Name: combined in vivo anatomical and functional tracing of ventral tegmental area glutamate terminals in the hippocampus
Uploaded: 2020-09-09T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus at JoVE.com

Este trabalho é financiado pela CBS Bridging Grant concedido à OOM. OOM, PAA e AS projetaram o estudo e realizaram os experimentos. As e PAA analisaram os resultados. OOM e PAA prepararam o manuscrito. Agradecemos ao Dr. Karl Disseroth (Universidade de Stanford) por disponibilizar o AAV para nosso uso.

Todos os procedimentos experimentais e de manejo animal foram aprovados pelo Comitê Institucional de Cuidados e Uso de Animais (IACUC) da Escola de Medicina Veterinária da Universidade Estadual de Louisiana.
1. Animal experimental
<ol><li>Use ratos de 5 a 6 semanas.</li>
	<li>Casa 3-5 animais por gaiola sob condições padrão de 12 h alternando luz e ciclo escuro. Comida e água devem ser fornecidas ad libitum.</li>
</ol>2. Craniotomia e preparação animal
<p cl...

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Cre-dependent,+anterograde+transsynaptic+viral+tracer+for+mapping+output+pathways+of+genetically+marked+neurons.">A Cre-dependent, anterograde transsynaptic viral tracer for mapping output pathways of genetically marked neurons.</a> Neuron. 72 (6), 938-950 (2011).</li><li>Li, J., Liu, T., Dong, Y., Kondoh, K., Lu, Z. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Trans-synaptic+Neural+Circuit-Tracing+with+Neurotropic+Viruses.">Trans-synaptic Neural Circuit-Tracing with Neurotropic Viruses.</a> Neuroscience bulletin. , 1-12 (2019).</li><li>Kuypers, H., Ugolini, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Viruses+as+transneuronal+tracers.">Viruses as transneuronal tracers.</a> Trends in neurosciences. 13 (2), 71-75 (1990).</li><li>Atasoy, D., Aponte, Y., Su, H. 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S., Manns, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Optogenetic+Stimulation+of+the+Basolateral+Amygdala+Increased+Theta-Modulated+Gamma+Oscillations+in+the+Hippocampus.">Optogenetic Stimulation of the Basolateral Amygdala Increased Theta-Modulated Gamma Oscillations in the Hippocampus.</a> Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience. 13, 87 (2019).</li><li>Buzsaki, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tools+for+probing+local+circuits:+high-density+silicon+probes+combined+with+optogenetics.">Tools for probing local circuits: high-density silicon probes combined with optogenetics.</a> Neuron. 86 (1), 92-105 (2015).</li><li>Benardo, L. S., Prince, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+action+on+hippocampal+pyramidal+cells.">Dopamine action on hippocampal pyramidal cells.</a> Journal of Neuroscience. 2 (4), 415-423 (1982).</li><li>Davidow, J. Y., Foerde, K., Galvan, A., Shohamy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+Upside+to+Reward+Sensitivity:+The+Hippocampus+Supports+Enhanced+Reinforcement+Learning+in+Adolescence.">An Upside to Reward Sensitivity: The Hippocampus Supports Enhanced Reinforcement Learning in Adolescence.</a> Neuron. 92 (1), 93-99 (2016).</li><li>Hu, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reward+and+Aversion.">Reward and Aversion.</a> Annual Review of Neuroscience. 39, 297-324 (2016).</li><li>Kahn, I., Shohamy, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intrinsic+connectivity+between+the+hippocampus,+nucleus+accumbens,+and+ventral+tegmental+area+in+humans.">Intrinsic connectivity between the hippocampus, nucleus accumbens, and ventral tegmental area in humans.</a> Hippocampus. 23 (3), 187-192 (2013).</li><li>Lisman, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Relating+hippocampal+circuitry+to+function:+recall+of+memory+sequences+by+reciprocal+dentate-CA3+interactions.">Relating hippocampal circuitry to function: recall of memory sequences by reciprocal dentate-CA3 interactions.</a> Neuron. 22 (2), 233-242 (1999).</li><li>Lisman, J. E., Grace, A. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+hippocampal-VTA+loop:+controlling+the+entry+of+information+into+long-term+memory.">The hippocampal-VTA loop: controlling the entry of information into long-term memory.</a> Neuron. 46 (5), 703-713 (2005).</li><li>Broussard, J. I., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+Regulates+Aversive+Contextual+Learning+and+Associated+In+Vivo+Synaptic+Plasticity+in+the+Hippocampus.">Dopamine Regulates Aversive Contextual Learning and Associated In Vivo Synaptic Plasticity in the Hippocampus.