Name: pathological analysis of lung metastasis following lateral tail-vein injection of tumor cells
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Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells at JoVE.com

I dati rappresentativi sono stati finanziati attraverso il National Cancer Institute (K22CA218549 a S.T.S). Oltre alla loro assistenza nello sviluppo del metodo di analisi completo qui riportato, ringraziamo l'Ohio State University Comprehensive Cancer Center Comparative Pathology and Mouse Phenotyping Shared Resource (Direttore - Krista La Perle, DVM, PhD) per i servizi di istologia e immunoistochimica e il Pathology Imaging Core per lo sviluppo e l'analisi degli algoritmi.

L'uso degli animali ha seguito i regolamenti dell'Università Laboratory Animal Resources (ULAR) nell'ambito del protocollo approvato dall'OSU Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) 2007A0120-R4 (PI: Dr. Gina Sizemore).
1. Iniezione della vena della coda delle cellule del cancro al seno
<ol><li>Preparazione di cellule e siringhe per iniezione<ol>
<li>Placcare un numero appropriato di cellule in base al numero di topi e alla concentrazione cellulare da utilizzare. NOTA: Il num...

<ol>
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A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Prognostic+impact+of+metastatic+pattern+in+stage+IV+breast+cancer+at+initial+diagnosis.">Prognostic impact of metastatic pattern in stage IV breast cancer at initial diagnosis.</a> Breast Cancer Research and Treatment. 161 (3), 537-548 (2017).</li><li>Pei, X. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Explant-cell+culture+of+primary+mammary+tumors+from+MMTV-c-Myc+transgenic+mice.">Explant-cell culture of primary mammary tumors from MMTV-c-Myc transgenic mice.</a> In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology: Animal. 40 (1-2), 14-21 (2004).</li><li>Mathsyaraja, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=CSF1-ETS2-induced+microRNA+in+myeloid+cells+promote+metastatic+tumor+growth.">CSF1-ETS2-induced microRNA in myeloid cells promote metastatic tumor growth.</a> Oncogene. 34 (28), 3651-3661 (2015).</li><li>Yang, S., Zhang, J. J., Huang, X. Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+for+tumor+metastasis.">Mouse models for tumor metastasis.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. 928, 221-228 (2012).</li><li>La Perle, K. M. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Comparative+Pathologists:+Ultimate+Control+Freaks+Seeking+Validation.">Comparative Pathologists: Ultimate Control Freaks Seeking Validation.</a> Veterinary Pathology. 56 (1), 19-23 (2019).</li><li>Blomberg, O. S., Spagnuolo, L., de Visser, K. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+regulation+of+metastasis:+mechanistic+insights+and+therapeutic+opportunities.">Immune regulation of metastasis: mechanistic insights and therapeutic opportunities.</a> Disease Models &amp; Mechanisms. 11 (10), (2018).</li><li>Gonzalez, H., Hagerling, C., Werb, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Roles+of+the+immune+system+in+cancer:+from+tumor+initiation+to+metastatic+progression.">Roles of the immune system in cancer: from tumor initiation to metastatic progression.</a> Genes and Development. 32 (19-20), 1267-1284 (2018).</li><li>Borowsky, A. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Syngeneic+mouse+mammary+carcinoma+cell+lines:+two+closely+related+cell+lines+with+divergent+metastatic+behavior.">Syngeneic mouse mammary carcinoma cell lines: two closely related cell lines with divergent metastatic behavior.</a> Clinical and Experimental Metastasis. 22 (1), 47-59 (2005).</li><li>Yang, Y., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunocompetent+mouse+allograft+models+for+development+of+therapies+to+target+breast+cancer+metastasis.">Immunocompetent mouse allograft models for development of therapies to target breast cancer metastasis.</a> Oncotarget. 8 (19), 30621-30643 (2017).</li><li>Resch, M., Neels, T., Tichy, A., Palme, R., Rulicke, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Impact+assessment+of+tail-vein+injection+in+mice+using+a+modified+anaesthesia+induction+chamber+versus+a+common+restrainer+without+anaesthesia.">Impact assessment of tail-vein injection in mice using a modified anaesthesia induction chamber versus a common restrainer without anaesthesia.</a> Laboratory Animals. 53 (2), 190-201 (2019).</li><li>Rashid, O. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Is+tail+vein+injection+a+relevant+breast+cancer+lung+metastasis+model.">Is tail vein injection a relevant breast cancer lung metastasis model.</a> Journal of Thoracic Disease. 5 (4), 385-392 (2013).</li><li>Goodale, D., Phay, C., Postenka, C. O., Keeney, M., Allan, A. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Characterization+of+tumor+cell+dissemination+patterns+in+preclinical+models+of+cancer+metastasis+using+flow+cytometry+and+laser+scanning+cytometry.">Characterization of tumor cell dissemination patterns in preclinical models of cancer metastasis using flow cytometry and laser scanning cytometry.</a> Cytometry Part A. 75 (4), 344-355 (2009).</li><li>Goddard, E. 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Mentre i ricercatori continuano a utilizzare l'iniezione endovenosa di cellule tumorali come modello sperimentale per le metastasi, mancano pratiche standard per analizzare il carico tumorale metastatico risultante. In alcuni casi, differenze significative nel carico tumorale metastatico in caso di manipolazione di particolari linee cellulari e/o uso di composti chimici possono essere osservate macroscopicamente. Tuttavia, in altri casi, sottili differenze nella semina e nella crescita metastatica possono essere trascura...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61270/pathological-analysis-lung-metastasis-following-lateral-tail-vein">Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells</a>. The author list was updated.
The author list was updated from:
Katie A. Thies1,&#160;Sue E. Knoblaugh2, and Steven T. Sizemore1 
1Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center 
2Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Comparative Pathology and Digital Imaging Shared Resource, The Ohio State University
to:
Katie A. Thies1, Sarah Steck1, Sue E. Knoblaugh2, and Steven T. Sizemore1 
1Department of Radiation Oncology, Arthur G. James Comprehensive Cancer Center and Richard L. Solove Research Institute, The Ohio State University Medical Center 
2Department of Veterinary Biosciences, Comparative Pathology and Digital Imaging Shared Resource, The Ohio State University

