Name: combined in vivo anatomical and functional tracing of ventral tegmental area glutamate terminals in the hippocampus
Uploaded: 2020-09-09T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus at JoVE.com

Dit werk wordt gefinancierd door CBS Bridging Grant toegekend aan OOM. OOM, PAA en AS ontwierpen het onderzoek en voerden de experimenten uit. AS en PAA analyseerden de resultaten. OOM en PAA maakten het manuscript klaar. We danken Dr. Karl Disseroth (Stanford University) voor het beschikbaar stellen van de AAV voor ons gebruik.

Alle experimentele en dierbehandelingsprocedures werden goedgekeurd door het Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) van de Louisiana State University School of Veterinary Medicine.
1. Proefdier
<ol><li>Gebruik muizen van 5-6 weken oud.</li>
	<li>Huis 3-5 dieren per kooi onder standaardomstandigheden van 12 uur afwisselend licht en donkere cyclus. Voedsel en water moeten ad libitum worden verstrekt.</li>
</ol>2. Craniotomie en dierlijke voorbereiding
<p ...

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Cre-dependent,+anterograde+transsynaptic+viral+tracer+for+mapping+output+pathways+of+genetically+marked+neurons.">A Cre-dependent, anterograde transsynaptic viral tracer for mapping output pathways of genetically marked neurons.</a> Neuron. 72 (6), 938-950 (2011).</li><li>Li, J., Liu, T., Dong, Y., Kondoh, K., Lu, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trans-synaptic+Neural+Circuit-Tracing+with+Neurotropic+Viruses.">Trans-synaptic Neural Circuit-Tracing with Neurotropic Viruses.</a> Neuroscience bulletin. , 1-12 (2019).</li><li>Kuypers, H., Ugolini, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viruses+as+transneuronal+tracers.">Viruses as transneuronal tracers.</a> Trends in neurosciences. 13 (2), 71-75 (1990).</li><li>Atasoy, D., Aponte, Y., Su, H. 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A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+action+on+hippocampal+pyramidal+cells.">Dopamine action on hippocampal pyramidal cells.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 2 (4), 415-423 (1982).</li><li>Davidow, J. Y., Foerde, K., Galvan, A., Shohamy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Upside+to+Reward+Sensitivity:+The+Hippocampus+Supports+Enhanced+Reinforcement+Learning+in+Adolescence.">An Upside to Reward Sensitivity: The Hippocampus Supports Enhanced Reinforcement Learning in Adolescence.</a> Neuron. 92 (1), 93-99 (2016).</li><li>Hu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reward+and+Aversion.">Reward and Aversion.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 39, 297-324 (2016).</li><li>Kahn, I., Shohamy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+connectivity+between+the+hippocampus,+nucleus+accumbens,+and+ventral+tegmental+area+in+humans.">Intrinsic connectivity between the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area in humans.</a> Hippocampus. 23 (3), 187-192 (2013).</li><li>Lisman, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relating+hippocampal+circuitry+to+function:+recall+of+memory+sequences+by+reciprocal+dentate-CA3+interactions.">Relating hippocampal circuitry to function: recall of memory sequences by reciprocal dentate-CA3 interactions.</a> Neuron. 22 (2), 233-242 (1999).</li><li>Lisman, J. E., Grace, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hippocampal-VTA+loop:+controlling+the+entry+of+information+into+long-term+memory.">The hippocampal-VTA loop: controlling the entry of information into long-term memory.</a> Neuron. 46 (5), 703-713 (2005).</li><li>Broussard, J. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+Regulates+Aversive+Contextual+Learning+and+Associated+In+Vivo+Synaptic+Plasticity+in+the+Hippocampus.">Dopamine Regulates Aversive Contextual Learning and Associated In Vivo Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus.</a> Cell Reports. 14 (8), 1930-1939 (2016).</li><li>Hansen, N., Manahan-Vaughan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+D1/D5+receptors+mediate+informational+saliency+that+promotes+persistent+hippocampal+long-term+plasticity.">Dopamine D1/D5 receptors mediate informational saliency that promotes persistent hippocampal long-term plasticity.</a> Cerebral Cortex. 24 (4), 845-858 (2014).</li><li>Salvetti, B., Morris, R. G., Wang, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+rewarding+and+novel+events+in+facilitating+memory+persistence+in+a+separate+spatial+memory+task.">The role of rewarding and novel events in facilitating memory persistence in a separate spatial memory task.</a> Learning &amp; Memory. 21 (2), 61-72 (2014).</li><li>Ntamati, N. R., Luscher, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VTA+Projection+Neurons+Releasing+GABA+and+Glutamate+in+the+Dentate+Gyrus.">VTA Projection Neurons Releasing GABA and Glutamate in the Dentate Gyrus.</a> eNeuro. 3 (4), (2016).</li><li>Yoo, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventral+tegmental+area+glutamate+neurons+co-release+GABA+and+promote+positive+reinforcement.">Ventral tegmental area glutamate neurons co-release GABA and promote positive reinforcement.</a> Nature Communications. 7, 13697 (2016).</li><li>Funahashi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+Memory+in+the+Prefrontal+Cortex.">Working Memory in the Prefrontal Cortex.</a> Brain Sciences. 7 (5), (2017).</li><li>Luo, A. H., Tahsili-Fahadan, P., Wise, R. A., Lupica, C. R., Aston-Jones, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linking+context+with+reward:+a+functional+circuit+from+hippocampal+CA3+to+ventral+tegmental+area.">Linking context with reward: a functional circuit from hippocampal CA3 to ventral tegmental area.</a> Science. 333 (6040), 353-357 (2011).</li><li>McNamara, C. G., Dupret, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+sources+of+dopamine+for+the+hippocampus.">Two sources of dopamine for the hippocampus.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 40 (7), 383-384 (2017).</li><li>McNamara, C. G., Tejero-Cantero, A., Trouche, S., Campo-Urriza, N., Dupret, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopaminergic+neurons+promote+hippocampal+reactivation+and+spatial+memory+persistence.">Dopaminergic neurons promote hippocampal reactivation and spatial memory persistence.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 17 (12), 1658-1660 (2014).</li><li>Cardin, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+optogenetic+stimulation+and+recording+of+neurons+in+vivo+using+cell-type-specific+expression+of+Channelrhodopsin-2.">Targeted optogenetic stimulation and recording of neurons in vivo using cell-type-specific expression of Channelrhodopsin-2.</a> Nature Protocols. 5 (2), 247-254 (2010).</li><li>Mei, Y., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+tools+and+approaches+for+optogenetics.">Molecular tools and approaches for optogenetics.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 71 (12), 1033-1038 (2012).</li><li>Zingg, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AAV-Mediated+Anterograde+Transsynaptic+Tagging:+Mapping+Corticocollicular+Input-Defined+Neural+Pathways+for+Defense+Behaviors.">AAV-Mediated Anterograde Transsynaptic Tagging: Mapping Corticocollicular Input-Defined Neural Pathways for Defense Behaviors.</a> Neuron. 93 (1), 33-47 (2017).</li><li>Zhang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microbial+opsin+family+of+optogenetic+tools.">The microbial opsin family of optogenetic tools.</a> Cell. 147 (7), 1446-1457 (2011).</li><li>Aravanis, A. 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In het afgelopen decennium is het ontwerp van AAV-constructies aanzienlijk vooruitgegaan. Als zodanig zijn meer neuronspecifieke promotors opgenomen in een reeks AAV-serotypen voor verbeterde transfectiespecifiekheid14. Door genen voor fluorescentie-eiwitten, transporters, receptoren en ionenkanalen te combineren, bestaan er nu bibliotheken van AAV voor beeldvorming, neuromodulatie en synaptische activiteitsdetectie. In in de handel verkrijgde AAV-constructies maakt een combinatie van een genetisc...

