Name: imaging intranuclear actin rods in live heat stressed drosophila embryos
Uploaded: 2020-05-15T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Intranuclear Actin Rods in Live Heat Stressed Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

Forfatterne taknemmeligt anerkende arbejdet i Liuliu Zheng og Zenghui Xue, der hjalp pioner denne teknik i Sokac lab, samt Hasan Seede, der hjalp med analysen. Arbejdet med denne undersøgelse er finansieret af et tilskud fra NIH (R01 GM115111).

1. Forbered embryo indsamling kopper og æblejuice agar plader
<ol><li>Fem dage før injektionseksperimentet konstrueres28, eller der indkøbes mindst to små kopper til indsamling af embryoner. Lav friske 60 mm æblejuice agarplader, der skal bruges med små opsamlingsbægre28. Opbevar plader i plastkasser dækket med fugtige papirhåndklæder ved 4 °C. BEMÆRK: Små embryonopsamlingskopper, der er befolket med fluenumre som beskrevet i trin 1.3, vil give tilstrække...

<ol>
	<li>Figard, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cofilin-mediated+Actin+Stress+Response+is+maladaptive+in+heat-stressed+embryos.">Cofilin-mediated Actin Stress Response is maladaptive in heat-stressed embryos.</a> Cell Reports. 26 (49), 3493-3501 (2019).</li><li>Ashworth, S. L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ADF/cofilin+mediates+actin+cytoskeletal+alterations+in+LLC-PK+cells+during+ATP+depletion.">ADF/cofilin mediates actin cytoskeletal alterations in LLC-PK cells during ATP depletion.</a> American Journal of Physiology Renal Physiology. 284 (4), 852-862 (2003).</li><li>Vandebrouck, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=In+vitro+analysis+of+rod+composition+and+actin+dynamics+in+inherited+myopathies.">In vitro analysis of rod composition and actin dynamics in inherited myopathies.</a> Journal of Neuropathology and Experimental Neurology. 69 (5), 429-441 (2010).</li><li>Minamide, L. S., Striegl, A. M., Boyle, J. A., Meberg, P. J., Bamburg, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neurodegenerative+stimuli+induce+persistent+ADF/cofilin-actin+rods+that+disrupt+distal+neurite+function.">Neurodegenerative stimuli induce persistent ADF/cofilin-actin rods that disrupt distal neurite function.</a> Nature Cell Biology. 2 (9), 628-636 (2000).</li><li>Bamburg, J. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=ADF/Cofilin-actin+rods+in+neurodegenerative+diseases.">ADF/Cofilin-actin rods in neurodegenerative diseases.</a> Current Alzheimer Research. 7 (3), 241-250 (2010).</li><li>Bamburg, J. R., Bernstein, B. W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Actin+dynamics+and+cofilin-actin+rods+in+alzheimer+disease.">Actin dynamics and cofilin-actin rods in alzheimer disease.</a> Cytoskeleton. 73 (9), 477-497 (2016).</li><li>Bernstein, B. W., Chen, H., Boyle, J. A., Bamburg, J. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formation+of+actin-ADF/cofilin+rods+transiently+retards+decline+of+mitochondrial+potential+and+ATP+in+stressed+neurons.">Formation of actin-ADF/cofilin rods transiently retards decline of mitochondrial potential and ATP in stressed neurons.</a> AJP: Cell Physiology. 291 (5), 828-839 (2006).</li><li>Munsie, L. N., Desmond, C. R., Truant, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cofilin+nuclear-cytoplasmic+shuttling+affects+cofilin-actin+rod+formation+during+stress.">Cofilin nuclear-cytoplasmic shuttling affects cofilin-actin rod formation during stress.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 125 (17), 3977-3988 (2012).</li><li>Iida, K., Iida, H., Yahara, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Heat+shock+induction+of+intranuclear+actin+rods+in+cultured+mammalian+cells.">Heat shock induction of intranuclear actin rods in cultured mammalian cells.