</a> Cell Reports. 14 (8), 1930-1939 (2016).</li><li>Hansen, N., Manahan-Vaughan, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopamine+D1/D5+receptors+mediate+informational+saliency+that+promotes+persistent+hippocampal+long-term+plasticity.">Dopamine D1/D5 receptors mediate informational saliency that promotes persistent hippocampal long-term plasticity.</a> Cerebral Cortex. 24 (4), 845-858 (2014).</li><li>Salvetti, B., Morris, R. G., Wang, S. H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+role+of+rewarding+and+novel+events+in+facilitating+memory+persistence+in+a+separate+spatial+memory+task.">The role of rewarding and novel events in facilitating memory persistence in a separate spatial memory task.</a> Learning &amp; Memory. 21 (2), 61-72 (2014).</li><li>Ntamati, N. R., Luscher, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=VTA+Projection+Neurons+Releasing+GABA+and+Glutamate+in+the+Dentate+Gyrus.">VTA Projection Neurons Releasing GABA and Glutamate in the Dentate Gyrus.</a> eNeuro. 3 (4), (2016).</li><li>Yoo, J. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ventral+tegmental+area+glutamate+neurons+co-release+GABA+and+promote+positive+reinforcement.">Ventral tegmental area glutamate neurons co-release GABA and promote positive reinforcement.</a> Nature Communications. 7, 13697 (2016).</li><li>Funahashi, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Working+Memory+in+the+Prefrontal+Cortex.">Working Memory in the Prefrontal Cortex.</a> Brain Sciences. 7 (5), (2017).</li><li>Luo, A. H., Tahsili-Fahadan, P., Wise, R. A., Lupica, C. R., Aston-Jones, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Linking+context+with+reward:+a+functional+circuit+from+hippocampal+CA3+to+ventral+tegmental+area.">Linking context with reward: a functional circuit from hippocampal CA3 to ventral tegmental area.</a> Science. 333 (6040), 353-357 (2011).</li><li>McNamara, C. G., Dupret, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Two+sources+of+dopamine+for+the+hippocampus.">Two sources of dopamine for the hippocampus.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 40 (7), 383-384 (2017).</li><li>McNamara, C. G., Tejero-Cantero, A., Trouche, S., Campo-Urriza, N., Dupret, D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dopaminergic+neurons+promote+hippocampal+reactivation+and+spatial+memory+persistence.">Dopaminergic neurons promote hippocampal reactivation and spatial memory persistence.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 17 (12), 1658-1660 (2014).</li><li>Cardin, J. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Targeted+optogenetic+stimulation+and+recording+of+neurons+in+vivo+using+cell-type-specific+expression+of+Channelrhodopsin-2.">Targeted optogenetic stimulation and recording of neurons in vivo using cell-type-specific expression of Channelrhodopsin-2.</a> Nature Protocols. 5 (2), 247-254 (2010).</li><li>Mei, Y., Zhang, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Molecular+tools+and+approaches+for+optogenetics.">Molecular tools and approaches for optogenetics.</a> Biological Psychiatry. 71 (12), 1033-1038 (2012).</li><li>Zingg, B., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=AAV-Mediated+Anterograde+Transsynaptic+Tagging:+Mapping+Corticocollicular+Input-Defined+Neural+Pathways+for+Defense+Behaviors.">AAV-Mediated Anterograde Transsynaptic Tagging: Mapping Corticocollicular Input-Defined Neural Pathways for Defense Behaviors.</a> Neuron. 93 (1), 33-47 (2017).</li><li>Zhang, F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+microbial+opsin+family+of+optogenetic+tools.">The microbial opsin family of optogenetic tools.</a> Cell. 147 (7), 1446-1457 (2011).</li><li>Aravanis, A. 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Na última década, o projeto de construções AAV avançou significativamente. Como tal, promotores mais específicos de neurônios foram incorporados em uma matriz de sorotipos AAV para uma especificação de transfecção melhorada14. Combinando genes para proteínas de fluorescência, transportadores, receptores e canais de íons, bibliotecas de AAV agora existem para imagem, neuromodulação e detecção de atividade sináptica. Em construções AAV disponíveis comercialmente, uma combinaç?...