In het afgelopen decennium is een reeks genetische hulpmiddelen ontwikkeld om de specificiteit van neuron-type modulatie te verhogen, en het in kaart brengen van complexe neurale netwerken1. Met name neurotrope virussen met een inherent vermogen om te infecteren en te repliceren in neuronale cellen zijn ingezet om specifieke eiwitten in neuronsubtypen uit te drukken of af te zwakken. Bij het herbergen van fluorescentie-eiwitten of genetisch gecodeerde synaptische activiteitsindicatoren labelen en afbakenen AAV-vectoren neurale netwerken in hersengebieden2,3. De keuze van een promotor in de AAV-constructie stuurt de expressie van de vector in neurontypen met een bepaald specificiteitsniveau(promotorafhankelijke expressie). Echter, door Cre-lox recombinatie, AAV constructies worden ingezet met een grotere specificiteit voor neuron labeling4,5,6,7. Van belang, foto geactiveerde microbiële opsinen en fluorescentie-eiwitten verpakt in AAV vectoren kunnen worden uitgedrukt in verschillende neuron subtypes8, en zijn ideaal voor beeldvorming, neuron-type circuit tracing, en fotomodulatie9,10.
AAV's construeren stereotactically geïnjecteerd in een hersengebied (of kern) drijft de expressie van het reporter eiwit in de soma, dendriet, en axonen terminals. Neurale expressie van AAV met een reportergen (eYFP) vergemakkelijkt het labelen van neuroncellichamen en anatomische tracering van projecties van en naar andere hersengebieden11,12,13,14. AAV-eYFP constructies met lichtgestuurde opsin (bijv. hChR2), kunnen worden ingezet als een hulpmiddel voor beeldvorming6,15 en stimulatiegebaseerde fysiologische tracering van neurale projecties om hersengebieden in vivo te targeten16. Afhankelijk van het AAV-serotype kan de richting van neuronetikettering anterograde of retrograde11,12zijn . Eerdere studies hebben aangetoond dat AAV5 anterogradely reist in neuronen12. Zo produceert fotostimulatie van cellichamen die hChR2 uitdrukken presynaptische effecten elders in de hersenen (doel)17.
Hier werd AAV (serotype 5) met een CaMKIIα promotor gebruikt om eYFP (reporter) en hChR2 (opsin) uit te drukken in VTA glutamaat neuronen en axonale projecties. De resultaten van deze studie tonen de laagafhankelijke verdeling van VTA-glutamaat presynaptische terminals in de CA1-, CA3- en DG hippocampale regio's aan. Ook verhoogde fotostimulatie van VTA-glutamaatneuronen ca1 multi-unit en single-unit firing rates in vivo in vergelijking met baseline waarden. Dit protocol maakt gebruik van betaalbare tools en commercieel beschikbare software die de kwaliteit van gegevens die zijn verkregen uit neurale circuit tracing experimenten kan verhogen.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3% Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher chemical</td>
			<td>H312</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV-CaMKII&#945;-ChR2-eGYP</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>Plasmid #26969</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BNC cable</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BNC Splitter</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ceramic Split Mating Sleeve for &#216;1.25mm Ferrules.</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>ADAL1-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>LR 39098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin coated slides</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>OBSLD01CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton&#39;s syringe (Neuros)</td>
			<td>WPI Inc.</td>
			<td>06H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Head stage adapter</td>
			<td>Neuronexus</td>
			<td>Adpt-Q4-OM32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High impedance silicon probe</td>
			<td>Neuronexus</td>
			<td>Q1x1-tet-5mm-121-CQ4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>INTAN 512ch Recording Controller</td>
			<td>INTAN</td>
			<td>RHD2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodine solution</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>1425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Piramal</td>
			<td>NDC 66794-017-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Spectrum</td>
			<td>K1068</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED Driver</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LEDD1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED light source (470 nm)-blue light</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>M470F3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>M0-203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optic fiber</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CFMLC14L05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pan head philips screw (M0.6 X 2mm)</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>M0.6 X 2mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pre-amplifier headstage (32 Channel)</td>
			<td>INTAN</td>
			<td>C3314</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>1530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TTL pulser</td>
			<td>Prizmatix</td>
			<td>4031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urethane</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>U2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>J61430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Version</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphpad Prism</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intan Recording Controller</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neuroexplorer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexon Offline Spike Sorter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACSF Composition:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oxygenated ACSF with 95% Oxygen/5%CO2 constantly being bubbled through the ACSF (ACSF; in mM 125 NaCl, 25 NaHCO3, 3 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 1 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2 and 25 Glucose).</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combined in vivo anatomical and functional tracing of ventral tegmental area glutamate terminals in the hippocampus