</a> Experimental Cell Research. 165, 207-215 (1986).</li><li>Ohta, Y., Nishida, E., Sakai, H., Miyamoto, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dephosphorylation+of+cofilin+accompanies+heat+shock-induced+nuclear+accumulation+of+cofilin.">Dephosphorylation of cofilin accompanies heat shock-induced nuclear accumulation of cofilin.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 264 (27), 16143-16148 (1989).</li><li>Iida, K., Matsumoto, S., Yahara, I. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+KKRKK+sequence+is+involved+in+heat+shock-induced+nuclear+translocation+of+the+18-kDa+actin-binding+protein,+cofilin.">The KKRKK sequence is involved in heat shock-induced nuclear translocation of the 18-kDa actin-binding protein, cofilin.</a> Cell Structure and Function. 17 (1), 39-46 (1992).</li><li>Minamide, L. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+and+characterization+of+cytoplasmic+cofilin-actin+rods.">Isolation and characterization of cytoplasmic cofilin-actin rods.</a> Journal of Biological Chemistry. 285 (8), 5450-5460 (2010).</li><li>Masurovsky, E. B., Benitez, H. H., Kim, S. U., Murray, M. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Origin,+development,+and+nature+of+intranuclear+rodlets+and+associated+bodies+in+chicken+sympathetic+neurons.">Origin, development, and nature of intranuclear rodlets and associated bodies in chicken sympathetic neurons.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 44 (7), 172-191 (1970).</li><li>Feldman, M. L., Peters, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intranuclear+rods+and+sheets+in+rat+cochlear+nucleus.">Intranuclear rods and sheets in rat cochlear nucleus.</a> Journal of Neurocytology. 1 (2), 109-127 (1972).</li><li>Nishida, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cofilin+is+a+component+of+intranuclear+and+cytoplasmic+actin+rods+induced+in+cultured+cells.">Cofilin is a component of intranuclear and cytoplasmic actin rods induced in cultured cells.</a> Cell Biology. 84 (8), 5262-5266 (1987).</li><li>Ono, S., Abe, H., Nagaoka, R., Obinata, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Colocalization+of+ADF+and+cofilin+in+intranuclear+actin+rods+of+cultured+muscle+cells.">Colocalization of ADF and cofilin in intranuclear actin rods of cultured muscle cells.</a> Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility. 14 (2), 195-204 (1993).</li><li>Xue, Z., Sokac, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Back-to-back+mechanisms+drive+actomyosin+ring+closure+during+Drosophila+embryo+cleavage.">Back-to-back mechanisms drive actomyosin ring closure during Drosophila embryo cleavage.</a> The Journal of Cell Biology. 215 (3), 335-344 (2016).</li><li>Cao, J., Albertson, R., Riggs, B., Field, C. M., Sullivan, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Nuf,+a+Rab11+effector,+maintains+cytokinetic+furrow+integrity+by+promoting+local+actin+polymerization.">Nuf, a Rab11 effector, maintains cytokinetic furrow integrity by promoting local actin polymerization.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 182 (2), 301-313 (2008).</li><li>Spracklen, A. J., Fagan, T. N., Lovander, K. E., Tootle, T. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+pros+and+cons+of+common+actin+labeling+tools+for+visualizing+actin+dynamics+during+Drosophila+oogenesis.">The pros and cons of common actin labeling tools for visualizing actin dynamics during Drosophila oogenesis.</a> Developmental Biology. 393 (2), 209-226 (2014).</li><li>Chen, Q., Nag, S., Pollard, T. D. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Formins+filter+modified+actin+subunits+during+processive+elongation.">Formins filter modified actin subunits during processive elongation.</a> Journal of Structural Biology. 