Name: neuronal differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro
Uploaded: 2020-06-02T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neuronal Differentiation from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells In vitro at JoVE.com

Dette arbeidet ble støttet av National Natural Science Foundation of China (nr. 31501099) og middelaldrende og unge i utdanningsavdelingen i Hubei-provinsen, Kina (nr. kvartal 20191104). Og vi takker professor Wensheng Deng ved Wuhan University of Science and Technology for å ha gitt musen embryonale stamcellelinjer A2lox.

1. Mus embryonale stamcellekultur
<ol><li>Forbered 0,1% gelatinbelagte cellekulturretter eller tallerkener.<ol>
<li>Tilsett 2 ml sterilisert 0,1% gelatin (0,1% w / v i vann) til 60 mm cellekulturretter. Rock forsiktig for å sikre jevn belegg av cellekulturretter.</li>
		<li>Legg oppvasken i en 5% CO2 inkubator ved 37 °C og la belegget i 1 time.</li>
		<li>Fjern 0,1% gelatinoppløsning før du sår cellene. MERK: Etter at du har fjernet gelatinen, er det ikke nødvendig å tørke eller vaske de belagte r...

<ol>
	<li>Vieira, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+stem+cell+differentiation+into+mature+neurons:+mechanisms+of+regulation+and+biotechnological+applications.">Neural stem cell differentiation into mature neurons: mechanisms of regulation and biotechnological applications.</a> Biotechnology Advances. 36 (7), 1946-1970 (2018).</li><li>Yang, J. R., Lin, Y. T., Liao, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+embryonic+stem+cells+on+Parkinson's+disease+therapy.">Application of embryonic stem cells on Parkinson's disease therapy.</a> Genomic Medicine, Biomarkers, and Health Sciences. 3 (1), 17-26 (2011).</li><li>Liu, C., Zhong, Y. W., Apostolou, A., Fang, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+differentiation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+as+an+in+vitro+tool+for+the+study+of+the+expression+patterns+of+the+neuronal+cytoskeleton+during+neurogenesis.">Neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells as an in vitro tool for the study of the expression patterns of the neuronal cytoskeleton during neurogenesis.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 439 (1), 154-159 (2013).</li><li>Khramtsova, E. A., Mezhevikina, L. M., Fesenko, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proliferation+and+differentiation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+modified+by+the+Neural+Growth+Factor+(NGF)+gene.">Proliferation and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells modified by the Neural Growth Factor (NGF) gene.</a> Biology Bulletin. 45 (3), 219-225 (2018).</li><li>Yoshimatsu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+the+efficacy+of+small+molecules+for+neural+differentiation+of+common+marmoset+ESCs+and+iPSCs.">Evaluating the efficacy of small molecules for neural differentiation of common marmoset ESCs and iPSCs.</a> Neuroscience research. , (2019).</li><li>Kothapalli, C. R., Kamm, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+matrix+microenvironment+for+targeted+differentiation+of+embryonic+stem+cells+into+neural+and+glial+lineages.">3D matrix microenvironment for targeted differentiation of embryonic stem cells into neural and glial lineages.</a> Biomaterials. 34, 5995-6007 (2013).</li><li>Gazina, E. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+of+derivation+and+differentiation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+generating+synchronous+neuronal+networks.">Method of derivation and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells generating synchronous neuronal networks.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 293, 53-58 (2018).</li><li>Ohnuki, Y., Kurosawa, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+hanging+drop+culture+conditions+on+embryoid+body+formation+and+neuronal+cell+differentiation+using+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells:+Optimization+of+culture+conditions+for+the+formation+of+well-controlled+embryoid+bodies.">Effects of hanging drop culture conditions on embryoid body formation and neuronal cell differentiation using mouse embryonic stem cells: Optimization of culture conditions for the formation of well-controlled embryoid bodies.</a> Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 115 (5), 571-574 (2013).</li><li>Wongpaiboonwattana, W., Stavridis, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+differentiation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+in+serum-free+monolayer+culture.">Neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in serum-free monolayer culture.</a> Journal of Visualized experiments. (99), e52823 (2015).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optimized+method+for+neuronal+differentiation+of+embryonic+stem+cells+in+vitro.">An optimized method for neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells in vitro.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 330 (15), 108486 (2020).</li><li>Zhou, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+the+optimal+suspension+culture+time+for+the+osteoblastic+differentiation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+using+the+embryoid+body+method.">Investigation of the optimal suspension culture time for the osteoblastic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells using the embryoid body method.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 515 (4), 586-592 (2019).</li><li>Lu, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=All-trans+retinoic+acid+promotes+neural+lineage+entry+by+pluripotent+embryonic+stem+cells+via+multiple+pathways.">All-trans retinoic acid promotes neural lineage entry by pluripotent embryonic stem cells via multiple pathways.</a> BMC Cell Biology. 10, 57 (2009).</li><li>Kanungo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+signaling+in+P19+stem+cell+differentiation.">Retinoic acid signaling in P19 stem cell differentiation.</a> Anticancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 17 (9), 1184-1198 (2017).</li><li>Rochette-Egly, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+signaling+and+mouse+embryonic+stem+cell+differentiation:+Cross+talk+between+genomic+and+non-genomic+effects+of+RA.">Retinoic acid signaling and mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation: Cross talk between genomic and non-genomic effects of RA.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 1851 (1), 66-75 (2015).</li><li>Wang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+maintains+self-renewal+of+murine+embryonic+stem+cells+via+a+feedback+mechanism.">Retinoic acid maintains self-renewal of murine embryonic stem cells via a feedback mechanism.</a> Differentiation. 76 (9), 931-945 (2008).</li><li>Wu, H. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid-induced+upregulation+of+miR-219+promotes+the+differentiation+of+embryonic+stem+cells+into+neural+cells.">Retinoic acid-induced upregulation of miR-219 promotes the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into neural cells.</a> Cell Death Disease. 8, 2953 (2017).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+regulates+germ+cell+differentiation+in+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+through+a+Smad-dependent+pathway.">Retinoic acid regulates germ cell differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells through a Smad-dependent pathway.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 418 (3), 571-577 (2012).</li><li>Nakayama, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+and+efficient+method+for+neuronal+induction+of+the+P19+embryonic+carcinoma+cell+line.">A rapid and efficient method for neuronal induction of the P19 embryonic carcinoma cell line.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 227, 100-106 (2014).</li><li>Bibel, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+into+a+defined+neuronal+lineage.">Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into a defined neuronal lineage.</a> Nature neuroscience. 7 (9), 1003-1009 (2004).</li><li>Coyle, D. E., Li, J., Baccei, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regional+Differentiation+of+Retinoic+Acid-Induced+Human+Pluripotent+Embryonic+Carcinoma+Stem+Cell+Neurons.">Regional Differentiation of Retinoic Acid-Induced Human Pluripotent Embryonic Carcinoma Stem Cell Neurons.</a> PLoS ONE. 6 (1), 16174 (2011).</li><li>Okada, Y., Shimazaki, T., Sobue, G., Okano, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic-acid-concentration-dependent+acquisition+of+neural+cell+identity+during+in+vitro+differentiation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">Retinoic-acid-concentration-dependent acquisition of neural cell identity during in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Developmental Biology. 275, 124-142 (2004).</li></ol>

