Name: modeling primary bone tumors and bone metastasis with solid tumor graft implantation into bone
Uploaded: 2020-09-09T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone at JoVE.com

作者承认Beth Chaffee博士，DVM，PhD，DACVP对该技术发展的重要贡献。

所有描述的动物实验均获得英国剑桥大学机构动物护理和使用委员会的批准。
1. 细胞系的制备
<ol><li>根据实验室的标准细胞培养方案培养细胞系，用于传统细胞培养或注射到小鼠体内。这里使用的标准方案是在Dulbecco的改良Eagle培养基中生长，其中含有10%胎牛血清（FBS），L-谷氨酰胺和青霉素/链霉素（以下简称完全生长培养基）。 注意：在本实验中，艾布拉姆斯骨肉瘤细?...

<ol>
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(67), e4260 (2012).</li><li>Maloney, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intratibial+Injection+Causes+Direct+Pulmonary+Seeding+of+Osteosarcoma+Cells+and+Is+Not+a+Spontaneous+Model+of+Metastasis:+A+Mouse+Osteosarcoma+Model.">Intratibial Injection Causes Direct Pulmonary Seeding of Osteosarcoma Cells and Is Not a Spontaneous Model of Metastasis: A Mouse Osteosarcoma Model.</a> Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research. 476 (7), 1514-1522 (2018).</li><li>Dai, J., Hensel, J., Wang, N., Kruithof-de Julio, M., Shiozawa, Y. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mouse+models+for+studying+prostate+cancer+bone+metastasis.">Mouse models for studying prostate cancer bone metastasis.</a> BoneKey Reports. 5, 777 (2016).</li><li>Marques da Costa, M. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Establishment+and+characterization+of+in+vivo+orthotopic+bioluminescent+xenograft+models+from+human+osteosarcoma+cell+lines+in+Swiss+nude+and+NSG+mice.">Establishment and characterization of in vivo orthotopic bioluminescent xenograft models from human osteosarcoma cell lines in Swiss nude and NSG mice.</a> Cancer Medicine. 7 (3), 665-676 (2018).</li><li>Raheem, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+patient-derived+intra-femoral+xenograft+model+of+bone+metastatic+prostate+cancer+that+recapitulates+mixed+osteolytic+and+osteoblastic+lesions.">A novel patient-derived intra-femoral xenograft model of bone metastatic prostate cancer that recapitulates mixed osteolytic and osteoblastic lesions.</a> Journal of Translational Medicine. 9, 185 (2011).</li><li>Sasaki, H., Iyer, S. V., Sasaki, K., Tawfik, O. W., Iwakuma, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+improved+intrafemoral+injection+with+minimized+leakage+as+an+orthotopic+mouse+model+of+osteosarcoma.">An improved intrafemoral injection with minimized leakage as an orthotopic mouse model of osteosarcoma.</a> Analytical Biochemistry. 486, 70-74 (2015).</li><li>Valastyan, S., Weinberg, R. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Tumor+metastasis:+molecular+insights+and+evolving+paradigms.">Tumor metastasis: molecular insights and evolving paradigms.</a> Cell. 147 (2), 275-292 (2011).</li><li>Yu, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Intra-iliac+Artery+Injection+for+Efficient+and+Selective+Modeling+of+Microscopic+Bone+Metastasis.">Intra-iliac Artery Injection for Efficient and Selective Modeling of Microscopic Bone Metastasis.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (115), e53982 (2016).</li><li>Kuchimaru, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+reliable+murine+model+of+bone+metastasis+by+injecting+cancer+cells+through+caudal+arteries.">A reliable murine model of bone metastasis by injecting cancer cells through caudal arteries.</a> Nature Communications. 9 (1), 2981 (2018).</li><li>Haley, H. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Enhanced+Bone+Metastases+in+Skeletally+Immature+Mice.">Enhanced Bone Metastases in Skeletally Immature Mice.</a> Tomography. 4 (2), 84-93 (2018).</li><li>Lei, Z. G., Ren, X. H., Wang, S. S., Liang, X. H., Tang, Y. L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immunocompromised+and+immunocompetent+mouse+models+for+head+and+neck+squamous+cell+carcinoma.">Immunocompromised and immunocompetent mouse models for head and neck squamous cell carcinoma.</a> Onco Targets and Therapy. 9, 545-555 (2016).</li><li>Lefley, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Development+of+clinically+relevant+in+vivo+metastasis+models+using+human+bone+discs+and+breast+cancer+patient-derived+xenografts.">Development of clinically relevant in vivo metastasis models using human bone discs and breast cancer patient-derived xenografts.</a> Breast Cancer Research. 21 (1), 130 (2019).</li><li>Tuveson, D., Clevers, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cancer+modeling+meets+human+organoid+technology.">Cancer modeling meets human organoid technology.</a> Science. 364 (6444), 952-955 (2019).</li></ol>

本报告记录了我们在胫内植入肿瘤同种异体移植物后创建原发性骨肿瘤或骨转移的模型。我们认为，这一进程有几个关键步骤。应为皮下注射肿瘤细胞悬液和胫内放置所得肿瘤碎片建立安全的麻醉平面。手术部位应无菌准备，以移除皮下同种异体移植物和胫内放置同种异体移植物。应均匀地创建肿瘤同种异体移植片段，以便随后进行胫内植入。应在胫骨近端形成适当大小的缺损，以植入肿瘤碎片?...