177 (1), 32-39 (2012).</li><li>Iordanou, E., Chandran, R. R., Blackstone, N., Jiang, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=RNAi+interference+by+dsRNA+injection+into+Drosophila+embryos.">RNAi interference by dsRNA injection into Drosophila embryos.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (50), 2477 (2011).</li><li>Juarez, M. T., Patterson, R. A., Li, W., McGinnis, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microinjection+wound+assay+and+in+vivo+localization+of+epidermal+wound+response+reporters+in+Drosophila+embryos.">Microinjection wound assay and in vivo localization of epidermal wound response reporters in Drosophila embryos.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 81, 50750 (2013).</li><li>Carreira-Rosario, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Recombineering+homologous+recombination+constructs+in+Drosophila.">Recombineering homologous recombination constructs in Drosophila.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (77), 50346 (2013).</li><li>Brust-Mascher, I., Scholey, J. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microinjection+techniques+for+studying+mitosis+in+the+Drosophila+melanogaster+syncytial+embryo.">Microinjection techniques for studying mitosis in the Drosophila melanogaster syncytial embryo.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (31), 1382 (2009).</li><li>Catrina, I. E., Bayer, L. V., Omar, O. S., Bratu, D. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Visualizing+and+tracking+endogenous+mRNAs+in+live+Drosophila+melanogaster+egg+chambers.">Visualizing and tracking endogenous mRNAs in live Drosophila melanogaster egg chambers.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (148), 58545 (2019).</li><li>Wessel, A. D., Gumalla, M., Grosshans, J., Schmidt, C. F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+mechanical+properties+of+early+Drosophila+embryos+measured+by+high-speed+video+microrheology.">The mechanical properties of early Drosophila embryos measured by high-speed video microrheology.</a> Biophysical Journal. 108 (8), 1899-1907 (2015).</li><li>Mollinari, C., Gonz&#225;lez, A., Cid-Arregui, A., Garc&#237;a-Carranc&#225;, <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microinjection+and+transgenesis.">Microinjection and transgenesis.</a> Microinjection and Transgenesis: Strategies and Protocols. , 587-603 (1998).</li><li>Figard, L., Sokac, A. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Imaging+cell+shape+change+in+living+Drosophila+embryos.">Imaging cell shape change in living Drosophila embryos.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (49), 2503 (2011).</li><li>Oesterle, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> Pipette Cookbook 2018: P-97 and P-1000 Micropipette Pullers. , (2018).</li><li>Bownes, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+photographic+study+of+development+in+the+living+embryo+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">A photographic study of development in the living embryo of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology. 33 (3), 789-801 (1975).</li><li>Powsner, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+temperature+on+the+durations+of+the+developmental+stages+of+Drosophila+melanogaster.">The effects of temperature on the durations of the developmental stages of Drosophila melanogaster.</a> Physiological Zoology. 8 (4), 474-520 (1935).</li><li>Hunter, M. V., Willoughby, P. M., Bruce, A. E. E., Fernandez-Gonzalez, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Oxidative+Stress+Orchestrates+Cell+Polarity+to+Promote+Embryonic+Wound+Healing.">Oxidative Stress Orchestrates Cell Polarity to Promote Embryonic Wound Healing.</a> Developmental Cell. 47 (3), 377-387 (2018).</li></ol>

