Name: neuronal differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro
Uploaded: 2020-06-02T14:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neuronal Differentiation from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells In vitro at JoVE.com

Detta arbete stöddes av National Natural Science Foundation of China (nr 31501099) och medelålders och unga vid utbildningsdepartementet i Hubeiprovinsen, Kina (nr. Q20191104). Och vi tackar professor Wensheng Deng vid Wuhan University of Science and Technology för att ha tillhandahållit musens embryonala stamcellslinjer A2lox.

1. Mus embryonal stamcellskultur
<ol><li>Förbered 0,1% gelatinbelagda cellkulturrätter eller tallrikar.<ol>
<li>Tillsätt 2 ml steriliserat 0,1% gelatin (0,1% w/v i vatten) till 60 mm cellkulturrätter. Rocka försiktigt för att säkerställa jämn beläggning av cellkulturrätterna.</li>
		<li>Sätt disken i en 5% CO2 inkubator vid 37 °C och låt beläggningen vara 1 timme.</li>
		<li>Ta bort 0,1% gelatinlösningen innan du sår cellerna. OBS: När du har tagit bort gelatinet behöver du inte torka e...

<ol>
	<li>Vieira, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+stem+cell+differentiation+into+mature+neurons:+mechanisms+of+regulation+and+biotechnological+applications.">Neural stem cell differentiation into mature neurons: mechanisms of regulation and biotechnological applications.</a> Biotechnology Advances. 36 (7), 1946-1970 (2018).</li><li>Yang, J. R., Lin, Y. T., Liao, C. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+embryonic+stem+cells+on+Parkinson's+disease+therapy.">Application of embryonic stem cells on Parkinson's disease therapy.</a> Genomic Medicine, Biomarkers, and Health Sciences. 3 (1), 17-26 (2011).</li><li>Liu, C., Zhong, Y. W., Apostolou, A., Fang, S. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+differentiation+of+human+embryonic+stem+cells+as+an+in+vitro+tool+for+the+study+of+the+expression+patterns+of+the+neuronal+cytoskeleton+during+neurogenesis.">Neural differentiation of human embryonic stem cells as an in vitro tool for the study of the expression patterns of the neuronal cytoskeleton during neurogenesis.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 439 (1), 154-159 (2013).</li><li>Khramtsova, E. A., Mezhevikina, L. M., Fesenko, E. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proliferation+and+differentiation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+modified+by+the+Neural+Growth+Factor+(NGF)+gene.">Proliferation and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells modified by the Neural Growth Factor (NGF) gene.</a> Biology Bulletin. 45 (3), 219-225 (2018).</li><li>Yoshimatsu, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evaluating+the+efficacy+of+small+molecules+for+neural+differentiation+of+common+marmoset+ESCs+and+iPSCs.">Evaluating the efficacy of small molecules for neural differentiation of common marmoset ESCs and iPSCs.</a> Neuroscience research. , (2019).</li><li>Kothapalli, C. R., Kamm, R. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+matrix+microenvironment+for+targeted+differentiation+of+embryonic+stem+cells+into+neural+and+glial+lineages.">3D matrix microenvironment for targeted differentiation of embryonic stem cells into neural and glial lineages.</a> Biomaterials. 34, 5995-6007 (2013).</li><li>Gazina, E. V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Method+of+derivation+and+differentiation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+generating+synchronous+neuronal+networks.">Method of derivation and differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells generating synchronous neuronal networks.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 293, 53-58 (2018).</li><li>Ohnuki, Y., Kurosawa, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effects+of+hanging+drop+culture+conditions+on+embryoid+body+formation+and+neuronal+cell+differentiation+using+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells:+Optimization+of+culture+conditions+for+the+formation+of+well-controlled+embryoid+bodies.">Effects of hanging drop culture conditions on embryoid body formation and neuronal cell differentiation using mouse embryonic stem cells: Optimization of culture conditions for the formation of well-controlled embryoid bodies.</a> Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. 115 (5), 571-574 (2013).</li><li>Wongpaiboonwattana, W., Stavridis, M. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neural+differentiation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+in+serum-free+monolayer+culture.">Neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells in serum-free monolayer culture.</a> Journal of Visualized experiments. (99), e52823 (2015).