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61270/pathological-analysis-lung-metastasis-following-lateral-tail-vein">Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells</a>. The author list was updated.

Erratum: Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells

Nonostante sia un processo altamente complesso e inefficiente1, le metastasi contribuiscono in modo significativo alla morbilità e alla mortalità dei pazienti oncologici2. In effetti, la maggior parte dei decessi correlati al cancro sono attribuiti alla diffusione metastatica della malattia3,4. Affinché le cellule tumorali possano metastatizzare con successo, devono staccarsi dal sito primario, invadere attraverso lo stroma adiacente, intravasare la circolazione sanguigna o linfatica, viaggiare verso il letto capillare di un sito secondario, estravasare nel tessuto secondario e proliferare o crescere fino a formare lesioni metastatiche5. L'uso di modelli murini è stato fondamentale per promuovere la comprensione dei meccanismi molecolari responsabili della semina e della crescita metastatica6,7. Qui ci concentriamo sulle metastasi del cancro al seno, per le quali vengono spesso utilizzati sia modelli murini geneticamente modificati che metodi di trapianto, ognuno con la propria serie di vantaggi e limitazioni.
I modelli di tumore mammario geneticamente modificati fanno uso di promotori specifici della ghiandola mammaria, tra cui MMTV-LTR (mouse mammary tumor virus long terminal repeat) e WAP (Whey Acidic Protein), per guidare l'espressione dei transgeni nell'epitelio mammario8. Gli oncogeni tra cui l'antigene T medio del polioma (PyMT), ErbB2/Neu, c-Myc, Wnt-1 e il virus simian 40 (SV40) sono stati espressi in questo modo9,10,11,12,13, e mentre questi modelli genetici sono utili per studiare l'inizio e la progressione del tumore primario, pochi metastatizzano facilmente in organi distanti. Inoltre, questi modelli genetici murini sono spesso più proibitivi in termini di tempo e costi rispetto ai modelli di metastasi spontanee o sperimentali. Data la limitazione della maggior parte dei modelli di tumore mammario geneticamente modificati per studiare le metastasi, le tecniche di trapianto sono diventate metodi interessanti per studiare questo complesso processo. Ciò include l'iniezione ortotopica, della vena della coda, intracardiaca e intracranica di linee cellulari adatte.
Sebbene diverse linee cellulari di cancro al seno metastatizzino prontamente dopo l'iniezione ortotopica nel cuscinetto di grasso mammario14,15, la consistenza e la riproducibilità del carico tumorale metastatico può essere una sfida e la durata di tali studi può essere dell'ordine di diversi mesi. Per valutare le metastasi polmonari, in particolare, l'iniezione endovenosa nella vena della coda è spesso un metodo più riproducibile ed efficace nel tempo con diffusione metastatica che si verifica tipicamente nell'arco di poche settimane. Tuttavia, poiché il modello di iniezione endovenosa bypassa le fasi iniziali della cascata metastatica, è necessario prestare attenzione nell'interpretare i risultati di questi studi. In questa dimostrazione, mostriamo l'iniezione della vena caudale di cellule tumorali mammarie insieme a un metodo di analisi accurato e completo.
Anche se la comunità di ricerca ha compiuto progressi significativi nella comprensione del complesso processo delle metastasi del cancro al seno, si stima che oltre 150.000 donne abbiano attualmente il cancro al seno metastatico16. Di quelli con carcinoma mammario in stadio IV, >36% dei pazienti ha metastasi polmonari17; tuttavia, il modello sito-specifico e l'incidenza delle metastasi possono variare in base al sottotipo molecolare18,19,20,21. Le pazienti con metastasi polmonari associate al cancro al seno hanno una sopravvivenza mediana di soli 21 mesi, evidenziando la necessità di identificare trattamenti efficaci e nuovi biomarcatori per questa malattia17. L'uso di modelli sperimentali di metastasi, compresa l'iniezione endovenosa di cellule tumorali, continuerà a far progredire la nostra conoscenza di questa importante sfida clinica. Quando combinate con la patologia di imaging digitale e il metodo di analisi del carico tumorale polmonare metastatico descritto in questo protocollo, le iniezioni di vena caudale sono uno strumento prezioso per la ricerca sulle metastasi del cancro al seno.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>alcohol prep pads</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>22-363-750</td>