Betydningen af denne metode er, at den udnytter den veletablerede protokol for mikroinjektion i Drosophila embryoner21,22,23,24,25,26,27 for at muliggøre ny forskning vedrørende ASR og ledsagende actin stang samling. En stor fordel ved at injicere G-actinRed i levende e...

Denne protokol beskriver, hvordan man injicerer G-actinRed for at visualisere samlingen af intranukleare actin stænger i varmestressede embryoner, der gennemgår en indukbel Actin Stress Response (ASR)1. Vi udviklede denne protokol til at støtte undersøgelser af ASR, som i embryoner fører til forstyrret morfogenese og reduceret levedygtighed, og i voksne menneskelige celletyper er forbundet med patologier, herunder nyresvigt2, muskelmyopatier3, og Alzheimers og Huntingtons Sygdom4,5,6,7,8. Denne ASR er fremkaldt af talrige cellulære belastninger, herunder varmechok9,10,11, oxidativ stress4,6, reduceret ATP syntese12, og unormal Huntingtin eller β-amyloid oligomerization4,5,6,7,9,13,14,15,16. Et kendetegn ved ASR er samlingen af afvigende actin stænger i enten cytoplasma eller kernen af berørte celler, som er drevet af stress-induceret hyperaktivering af en actin interagerende protein, Cofilin1,5,6,10. Desværre er der stadig huller i den centrale viden om automatiseret udvikling. For eksempel kendes actinstængernes funktion ikke. Vi forstår ikke, hvorfor stænger dannes i cytoplasmaet af nogle celletyper, men andres kerne. Det er heller ikke klart, om asr er beskyttende eller maladaptive for celler eller embryoner under stress. Endelig kender vi stadig ikke de detaljerede mekanismer, der ligger til grund for Cofilin hyperaktivering eller actin stang samling. Således giver denne protokol en hurtig og alsidig analyse for at sonde ASR ved at visualisere actin stang dannelse og dynamik i den meget tractable eksperimentelle system af levende frugt flyve embryo.
Protokollen til microinject G-actinRed i levende Drosophila embryoner blev oprindeligt udviklet til at studere dynamikken i normale cytoplasmiske actin strukturer17 under væv bygning begivenheder. I disse undersøgelser fandt vi, at G-actinRød injektion ikke påvirkede tidlige udviklingsprocesser i embryoet negativt, herunder cytokinesis eller gastrulation17,18. Vi ændrede derefter protokollen og tilpassede embryohåndteringen og G-actinRed-injektionen for at muliggøre billeddannelse af actinstænger i varme stressede embryoner, der gennemgår ASR1. Andre metoder udover G-actinRød injektion kan bruges til at visualisere actin i embryoner. Disse metoder er afhængige af at udtrykke fluorescerende proteiner (FPs) mærket til at actin eller til domæner af actin bindende proteiner, såsom Utrophin-mCherry, Lifeact, F-tractin-GFP, og Moesin-GFP (revideret i19). Men ved hjælp af disse FP sonder kræver forsigtighed, fordi de kan stabilisere eller forstyrre nogle actin strukturer, ikke lige mærke alle actin strukturer20, og i tilfælde af actin-GFP, er meget overekspresseret - problematisk for analysen af stang samling, som ikke kun stress afhængig, men også actin koncentration afhængige1. Således er G-actinRed den foretrukne sonde til stangundersøgelser i flyveembryoner, og embryoets store størrelse tillader sin nemme injektion.
Arbejdsgangen i denne protokol svarer til andre veletablerede mikroinjection teknikker, der er blevet brugt til injektion af proteiner, nukleinsyrer, narkotika, og fluorescerende indikatorer i Drosophila embryoner21,22,23,24,25,26,27. Men efter mikroinjektion af G-actinRed her, embryoner er udsat for mild varme stress for at fremkalde ASR og intranuklear actin stang samling. For laboratorier med adgang til fluer og en injektionsplatform bør denne metode let kunne implementeres og kunne tilpasses specifikke studielinjer med hensyn til ASR, herunder induktion af den ved forskellige belastninger eller graduering i forskellige genetiske baggrunde.