Na última década, uma série de ferramentas genéticas foi desenvolvida para aumentar a especificidade da modulação do tipo neurônio, e o mapeamento de redes neurais complexas1. Notavelmente, vírus neurotrópicos com uma capacidade inerente de infectar e replicar em células neuronais foram implantados para expressar ou ablate proteínas específicas em subtipos de neurônios. Ao abrigar proteínas de fluorescência ou indicadores de atividade sináptica geneticamente codificados, os vetores AAV transfectados rotulam e delineiam redes neurais nas regiões cerebrais2,3. A escolha de um promotor na construção AAV direciona a expressão do vetor em tipos de neurônios com algum nível de especificidade (expressãodependente do promotor). No entanto, através da recombinação de Cre-lox, os construtos AAV são implantados com maior especificidade para rotulagem de neurônios4,5,6,7. Note-se que as proteínas de opsinas microbianas fotoativadas e as proteínas de fluorescência embaladas em vetores AAV podem ser expressas em vários subtiposde neurônios 8, e são ideais para imagens, rastreamento de circuito do tipo neurônio e fotomodulação9,10.
Os AAVs constroem estereoticamente injetados em uma região cerebral (ou núcleo) impulsiona a expressão da proteína repórter nos terminais soma, dendrite e axônios. A expressão neural da AAV abrigando um gene repórter (eYFP) facilita a rotulagem de corpos celulares neurônios e o rastreamento anatômico de projeções de e para outras regiões cerebrais11,12,13,14. Os construtos AAV-eYFP que transportam opsina controlada por luz (por exemplo, hChR2), podem ser implantados como uma ferramenta para imagens6,15 e rastreamento fisiológico baseado em estimulação de projeções neurais para atingir áreas cerebrais in vivo16. Dependendo do sorotipo AAV, a direção da rotulagem de neurônios pode ser anterograda ou retrógrada11,12. Estudos anteriores estabeleceram que o AAV5 viaja anterogradavelmente em neurônios12. Assim, a fotostimulação de corpos celulares expressando hChR2 produz efeitos pré-sinápticos em outros lugares do cérebro (alvo)17.
Aqui, o AAV (sorotipo 5) com um promotor CaMKIIα foi usado para expressar eYFP (repórter) e hChR2 (opsin) em neurônios glutamato VTA e projeções axonais. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram a distribuição dependente de camadas dos terminais pré-sinápticos de VTA-glutamato nas regiões hipocampal CA1, CA3 e DG. Além disso, a fototimulação dos neurônios de glutamato VTA aumentou as taxas de disparo de ca1 multi-unidades e uni unidades in vivo quando comparada com os valores da linha de base. Este protocolo utiliza ferramentas acessíveis e softwares comercialmente disponíveis que podem aumentar a qualidade dos dados obtidos a partir de experimentos de rastreamento de circuito neural.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3% Hydrogen peroxide</td>
			<td>Fisher chemical</td>
			<td>H312</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>AAV-CaMKII&#945;-ChR2-eGYP</td>
			<td>Addgene</td>
			<td>Plasmid #26969</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BNC cable</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BNC Splitter</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ceramic Split Mating Sleeve for &#216;1.25mm Ferrules.</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>ADAL1-5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Drill</td>
			<td>Dremel</td>
			<td>LR 39098</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Gelatin coated slides</td>
			<td>Fisher scientific</td>
			<td>OBSLD01CS</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hamilton&#39;s syringe (Neuros)</td>
			<td>WPI Inc.</td>
			<td>06H</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Head stage adapter</td>
			<td>Neuronexus</td>
			<td>Adpt-Q4-OM32</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>High impedance silicon probe</td>
			<td>Neuronexus</td>
			<td>Q1x1-tet-5mm-121-CQ4</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>INTAN 512ch Recording Controller</td>
			<td>INTAN</td>
			<td>RHD2000</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iodine solution</td>
			<td>Dynarex</td>
			<td>1425</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Piramal</td>
			<td>NDC 66794-017-25</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ketamine</td>
			<td>Spectrum</td>
			<td>K1068</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED Driver</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>LEDD1B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>LED light source (470 nm)-blue light</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>M470F3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micromanipulator</td>
			<td>Narishige</td>
			<td>M0-203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Optic fiber</td>
			<td>Thorlabs</td>
			<td>CFMLC14L05</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pan head philips screw (M0.6 X 2mm)</td>
			<td>Amazon</td>
			<td>M0.6 X 2mm</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pre-amplifier headstage (32 Channel)</td>
			<td>INTAN</td>
			<td>C3314</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereotaxic frame</td>
			<td>Kopf</td>
			<td>1530</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>TTL pulser</td>
			<td>Prizmatix</td>
			<td>4031</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Urethane</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>U2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xylazine</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>J61430</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Software</td>
			<td>Company</td>
			<td>Version</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Graphpad Prism</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Intan Recording Controller</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Neuroexplorer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plexon Offline Spike Sorter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ACSF Composition:</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>oxygenated ACSF with 95% Oxygen/5%CO2 constantly being bubbled through the ACSF (ACSF; in mM 125 NaCl, 25 NaHCO3, 3 KCl, 1.25 NaH2PO4, 1 MgCl2, 2 CaCl2 and 25 Glucose).</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