I den nåværende studien etablerte vi en enkel og effektiv metode for nevronal differensiering fra mESCer, med lave kostnader og lett oppnådde materialer. I denne metoden kan 2 dager med embryoid kroppsdannelse etterfulgt av 6 dager med RA-induksjon effektivt fremme differensiering av mESCer i NPCer (fase I-protokoll 3). For fase II differensiering induserer N2B27 medium II (Fase II-protokoll 3) mest effektivt differensieringen fra NPCer til nevroner. For å sikre suksess, bør mer oppmerksomhet rettes mot flere kritis...

Embryonale stamceller (ESCer) er pluripotente og kan differensiere til nevrale forløperceller (NpCer) og deretter inn i nevroner under visse forhold1. ESC-basert nevrogenese gir den beste plattformen for å etterligne nevrogenese, og fungerer dermed som et nyttig verktøy for utviklingsbiologistudier og potensielt hjelp til regenerativ medisin2,3. I de siste tiårene har mange strategier blitt rapportert for å indusere embryonal nevrogenese, for eksempel den transgenemetoden 4, ved hjelp av småmolekyler 5, ved hjelp av et 3D-matrisemikromiljø6, og co-kulturteknikken7. Imidlertid er de fleste av disse protokollene enten tilstandsbegrenset eller vanskelig å betjene, og dermed er de ikke egnet for bruk i de fleste laboratorier.
For å finne en enkel å betjene og lav pris metode for å oppnå effektiv neural differensiering fra mESCer, ble en kombinatorisk screeningstrategi brukt her. Som beskrevet i figur 1ble hele prosessen med embryonisk nevrogenese delt inn i 2 faser. Fase I refererer til differensieringsprosessen fra mESCer til NPCer, og fase II er relatert til den påfølgende differensieringen fra NpCer til nevroner. Basert på prinsippene for enkel drift, lave kostnader, lett tilgjengelige materialer og høy differensieringseffektivitet, ble syv protokoller i fase I og tre protokoller i fase II valgt basert på det tradisjonelle tilhengerkultursystemet eller embryoidkroppsdannelsessystem 8,9. Differensieringseffektiviteten til protokoller i begge faser ble evaluert ved hjelp av cellemorfologiobservasjon og immunofluorescence analyse. Gjennom å kombinere den mest effektive protokollen i hver fase, etablerte vi den optimaliserte metoden for neural differensiering fra mESCer.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Nestin antibody [Rat-401]</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Ab11306</td>
			<td>stored at -80 &#176;C, avoid repeated freezing and thawing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-&#946;-Tubulin III antibody produced in rabbit</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T2200</td>
			<td>stored at -80 &#176;C, avoid repeated freezing and thawing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488-Labeled Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>A0428</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement (50X), serum free</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C, and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR-99021 (CT99021)</td>
			<td>Selleck</td>
			<td>S1263</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>801007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cy3-Labeled Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>A0516</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DME/F-12 1:1 (1x)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30023.01B</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30084.03</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C, avoid repeated freezing and thawing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence microscopy</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>CKX53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>CM0635B</td>
			<td>stored at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunol Staining Primary Antibody dilution Buffer</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0103</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12660012</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut Serum Replacement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C, avoid repeated freezing and thawing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leukemia Inhibitory Factor human</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L5283</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting Medium With DAPI - Aqueous, Fluoroshield</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab104139</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-essential amino acids solution</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140076</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-2 Supplement (100X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>005-000-121</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonadhesive bacterial dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (1X)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30256.01B</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/ Streptomycin Solution</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SV30010</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PD0325901(Mirdametinib)</td>
			<td>Selleck</td>
			<td>S1036</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R2625</td>
			<td>stored at -80 &#176;C and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Strain 129 Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells</td>
			<td>Cyagen</td>
			<td>MUAES-01001</td>
			<td>Maintained in feeder-free culture system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stem-Cellbanker (DMSO free)</td>
			<td>ZENOAQ</td>
			<td>stem cellbanker DMSO free</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C, avoid repeated freezing and thawing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin 0.25% (1X) Solution</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30042.01</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0098</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 - well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm cell culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>NUNC</td>
			<td>339650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