人类和动物疾病的小鼠模型在生物医学研究中越来越受欢迎。在这种情况下使用小鼠的效用在于它们的解剖学和生理学与人类非常相似。它们的妊娠期和产后生命达到成熟的时间相对较短，并且主要与相对较低的成本和住房便利性有关，尽管开发或购买成本的增加与更大程度的基因改造、免疫缺陷和/或人源化有关1。使用近交品系导致在研究纳入之前动物种群基本均匀。对它们基因组的完整了解表明与人类高度相似。许多疾病过程的直系同源分子靶标已经在小鼠基因组中鉴定出来，现在有一个广泛的小鼠特异性试剂库，很容易获得。因此，与大型动物模型相比，它们以更快速、更便宜的方式提供了相对高通量分析的机会1。此外，随着基因编辑策略的出现，允许全局或以细胞类型特定方式和/或组成或诱导方式过表达或删除某些基因，它们代表了用于研究人类和动物疾病的非常生物学上有用的模型系统2。
癌症是小鼠模型具有巨大实用性的领域之一。癌症的遗传小鼠模型依赖于单独或组合调节癌基因或肿瘤抑制基因的表达，使细胞经历致癌转化。还进行将原代或已建立的肿瘤细胞系注射到小鼠中。从人类或其他动物物种（包括小鼠）引入细胞系或组织仍然是体内使用最广泛的癌症模型。在免疫功能低下的小鼠中使用来自不同物种（异种移植物）的细胞和组织是最常见的2。然而，当宿主和受体属于同一物种时，使用同种异体移植肿瘤细胞或组织允许与同源系统中的相同宿主小鼠品系结合时与完整的免疫系统相互作用3。
原发性骨肿瘤或实体瘤的骨转移导致疼痛性溶骨性、成骨细胞性或混合性溶骨性/成骨细胞病变3，4。这些肿瘤会损害骨骼结构，增加病理性骨折的风险，并使患者的治疗选择有限。原发性骨肿瘤转移到远处器官，某些类型能够扩散到其他骨骼部位。在乳腺癌患者中，骨是最常见的首次转移部位，也是转移性疾病最常见的第一表现部位5，6。此外，在诊断并预测其他器官转移之前，播散性肿瘤细胞（DTC）存在于骨髓中7。因此，人们认为存在于骨骼中的癌细胞是最终转移到其他器官系统的细胞的来源。存在许多实体瘤转移的小鼠模型，其转移主要发生在肺和淋巴结中，并且根据肿瘤类型和注射技术，潜在的其他器官系统3。然而，骨转移的小鼠模型缺乏可靠，可重复地产生位点特异性骨骼转移并在小鼠达到从原发性肿瘤负担或转移到其他器官的早期去除标准之前发生骨转移。我们已经报道了一种原发性骨肿瘤骨肉瘤模型，该模型依赖于将实体肿瘤同种异体移植物手术植入小鼠的近端胫骨8。骨肿瘤在100%的小鼠中形成，88%的小鼠发生肺转移。这种转移的发生率超过了临床上常见的人群报告（~20-50%），但由于肺是骨肉瘤最常见的转移部位9，10，11，因此引起了极大的兴趣。虽然该模型在模拟原发性骨肿瘤方面具有优势，但它在模拟其他嗜骨实体瘤（如乳腺癌、肺癌、前列腺瘤、甲状腺肿瘤、肝肿瘤、肾肿瘤和胃肠道肿瘤）的骨转移方面也有很大的实用性。
开发该模型的基本原理是开发一种替代传统的骨内注射，通常注射到胫骨近端或股骨远端，以模拟原发性骨肿瘤或骨转移12。我们的主要目标是减轻该技术的已知局限性，即肺肿瘤栓塞。这导致这些栓塞肿瘤细胞的植入和“人工转移”，这些转移不能概括从转移到肺部的已建立原发性骨肿瘤的完全转移级联反应8，13。当已建立的骨转移扩散到远处部位时，也会出现这种情况。此外，还开发了该技术以产生骨转移模型，与原位或血管内注射技术相比，该模型可确保骨中和均匀部位肿瘤的植入和生长发生率更高。与这些所描述的技术相比，此模型具有明显的优势。该模型涉及将肿瘤细胞受控，一致地输送到骨骼中。它还避免了肺栓塞后人为的肺转移，并建立了基线统一的研究人群。该模型具有特定部位肿瘤的好处，而不会因原发性肿瘤或转移到其他器官而导致早期切除标准的风险。最后，该模型在修改方面具有很大的实用性，包括使用患者来源的异种移植物。
所提出的模型与手术方法后直接将细胞悬液注射到骨中相似，然后通过皮层注射或在皮层中出现小缺陷后将其输送到骨髓腔（有或没有扩孔髓腔）8，14，15，16，17.然而，肿瘤同种异体移植物的植入使这种技术明显不同。因此，本报告的目的是证明这种原发性骨肿瘤和实体瘤骨转移的模型，它克服了先前描述的模型的许多局限性。在细胞培养、小鼠模型、小鼠麻醉和手术以及小鼠解剖学方面具有丰富经验的研究小组有能力重现我们的技术来模拟小鼠的原发性骨肿瘤或骨转移。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>#15 scalpel blade</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Ltd.</td>
			<td>75614</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6-well tissue culture plates</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10578911</td>
			<td>Used for mincing tumor pieces. Can also be used for cell culture</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Abrams osteosarcoma cell line</td>
			<td>Not applicable</td>
			<td>Not applicable</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anesthesia machine with isoflurane vaporiser and oxygen tank(s)</td>
			<td>VetEquip</td>
			<td>901805</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Animal weighing scale</td>
			<td>Kent Scientific</td>
			<td>SCL- 1015</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>BALB/c nude mouse (nu/nu)</td>
			<td>Charles River Ltd.</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>6-8 weeks of age. Male or female mice</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bone cement</td>
			<td>Depuy Synthes</td>
			<td>160504</td>
			<td>Optional use instead of bone wax</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Bone wax</td>
			<td>Ethicon</td>
			<td>W31G</td>
			<td>Optional</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Buprenorphine</td>
			<td>Animalcare Ltd.</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Buprecare 0.3 mg/ml Solution for Injection for Dogs and Cats</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Carbon dioxide euthanasia station</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Should be provided within animal facility</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cell culture incubator set at 37 &#176;C and 5% carbon dioxide</td>
			<td>Heraeus</td>
