A High-throughput Compatible Assay to Evaluate Drug Efficacy against Macrophage Passaged Mycobacterium tuberculosis

高通量兼容检测，以评估对巨噬细胞传代药物疗效<em&gt;结核分枝杆菌</em

The early drug development process for anti-tuberculosis drugs is hindered by the inefficient translation of compounds with in vitro activity to ...

Opsonophagocytic Killing Assay to Assess Immunological Responses Against Bacterial Pathogens

评估细菌病原体免疫反应的声吞噬杀灭试验

A key aspect of the immune response to bacterial colonization of the host is phagocytosis. An opsonophagocytic killing assay (OPKA) is an experimental ...

Assessment of Lymphocyte Migration in an Ex Vivo Transmigration System

外迁移系统中淋巴细胞迁移的评估

Herein, we present an efficient method that can be executed with basic laboratory skills and materials to assess lymphocyte chemokinetic movement in an ex ...