combined in vivo anatomical and functional tracing of ventral tegmental area glutamate terminals in the hippocampus

A modulação optogenética de subsu populações de neurônios no cérebro permitiu aos pesquisadores dissecar circuitos neurais in vivo e ex vivo. Isso fornece uma premissa para determinar o papel dos tipos de neurônios dentro de um circuito neural, e sua significância na codificação de informações em relação ao aprendizado. Da mesma forma, o método pode ser usado para testar a significância fisiológica de duas ou mais regiões cerebrais conectadas em animais acordados e anestesiados. O presente estudo demonstra como os neurônios de glutamato VTA modulam a taxa de disparo de neurônios piramidários putativos no CA1 (hipocampo) de camundongos anestesiados. Este protocolo emprega rotulagem dependente de adeno (AAV) de neurônios glutamato VTA para o rastreamento de terminais de glutamato pré-sináptico VTA nas camadas do hipocampo. Expressão de opsina controlada pela luz (channelrhodopsin; hChR2) e proteína de fluorescência (eYFP) abrigada pelo vetor AAV permitiu rastreamento anterograde de terminais de glutamato VTA, e fotostimulação de corpos celulares neurônios de glutamato VTA (no VTA). Eletrodos de silício agudos de alta impedância foram posicionados no CA1 para detectar respostas multi-unidades e uni unidades à fotostimulação VTA em vivo. Os resultados deste estudo demonstram a distribuição dependente de camadas dos terminais de glutamato VTA pré-sinápticos no hipocampo (CA1, CA3 e DG). Além disso, a fotostimulação dos neurônios glutamato VTA aumentou a taxa de disparo e estouro de unidades piramigráficas ca1 putativas in vivo.

Rastreamento de anterogrado
A expressão AAV foi verificada por imagens de imunofluorescência de proteína repórter (eYFP) no VTA de C57BL/6 camundongos 21 dias após a injeção(Figura 2). A rotulagem anterograda bem sucedida de projeções de glutamato VTA pré-sináptico no hipocampo também foi verificada pela detecção de eYFP nas camadas do DG, CA3 e CA1 (Figura 6a-d; Filme 2 e 3).
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus at JoVE.com

Combined In Vivo Anatomical and Functional Tracing of Ventral Tegmental Area Glutamate Terminals in the Hippocampus

O protocolo atual demonstra um método simples para traçar projeções de glutamato da área tegmental ventral (VTA) para o hipocampo. A fotostimulação dos neurônios de glutamato VTA foi combinada com a gravação de CA1 para demonstrar como terminais de glutamato VTA modulam a taxa de disparo piramipário putativo ca1 in vivo.

Rastreamento Anatômico e Funcional In Vivo dos Terminais de Glutamato da Área Tegmental Ventral no Hipocampo

Optogenetic modulation of neuron sub-populations in the brain has allowed researchers to dissect neural circuits in vivo and ex vivo. This provides a ...

Research

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Neuroscience

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Comprehensive Profiling of Dopamine Regulation in Substantia Nigra and Ventral Tegmental Area

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Captura Laser Microdissection - uma demonstração do Isolamento de Pessoa dopamina Neurônios e região ventral tegmental Entire

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Neuronal Tracing em explantes cérebro guiadas a laser

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Functional in vivo imaging has become a powerful approach to study the function and physiology of brain cells and structures of interest. Recently a new ...