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:837px;" width="838">
	<tbody>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">A23835G</td>
			<td style="width:299px;">Component of G buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Apple juice, Mott&#39;s, 64 fl oz</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Mott&#39;s</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">014800000344</td>
			<td>Component of apple juice plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Bacto Agar</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">214010</td>
			<td>Component of apple juice plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:223px;">Bleach, PureBright Germicidal, 6.0% sodium hypochlorite</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">KIK International</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">059647210020</td>
			<td>For dechorionating embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Calcium chloride</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">C1016500G</td>
			<td>Component of G buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Cell strainer, 70 &#956;m</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Falcon</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">352350</td>
			<td>For collecting dechorionated embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Confocal microscope, LSM 880 34-channel with Airyscan</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">0000001994956</td>
			<td>For imaging intranuclear actin rods</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Desiccant</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Drierite</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">24001</td>
			<td>For desiccating embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:223px;">Dissecting microscope, Stemi 508 Stereoscope with 8:1 zoom</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">4350649000000</td>
			<td>For arranging embryos on agar wedge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Dissecting needle, 5 in</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">08965A</td>
			<td>For arranging embryos on agar wedge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Dithiothreitol (DTT)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">BP1725</td>
			<td>Component of G buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Double-sided Tape, Scotch Permanent, 0.5 in x 250 in</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">3M</td>
			<td>021200010323</td>
			<td>For making embryo glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Embryo collection cage</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Genessee Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">59100</td>
			<td>For housing adult flies and collecting embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Fine tip tweezers, Dumont Tweezer, Style 5</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">72701D</td>
			<td>For arranging embryos on agar wedge</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Glass capillaries, Borosillicate glass, thin 1 mm x 0.75 mm</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">World Precision Instruments, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">TW1004</td>
			<td>For microneedles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Halocarbon oil 27</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H8773100ML</td>
			<td>For hydration of embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="120">
			<td height="120" style="height:120px;width:223px;">Heated stage incubator</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">4118579020000, 4118609020000, 4118609010000</td>
			<td>For confocal imaging</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="18">
			<td height="18" style="height:19px;width:223px;">Lab Tissue Wipers, KimWipes</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">34155</td>
			<td>Lab tissue wipers</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:223px;">Light microscope, Invertoskop 40C Inverted Phase contrast microscope, refurbished</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Discontinued</td>
			<td>Injection microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H36471KG</td>
			<td>Component of apple juice plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Microinjector, FemtoJet4x</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td>5253000025</td>
			<td>Microinjector</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Micro loader tips, epT.I.P.S. 20 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">5242956003</td>
			<td>For loading microneedles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:223px;">Micromanipulator and injection stage with x,y,z dials for needle adjustment</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Bernard Instruments, Inc (Houston, TX)</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Custom</td>
			<td>For performing microinjections</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Micropipette puller, Model P-97, Flaming/Brown</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Sutter Instruments</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">P97</td>
			<td>For pulling capillary tubes to make microneedles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Microscope cover glass 24x50-1.5</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">12544E</td>
			<td>For mounting embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:223px;">Microscope slides, Lilac Colorfrost, Precleaned, 25 x 75 x 1mm</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">22037081</td>
			<td>For mounting embryos for injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">n-Heptane</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">H3601</td>
			<td>Component of embryo glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Objective, 10x</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">Discontinued</td>
			<td>10x objective for injection microscope</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Objective, C-Apochromat 40x/1,2 W Korr. FCS</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">4217679971711</td>
			<td>40x water objective for confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="41">
			<td height="41" style="height:41px;width:223px;">Objective, LD LCI Plan-Apochromat 25x/0.8 Imm Cor DIC M27 for oil, water, silicone oil or glycerine immersion (D=0-0.17mm) (WD=0.57mm at D=0.17mm)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">4208529871000</td>
			<td>25x mixed immersion objective for confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Objective, Plan-Apocrhomat 63x/1.40 Oil DIC f/ELYRA</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Zeiss</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">4207829900799</td>
			<td>63x oil objective for confocal</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:223px;">Paintbrush, Robert Simmons Expression E85 Pointed Round size 2</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Daler-Rowney</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">038372016954</td>
			<td>For transferring embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Paper towels, Kleenex C-fold paper towels, white</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Kimberly-Clark</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">884266344845</td>
			<td>For blotting cell strainer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Pasteur pipette, 5 3/4 in</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">1367820A</td>
			<td>For covering embryos with oil</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Petri dish, glass, 100 x 20 mm</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">3160102</td>
			<td>For humid incubation chamber</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Petri dish, plastic, 60 x 15 mm</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">25384092</td>
			<td>For apple juice plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Pipette, Eppendorf Reference 0.5-10 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">2231000604</td>
			<td>For loading the microneedle</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Pipette tip, xTIP4 250 &#956;L</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Biotix</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">63300006</td>
			<td>For adding embryo glue to coverslip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Razor blade</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">VWR</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">55411050</td>
			<td>For cutting agar wedge, tape, pipette tips</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:223px;">Rhodamine-conjugated globular actin, human platelet (non-muscle; 4x10 &#956;g)</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Cytoskeleton, Inc.</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">APHR-A</td>
			<td>G-actin^Red</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:223px;">Scintillation vial, 20 mL Glass borosillicate with polyethylene liner and urea caps</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">033377</td>
			<td>For making embryo glue</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Screw top jar, 16 oz</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Nalgene</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">000194414195</td>
			<td>For desiccating embryos</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="40">
			<td height="40" style="height:40px;width:223px;">Stage micrometer</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Electron Microscopy Sciences</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">602104PG</td>
			<td>For calibrating volume of G-actin injection</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Sucrose</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">840971KG</td>
			<td>Component of apple juice plates</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:223px;">Trizma base</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Millipore-Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">T15031KG</td>
			<td>Component of G buffer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="60">
			<td height="60" style="height:60px;width:223px;">Yeast, Lesaffre Yeast Corporation Yeast, Red Star Active Dry, 32 oz</td>
			<td style="width:195px;">Lesaffre Yeast Corporation</td>
			<td style="width:121px;">117929157002</td>
			<td>Component of yeast paste</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