Optogenetische modulatie van neuronsubpopulaties in de hersenen heeft onderzoekers in staat gesteld neurale circuits in vivo en ex vivo te ontleden. Dit biedt een premisse voor het bepalen van de rol van neurontypen binnen een neuraal circuit en hun betekenis in informatiecodering ten opzichte van leren. Evenzo kan de methode worden gebruikt om de fysiologische betekenis van twee of meer verbonden hersengebieden bij wakkere en verdoofde dieren te testen. De huidige studie laat zien hoe VTA glutamaat neuronen moduleren de vuursnelheid van putatieve piramidale neuronen in de CA1 (hippocampus) van verdoofde muizen. Dit protocol maakt gebruik van adeno-geassocieerd virus (AAV)-afhankelijke etikettering van VTA-glutamaatneuronen voor het traceren van VTA presynaptische glutamaatterminals in de lagen van de hippocampus. Expressie van lichtgestuurde opsin (channelrhodopsine; hChR2) en fluorescentie-eiwit (eYFP) die door de AAV-vector werd opgeslagen, maakte anterograde tracing van VTA-glutamaatterminals en fotostimulatie van VTA-glutamaatneuroncellichamen (in de VTA) mogelijk. Acute siliciumelektroden met hoge impedantie werden in de CA1 geplaatst om multi-unit en single-unit reacties op VTA-fotostimulatie in vivo te detecteren. De resultaten van deze studie tonen de laagafhankelijke verdeling van presynaptische VTA-glutamaatterminals in de hippocampus (CA1, CA3 en DG) aan. Ook verhoogde de fotostimulatie van VTA-glutamaatneuronen de vuur- en burstsnelheid van putatieve CA1-piramidevormige eenheden in vivo.

Anterograde-tracering
AAV-expressie werd geverifieerd door immunofluorescentiebeeldvorming van reportereiwit (eYFP) in de VTA van C57BL/6 muizen 21 dagen na injectie (Figuur 2). Succesvolle anterograde-etikettering van presynaptische VTA-glutamaatprojecties in de hippocampus werd ook geverifieerd door eYFP-detectie in de lagen van DG, CA3 en CA1 (figuur 6a–d; Film 2 en 3).
<p class="jove_content...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus at JoVE.com

Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

Het huidige protocol demonstreert een eenvoudige methode voor het traceren van ventrale tegmentale gebied (VTA) glutamaatprojecties naar de hippocampus. Fotostimulatie van VTA-glutamaatneuronen werd gecombineerd met CA1-opname om aan te tonen hoe VTA-glutamaatterminals ca1-putatieve piramidale vuursnelheid in vivo moduleren.

Gecombineerde In Vivo anatomische en functionele tracing van Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in de Hippocampus

Optogenetic modulation of neuron sub-populations in the brain has allowed researchers to dissect neural circuits in vivo and ex vivo. This provides a ...

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