</li><li>Li, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optimized+method+for+neuronal+differentiation+of+embryonic+stem+cells+in+vitro.">An optimized method for neuronal differentiation of embryonic stem cells in vitro.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 330 (15), 108486 (2020).</li><li>Zhou, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Investigation+of+the+optimal+suspension+culture+time+for+the+osteoblastic+differentiation+of+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+using+the+embryoid+body+method.">Investigation of the optimal suspension culture time for the osteoblastic differentiation of human induced pluripotent stem cells using the embryoid body method.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 515 (4), 586-592 (2019).</li><li>Lu, J. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=All-trans+retinoic+acid+promotes+neural+lineage+entry+by+pluripotent+embryonic+stem+cells+via+multiple+pathways.">All-trans retinoic acid promotes neural lineage entry by pluripotent embryonic stem cells via multiple pathways.</a> BMC Cell Biology. 10, 57 (2009).</li><li>Kanungo, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+signaling+in+P19+stem+cell+differentiation.">Retinoic acid signaling in P19 stem cell differentiation.</a> Anticancer Agents in Medicinal Chemistry. 17 (9), 1184-1198 (2017).</li><li>Rochette-Egly, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+signaling+and+mouse+embryonic+stem+cell+differentiation:+Cross+talk+between+genomic+and+non-genomic+effects+of+RA.">Retinoic acid signaling and mouse embryonic stem cell differentiation: Cross talk between genomic and non-genomic effects of RA.</a> Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids. 1851 (1), 66-75 (2015).</li><li>Wang, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+maintains+self-renewal+of+murine+embryonic+stem+cells+via+a+feedback+mechanism.">Retinoic acid maintains self-renewal of murine embryonic stem cells via a feedback mechanism.</a> Differentiation. 76 (9), 931-945 (2008).</li><li>Wu, H. B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid-induced+upregulation+of+miR-219+promotes+the+differentiation+of+embryonic+stem+cells+into+neural+cells.">Retinoic acid-induced upregulation of miR-219 promotes the differentiation of embryonic stem cells into neural cells.</a> Cell Death Disease. 8, 2953 (2017).</li><li>Chen, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic+acid+regulates+germ+cell+differentiation+in+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+through+a+Smad-dependent+pathway.">Retinoic acid regulates germ cell differentiation in mouse embryonic stem cells through a Smad-dependent pathway.</a> Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications. 418 (3), 571-577 (2012).</li><li>Nakayama, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+rapid+and+efficient+method+for+neuronal+induction+of+the+P19+embryonic+carcinoma+cell+line.">A rapid and efficient method for neuronal induction of the P19 embryonic carcinoma cell line.</a> Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 227, 100-106 (2014).</li><li>Bibel, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells+into+a+defined+neuronal+lineage.">Differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells into a defined neuronal lineage.</a> Nature neuroscience. 7 (9), 1003-1009 (2004).</li><li>Coyle, D. E., Li, J., Baccei, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Regional+Differentiation+of+Retinoic+Acid-Induced+Human+Pluripotent+Embryonic+Carcinoma+Stem+Cell+Neurons.">Regional Differentiation of Retinoic Acid-Induced Human Pluripotent Embryonic Carcinoma Stem Cell Neurons.</a> PLoS ONE. 6 (1), 16174 (2011).</li><li>Okada, Y., Shimazaki, T., Sobue, G., Okano, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Retinoic-acid-concentration-dependent+acquisition+of+neural+cell+identity+during+in+vitro+differentiation+of+mouse+embryonic+stem+cells.">Retinoic-acid-concentration-dependent acquisition of neural cell identity during in vitro differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells.</a> Developmental Biology. 275, 124-142 (2004).</li></ol>

I den aktuella studien etablerade vi en enkel och effektiv metod för neuronal differentiering från mESCs, med låg kostnad och lättåthållna material. I denna metod kan 2 dagars embryoidkroppsbildning följt av 6 dagars RA-induktion effektivt främja differentiering av mESC till nödlidande lån (fas I-protokoll 3). För fas II-differentiering inducerar N2B27 medium II (fas II-protokoll 3) mest effektivt differentiering från NPC till nervceller. För att säkerställa framgång bör mer uppmärksamhet ägnas åt fle...