imaging intranuclear actin rods in live heat stressed drosophila embryos

Formålet med denne protokol er at visualisere intranukleare actin stænger, der samles i levende Drosophila melanogaster embryoner efter varme stress. Actin stænger er kendetegnende for en bevaret, inducible Actin Stress Response (ASR), der ledsager menneskelige patologier, herunder neurodegenerativ sygdom. Tidligere viste vi, at ASR bidrager til morfogenese fiaskoer og reduceret levedygtigheden af at udvikle embryoner. Denne protokol gør det muligt at fortsætte undersøgelsen af mekanismer, der ligger til grund for actin stang samling og ASR i et modelsystem, der er meget modtagelige for billeddannelse, genetik og biokemi. Embryoner indsamles og monteres på en coverlip for at forberede dem til injektion. Rhodaminkonjugeret globular actin (G-actinRed)fortyndes og indlæses i en mikronædel. En enkelt injektion er lavet i midten af hvert foster. Efter injektion inkuberes embryoner ved forhøjet temperatur, og intranukleare actinstænger visualiseres derefter ved konfokal mikroskopi. Fluorescensgenvinding efter fotobleachingforsøg (FRAP) kan udføres på actinstængerne; og andre actin-rige strukturer i cytoplasmaet kan også afbildes. Vi finder ud af, at G-actinRed polymeriserer som endogen G-actin og ikke i sig selv forstyrrer normal embryoudvikling. En begrænsning af denne protokol er, at der skal udvises forsigtighed under injektionen for at undgå alvorlig skade på embryoet. Men med praksis, injicere G-actinRød i Drosophila embryoner er en hurtig og pålidelig måde at visualisere actin stænger og kan nemt bruges med fluer af enhver genotype eller med indførelsen af andre cellulære belastninger, herunder hypoxi og oxidativ stress.

En skematisk arbejdsgang for håndtering af embryoner er beskrevet i figur 1, og en tidsplan for et typisk eksperiment fremgår af tabel 1. Et skøn over et godt eksperimentelt resultat er, at for hver 10 embryoner, der injiceres, vil mindst halvdelen af de viste embryoner befinde sig i det korrekte udviklingsstadium, ubeskadigede, og udvise en robust ASR med varmebelastning ved 32 °C. Denne asr vil blive dokumenteret ved samling af intranukleare actin stænger som vist i ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Imaging Intranuclear Actin Rods in Live Heat Stressed Drosophila Embryos at JoVE.com

Imaging Intranuclear Actin Rods in Live Heat Stressed Drosophila Embryos

Målet med denne protokol er at injicere Rhodamin-konjugerede kugleformede actin i Drosophila embryoner og billede intranuklear actin stang forsamling efter varme stress.