			<td>for cleaning tail prior to injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dissection scissors</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>08-951-5</td>
			<td>for mouse dissection and lung tissue inflation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM with L-Glutamine, 4.5g/L Glucose and Sodium Pyruvate</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MT10013CV</td>
			<td>cell culture media base for MDA-MB-231 and MVT1 cell lines</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#39;s Phosphate-Buffered Salt Solution 1x</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>MT21030CV</td>
			<td>used for resuspending tumor cells for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethanol (70 % solution)</td>
			<td>OSU</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>used to minimize mouse&#39;s fur during dissection; use caution - flammable</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Evan&#39;s blue dye</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>E2129</td>
			<td>used at 1 % in sterile PBS for practice with tail-vein injection method; use caution - dangerous reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal Bovine Serum</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>F4135</td>
			<td>cell culture media additive; used at 10% in DMEM</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>forceps</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10-270</td>
			<td>for dissection and lung tissue inflation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>FVB/NJ mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>001800</td>
			<td>syngeneic mouse strain for MVT1 cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hemacytometer (Bright-Line)</td>
			<td>Millipore Sigma</td>
			<td>Z359629</td>
			<td>for use in cell culture to obtain cell counts</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>insulin syringe (28 G)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-829-1B</td>
			<td>for tail-vein injections (BD 329424)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MDA-MB-231 cells</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>human breast cancer cell line</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>MVT1 cells</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>mouse mammary tumor cells</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>needles (26 G)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-826-15</td>
			<td>used to inflate the mouse&#39;s lungs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>neutral buffered formalin (10%)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>245685</td>
			<td>used as a tissue fixative and to inflate lung tissue; use caution - dangerous reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NOD.Cg-Prkdcscid Il2rgtm1Wjl/SzJ (NSG) mice</td>
			<td>The Jackson Laboratory</td>
			<td>005557</td>
			<td>maintained by OSUCCC Target Validation Shared Resource</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin Streptomycin 100x</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>15140163</td>
			<td>cell culture media additive</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sterile gauze</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC9379092</td>
			<td>for applying pressue to mouse&#39;s tail if bleeding occurs</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>syringe (5 mL)</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>14-955-458</td>
			<td>used to inflate mouse lung tissue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tail-vein restrainer</td>
			<td>Braintree Scientific, Inc.</td>
			<td>TV-150 STD</td>
			<td>used to restrain mouse for tail-vein injections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue (0.4 %)</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>15250061</td>
			<td>used in cell culture to assess viability</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA 0.25 %</td>
			<td>ThermoFisher</td>
			<td>25200-114</td>
			<td>used in cell culture to detach tumor cells from plate</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