Embryonala stamceller (EIC) är pluripotenta och kan differentieras till neurala prekursorceller (NPC) och därefter till nervceller under vissa förhållanden1. ESC-baserad neurogenes ger den bästa plattformen för att efterlikna neurogenes, vilket fungerar som ett användbart verktyg för utvecklingsbiologiska studier och potentiellt stöd i regenerativ medicin2,3. Under de senaste decennierna har många strategier rapporterats för att inducera embryonal neurogenes, såsom den transgena metoden4, med hjälp av småmolekyler 5, med hjälp av en 3D-matrismikromiljö6, och samkulturtekniken7. De flesta av dessa protokoll är dock antingen tillståndsbegränsade eller svåra att använda, vilket innebär att de inte är lämpliga för användning i de flesta laboratorier.
För att hitta en lättanvänd och billig metod för att uppnå effektiv neural differentiering från mESCs användes en kombinatorisk screeningstrategi här. Som beskrivs i figur 1var hela processen med embryonal neurogenes uppdelad i 2 faser. Fas I avser differentieringsprocessen från mESC till nödlidande lån, och fas II avser den efterföljande differentieringen från nödlidande lån till nervceller. Baserat på principerna om enkel drift, låg kostnad, lättillgängliga material och hög differentieringseffektivitet valdes sju protokoll i fas I och tre protokoll i fas II baserat på det traditionella vidhäftande monolayerkultursystemet eller embryoidkroppsbildningssystemet8,9. Differentieringseffektiviteten av protokoll i båda faserna utvärderades med hjälp av cell morfologi observation och immunofluorescens analys. Genom att kombinera det mest effektiva protokollet i varje fas etablerade vi den optimerade metoden för neural differentiering från mESCs.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-Nestin antibody [Rat-401]</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>Ab11306</td>
			<td>stored at -80 &#176;C, avoid repeated freezing and thawing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anti-&#946;-Tubulin III antibody produced in rabbit</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>T2200</td>
			<td>stored at -80 &#176;C, avoid repeated freezing and thawing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Alexa Fluor 488-Labeled Goat Anti-Mouse IgG</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>A0428</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>B-27 Supplement (50X), serum free</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17504044</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C, and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CHIR-99021 (CT99021)</td>
			<td>Selleck</td>
			<td>S1263</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Coverslips</td>
			<td>NEST</td>
			<td>801007</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cy3-Labeled Goat Anti-Rabbit IgG</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>A0516</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DME/F-12 1:1 (1x)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30023.01B</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30084.03</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C, avoid repeated freezing and thawing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescence microscopy</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td>CKX53</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>CM0635B</td>
			<td>stored at room temperature</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GlutaMAX Supplement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>35050061</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Immunol Staining Primary Antibody dilution Buffer</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0103</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut DMEM/F-12</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>12660012</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>KnockOut Serum Replacement</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>10828028</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C, avoid repeated freezing and thawing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Leukemia Inhibitory Factor human</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>L5283</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mounting Medium With DAPI - Aqueous, Fluoroshield</td>
			<td>Abcam</td>
			<td>ab104139</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MEM Non-essential amino acids solution</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>11140076</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-2 Supplement (100X)</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>17502048</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Normal goat serum</td>
			<td>Jackson</td>
			<td>005-000-121</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neurobasal Medium</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21103049</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nonadhesive bacterial dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3262</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffered Saline (1X)</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30256.01B</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/ Streptomycin Solution</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SV30010</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PD0325901(Mirdametinib)</td>
			<td>Selleck</td>
			<td>S1036</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Retinoic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>R2625</td>
			<td>stored at -80 &#176;C and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Strain 129 Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells</td>
			<td>Cyagen</td>
			<td>MUAES-01001</td>
			<td>Maintained in feeder-free culture system</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stem-Cellbanker (DMSO free)</td>
			<td>ZENOAQ</td>
			<td>stem cellbanker DMSO free</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C, avoid repeated freezing and thawing</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin 0.25% (1X) Solution</td>
			<td>HyClone</td>
			<td>SH30042.01</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>T8787</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td>Gibco</td>
			<td>21985023</td>
			<td>stored at 4 &#176;C and protect from light</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4% paraformaldehyde</td>
			<td>Beyotime</td>
			<td>P0098</td>
			<td>stored at -20 &#176;C</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 - well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>3516</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>60 mm cell culture dish</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>430166</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml centrifuge tube</td>
			<td>NUNC</td>
			<td>339650</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