Imaging Intranuclear Actin Stænger i Live Heat Stressed Drosophila Embryoner

The purpose of this protocol is to visualize intranuclear actin rods that assemble in live Drosophila melanogaster embryos following heat stress. Actin ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Developmental Biology

Imaging Intranuclear Actin Rods in Live Heat Stressed Drosophila Embryos

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Live-imaging of the Drosophila Pupal Eye

Levende-billeddannelse af<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Puppe Eye

Inherent processes of Drosophila pupal development can shift and distort the eye epithelium in ways that make individual cell behavior difficult to track ...

Ploidy Manipulation of Zebrafish Embryos with Heat Shock 2 Treatment

Ploidiniveauet Manipulation af zebrafisk embryoner med Heat Shock 2 Behandling

Manipulation of ploidy allows for useful transformations, such as diploids to tetraploids, or haploids to diploids. In the zebrafish Danio rerio, ...

Biosensing Motor Neuron Membrane Potential in Live Zebrafish Embryos

Biosensing Motor Neuron Membran Potential i Live Zebrafish Embryoer

The protocols described here are designed to allow researchers to study cell communication without altering the integrity of the environment in which the ...

Long-term Live Imaging of Drosophila Eye Disc

Long-term Live Imaging of Drosophila Eye Disc

Langsigtet Live-Imaging af<em&gt; Drosophila</em&gt; Disc Eye

Live imaging provides the ability to continuously track dynamic cellular and developmental processes in real time. Drosophila larval imaginal discs have ...

In Vitro Ovule Cultivation for Live-cell Imaging of Zygote Polarization and Embryo Patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana

In Vitro Ovule Cultivation for Live-cell Imaging of Zygote Polarization and Embryo Patterning in Arabidopsis thaliana

In Vitro Ovule dyrkning for Live-celle Imaging af Zygote polarisering og Embryo mønstre i Arabidopsis thaliana

In most flowering plants, the zygote and embryo are hidden deep in the mother tissue, and thus it has long been a mystery of how they develop dynamically; ...

Live Imaging of Mouse Secondary Palate Fusion

The fusion of the secondary palatal shelves to form the intact secondary palate is a key process in mammalian development and its disruption can lead to ...

Live Imaging and Analysis of Muscle Contractions in Drosophila Embryo

Live Imaging and Analysis of Muscle Contractions in Drosophila Embryo

Levende billeddannelse og analyse af muskelsammentrækninger i Drosophila embryo

Coordinated muscle contractions are a form of rhythmic behavior seen early during development in Drosophila embryos. Neuronal sensory feedback circuits ...

Dissection and Live-Imaging of the Late Embryonic Drosophila Gonad

Dissection and Live-Imaging of the Late Embryonic Drosophila Gonad

Dissektion og levende billeddannelse af den sene embryonale Drosophila Gonad

The Drosophila melanogaster male embryonic gonad is an advantageous model to study various aspects of developmental biology including, but not limited to, ...

Optogenetic Inhibition of Rho1-Mediated Actomyosin Contractility in Drosophila

Optogenetic Inhibition of Rho1-Mediated Actomyosin Contractility Coupled with Measurement of Epithelial Tension in Drosophila Embryos

Optogenetic Inhibition of Rho1-Mediated Actomyosin Contractility Coupled with Measurement of Epithelial Tension in Drosophila Embryos (Video) | JoVE 

Optogenetisk hæmning af rho1-medieret actomyosinkontraktilitet kombineret med måling af epitelspænding i Drosophila-embryoner

Contractile forces generated by actin and non-muscle myosin II ("actomyosin contractility") are critical for morphological changes of cells and tissues at ...

Imaging Live Brain Explants from Drosophila melanogaster Third Instar Larvae

Live-Cell Imaging of Drosophila melanogaster Third Instar Larval Brains

Investigating Asymmetric Cell Division Dynamics: A Protocol for Live-Imaging of Drosophila Larval Brain Explants (Video) | JoVE

Live-celle billeddannelse af Drosophila melanogaster tredje stjerne larvehjerner

Drosophila neural stem cells (neuroblasts, NBs hereafter) undergo asymmetric divisions, regenerating the self-renewing neuroblast, while also forming a ...