pathological analysis of lung metastasis following lateral tail-vein injection of tumor cells

Le metastasi, la causa principale di morbilità e mortalità per la maggior parte dei malati di cancro, possono essere difficili da modellare preclinicamente nei topi. Sono disponibili pochi modelli di metastasi spontanee. Pertanto, il modello sperimentale di metastasi che coinvolge l'iniezione della vena caudale di linee cellulari adatte è un pilastro della ricerca sulle metastasi. Quando le cellule tumorali vengono iniettate nella vena laterale della coda, il polmone è il loro sito preferito di colonizzazione. Una potenziale limitazione di questa tecnica è la quantificazione accurata del carico tumorale polmonare metastatico. Mentre alcuni ricercatori contano macrometastasi di dimensioni predefinite e/o includono micrometastasi dopo il sezionamento del tessuto, altri determinano l'area delle lesioni metastatiche rispetto all'area tissutale normale. Entrambi questi metodi di quantificazione possono essere estremamente difficili quando il carico metastatico è elevato. Qui, dimostriamo un modello di iniezione endovenosa di metastasi polmonari seguito da un metodo avanzato per quantificare il carico tumorale metastatico utilizzando un software di analisi delle immagini. Questo processo consente di studiare più parametri end-point, tra cui la dimensione media delle metastasi, il numero totale di metastasi e l'area totale delle metastasi, per fornire un'analisi completa. Inoltre, questo metodo è stato esaminato da un patologo veterinario certificato dall'American College of Veterinary Pathologists (SEK) per garantire l'accuratezza.

Se si utilizzano cellule non etichettate per l'iniezione della vena della coda, può essere difficile confermare la colonizzazione polmonare fino a (1) il tempo dell'autopsia se si possono osservare macrometastasi o (2) dopo l'analisi istologica se esistono metastasi microscopiche. Con un ampio carico di tumore polmonare metastatico, i topi avranno faticato a respirare. Come con qualsiasi studio sul tumore, i topi devono essere attentamente monitorati per tutta la durata dello studio. L'uso di cellule marcate è un modo ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells at JoVE.com

Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells (Video) | JoVE

L'iniezione endovenosa di cellule tumorali viene spesso utilizzata nella ricerca sulle metastasi, ma il carico tumorale metastatico può essere difficile da analizzare. Qui, dimostriamo un modello di iniezione della vena caudale di metastasi e includiamo un nuovo approccio per analizzare il carico tumorale polmonare metastatico risultante.