neuronal differentiation from mouse embryonic stem cells in vitro

Neural differentiering av mus embryonala stamceller (mESCs) är ett potentiellt verktyg för att belysa de viktigaste mekanismerna som är involverade i neurogenes och potentiellt stöd i regenerativ medicin. Här etablerade vi en effektiv och lågkostnadsmetod för neuronal differentiering från mESCs in vitro, med hjälp av strategin för kombinatorisk screening. Under de förhållanden som definieras här tillåter 2-dagars embryoidkroppsbildning + 6-dagars retinsyrainduktionsprotokoll snabb och effektiv differentiering från mESCs till neurala prekursorceller (NPCs), vilket ses av bildandet av välstackade och neuritliknande A2lox och 129 derivat som är Nestin positiva. Det friska tillståndet hos embryoidkroppar och den tidspunkt vid vilken retinsyra (RA) appliceras, liksom RA-koncentrationerna, är avgörande i processen. I den efterföljande differentiering från NPCs till nervceller, N2B27 medium II (kompletteras av Neurobasal medium) kan bättre stödja långsiktiga underhåll och mognad av neuronala celler. Den presenterade metoden är mycket effektiv, låg kostnad och lätt att använda, och kan vara ett kraftfullt verktyg för neurobiologi och utvecklingsbiologisk forskning.

2-dagars embryoidkroppsbildning + 6-dagars RA-induktion fungerar bäst för att styra differentiering av mESC till NPC (fas I). För att fastställa det optimala protokoll som bäst främjar differentiering av mESC till nödlidande lån (fas I) testades 7 protokoll på både A2lox och 129 mESCs(tabell 1)och differentieringsstatusen för varje grupp övervakades med hjälp av ljusmikroskop. Som visas i figur 3Avisade de flesta A2lox- och 129-derivat under "2-dagars embryoidkr...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neuronal Differentiation from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells In vitro at JoVE.com

Neuronal Differentiation from Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells In vitro

Här etablerade vi en låg kostnad och lättanvänd metod som leder snabb och effektiv differentiering från embryonala stamceller till nervceller. Denna metod är lämplig för popularisering bland laboratorier och kan vara ett användbart verktyg för neurologisk forskning.

Neuronal differentiering från mus embryonala stamceller in vitro

The neural differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is a potential tool for elucidating the key mechanisms involved in neurogenesis and ...

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Differentiation of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells into Cortical Interneuron Precursors

Differentiering av mus embryonala stamceller till kortikala Interneuron prekursorer

GABAergic cortical interneurons are a heterogeneous population of cells that play critical roles in regulating the output of excitatory pyramidal neurons ...

Isolation and Culture of Embryonic Mouse Neural Stem Cells

Isolering och kultur av embryonala mus neurala stamceller

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are multipotent and can give rise to the three major cell types of the central nervous system (CNS). In vitro culture and ...

Purification of Prominin-1+ Stem Cells from Postnatal Mouse Cerebellum

Purification of Prominin-1+ Stem Cells from Postnatal Mouse Cerebellum

Rening av Prominin-1+ stamceller från Postnatal Mus Cerebellum

Most cerebellar neurons arise from two embryonic stem niches: a rhombic lip niche, which generates all the cerebellar excitatory glutamatergic neurons, ...

In Vitro Wedge Slice Preparation for Mimicking In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity

In Vitro Wedge Slice Förberedelse för Härma In Vivo Neuronal Circuit Connectivity

In vitro slice electrophysiology techniques measure single-cell activity with precise electrical and temporal resolution. Brain slices must be relatively ...

In vitro Modeling for Neurological Diseases using Direct Conversion from Fibroblasts to Neuronal Progenitor Cells and Differentiation into Astrocytes

In vitro-modellering för neurologiska sjukdomar med direkt omvandling från fibroblaster till neuronala stamceller och differentiering till astrocyter

Research on neurological disorders focuses primarily on the impact of neurons on disease mechanisms. Limited availability of animal models severely ...