neuronal differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro

Den nevrale differensieringen av mus embryonale stamceller (mESCs) er et potensielt verktøy for å belyse de viktigste mekanismene som er involvert i nevrogenese og potensielt hjelpe til med regenererende medisin. Her etablerte vi en effektiv og rimelig metode for nevronal differensiering fra mESCs in vitro, ved hjelp av strategien for kombinatorisk screening. Under betingelsene som er definert her, tillater den 2-dagers embryoide kroppsdannelsen + 6-dagers retinosyreinduksjonsprotokoll rask og effektiv differensiering fra mESCer til nevrale forløperceller (NPCer), sett ved dannelsen av godt stablet og neurittlignende A2lox og 129 derivater som er Nestin-positive. Den sunne tilstanden til embryolegemer og tidspunktet da retinsyre (RA) påføres, samt RA-konsentrasjonene, er kritiske i prosessen. I den påfølgende differensieringen fra NpCer til nevroner, kunne N2B27 medium II (supplert med Neurobasal medium) bedre støtte det langsiktige vedlikeholdet og modningen av nevronale celler. Den presenterte metoden er svært effektivitet, lave kostnader og enkel å betjene, og kan være et kraftig verktøy for nevrobiologi og utviklingsbiologi forskning.

2-dagers embryoid kroppsdannelse + 6-dagers RA induksjon fungerer best på å lede differensiering av mESCer i NPCer (fase I). For å finne den optimale protokollen som best fremmer differensieringen av mESCer i NPCer (fase I), ble 7 protokoller testet på både A2lox og 129 mESCer (tabell 1) og differensieringsstatusen for hver gruppe ble overvåket ved hjelp av lysmikroskop. Som vist i figur 3Aviste de fleste A2lox- og 129 derivater under "2-dagers embryofødt kroppsdannel...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neuronal Differentiation from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells In vitro at JoVE.com

Neuronal Differentiation from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells In vitro

Her etablerte vi en lav pris og enkel å betjene metode som leder rask og effektiv differensiering fra embryonale stamceller til nevroner. Denne metoden er egnet for popularisering blant laboratorier og kan være et nyttig verktøy for nevrologisk forskning.

Neuronal Differensiering fra mus embryonale stamceller In vitro

The neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is a potential tool for elucidating the key mechanisms involved in neurogenesis and ...

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Regissert dopaminerge Neuron Differensiering fra Menneskelig Pluripotent stamceller

Dopaminergic (DA) neurons in the substantia nigra pars compacta  (also known as A9 DA neurons) are the specific cell type that is lost in ...

Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors

Differensiering av mus embryonale stamceller i kortikale Interneuron forløpere

GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons ...

Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells

Isolasjon og kultur av embryonale mus embryonale stamceller

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro culture and ...

Purification of Prominin-1+ Stem Cells from Postnatal Mouse Cerebellum

Purification of Prominin-1+ Stem Cells from Postnatal Mouse Cerebellum

Rensing av Prominin-1+ stamceller fra postnatal mus cerebellum

Most cerebellar neurons arise from two embryonic stem niches: a rhombic lip niche, which generates all the cerebellar excitatory glutamatergic neurons, ...

In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity

In Vitro Kile skive Forberedelse for å etterligne In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity

In vitro slice electrophysiology techniques measure single-cell activity with precise electrical and temporal resolution. Brain slices must be relatively ...

In vitro Modeling for Neurological Diseases using Direct Conversion from Fibroblasts to Neuronal Progenitor Cells and Differentiation into Astrocytes

In vitro Modellering for nevrologiske sykdommer ved hjelp av direkte konvertering fra fibroblaster til nevronale stamceller og differensiering til astrocytter

Research on neurological disorders focuses primarily on the impact of neurons on disease mechanisms. Limited availability of animal models severely ...