Analisi patologica delle metastasi polmonari a seguito di iniezione laterale della vena della coda di cellule tumorali

Metastasis, the primary cause of morbidity and mortality for most cancer patients, can be challenging to model preclinically in mice. Few spontaneous ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Pathological Analysis of Lung Metastasis Following Lateral Tail-Vein Injection of Tumor Cells

Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay

Lung Tumor Cell Recruitment Assay (Video) | JoVE

Analisi di reclutamento delle cellule di tumore del polmone

To investigate the molecular mechanisms governing tumor metastasis, various assays using the mouse as a model animal have been proposed. Here, we ...

Ricerca

Ricerca sul cancro

In Vivo Model for Testing Effect of Hypoxia on Tumor Metastasis

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Hypoxia has been implicated in the metastasis of Ewing sarcoma (ES) by clinical observations and in vitro data, yet direct evidence for its pro-metastatic ...

A Portal Vein Injection Model to Study Liver Metastasis of Breast Cancer

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Intracarotidea Cancer Cell iniezione per produrre modelli murini di cervello Metastasi

Metastasis, the spread and growth of malignant cells at secondary sites within a patient&#39;s body, accounts for &#62; 90% of cancer-related mortality. ...

Simple and Rapid Method to Obtain High-quality Tumor DNA from Clinical-pathological Specimens Using Touch Imprint Cytology

Simple and Rapid Method to Obtain High-quality Tumor DNA from Clinical-pathological Specimens Using Touch Imprint Cytology (Video) | JoVE

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It is critical to determine the mutational status in cancer before administration and treatment of specific molecular targeted drugs for cancer patients. ...

Acellular and Cellular Lung Model to Study Tumor Metastasis

Acellular and Cellular Lung Model to Study Tumor Metastasis (Video) | JoVE

Modello del polmone acellulare e cellulari per lo studio di metastasi del tumore

It is difficult to isolate tumor cells at different points of tumor progression. We created an ex vivo lung model that can show the interaction of tumor ...

Micromanipulation of Circulating Tumor Cells for Downstream Molecular Analysis and Metastatic Potential Assessment

Micromanipulation of Circulating Tumor Cells for Downstream Molecular Analysis and Metastatic Potential Assessment (Video) | JoVE

Micromanipolazione delle cellule tumorali circolanti per l'analisi molecolare a valle e la valutazione del potenziale metastatico

Blood-borne metastasis accounts for&#160;most cancer-related deaths and involves circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that are successful in establishing new ...

Combined Use of Tail Vein Metastasis Assays and Real-Time In Vivo Imaging to Quantify Breast Cancer Metastatic Colonization and Burden in the Lungs

Combined Use of Tail Vein Metastasis Assays and Real-Time In Vivo Imaging to Quantify Breast Cancer Metastatic Colonization and Burden in the Lungs (Video) | JoVE

Uso combinato dei saggi di metastasi della vena della coda e dell'imaging in vivo in tempo reale per quantificare la colonizzazione metastatica del cancro al seno e il carico nei polmoni

Metastasis is the main cause of cancer-related deaths and there are limited therapeutic options for patients with metastatic disease. The identification ...

Using Computer-based Image Analysis to Improve Quantification of Lung Metastasis in the 4T1 Breast Cancer Model

Using Computer-based Image Analysis to Improve Quantification of Lung Metastasis in the 4T1 Breast Cancer Model (Video) | JoVE

Utilizzo dell'analisi delle immagini basata su computer per migliorare la quantificazione della metastasi polmonare nel modello di cancro al seno 4T1

Breast cancer is a devastating malignancy, accounting for 40,000 female deaths and 30% of new female cancer diagnoses in the United States in 2019 alone. ...

Modeling Brain Metastasis Via Tail-Vein Injection of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells

Modeling Brain Metastasis Via Tail-Vein Injection of Inflammatory Breast Cancer Cells (Video) | JoVE

Modellazione delle metastasi cerebrali tramite iniezione di vena della coda di cellule infiammatorie del cancro al seno

Metastatic spread to the brain is a common and devastating manifestation of many types of cancer. In the United States alone, about 200,000 patients are ...