			<td>Various</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Chlorhexidine surgical scrub</td>
			<td>Vetoquinol</td>
			<td>411412</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Cryovials (2 ml)</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific Nalgene</td>
			<td>5000-0020</td>
			<td>Optional if cryopreserving tumor fragments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-luciferin (Firefly), potassium salt</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>122799</td>
			<td>Optional if cell line of interest has a bioluminescent reporter gene</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital caliper</td>
			<td>Mitutoyo</td>
			<td>500-181-30</td>
			<td>Can be manual</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Digital microradiography cabinet</td>
			<td>Faxitron Bioptics, LLC</td>
			<td>MX-20</td>
			<td>Optional to evaluate bone response to tumor growth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>1371171000</td>
			<td>Optional if cryopreserving tumor fragments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Dulbecco&#8217;s modified Eagle&#8217;s medium</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11965092</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ethanol (70%)</td>
			<td>Sigma Aldrich</td>
			<td>2483</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>26140079</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps, Dumont</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools, Inc.</td>
			<td>11200-33</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Freezer (&#8211; 80 &#176;C)</td>
			<td>Sanyo</td>
			<td>MDF-794C</td>
			<td>Optional if cryopreserving or snap freezing tumor fragments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemocytometer</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>11704939</td>
			<td>Can also use automated cell counter, if available</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypodermic needles (27 gauge)</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Ltd.</td>
			<td>DIS55510</td>
			<td>May also use 25G (DIS55509) and 30G (Catalog DIS599) needles</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ice</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>N/A</td>
			<td>Ideally small pieces in a container for syringe and cell suspension storage</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Iris scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools, Inc.</td>
			<td>14084-08</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isoflurane</td>
			<td>Henry Schein Ltd.</td>
			<td>1182098</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>IVIS Lumina III bioluminescence/fluorescence imaging system</td>
			<td>Perkin Elmer</td>
			<td>CLS136334</td>
			<td>Optional if cell line of interest has bioluminescent or fluorescent reporter genes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L-glutamine</td>
			<td>Thermofisher scientifc</td>
			<td>25030081</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid nitrogen</td>
			<td>British Oxygen Corporation</td>
			<td>NA</td>
			<td>Optional if cryopreserving or snap freezing tumor fragments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Liquid nitrogen dewar, 5 litres</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>TY509X1</td>
			<td>Optional if cryopreserving tumor fragments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Matrigel&#174; Matrix GFR, LDEV-Free, 5 ml</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td>356230</td>
			<td>Optional. Also available in 10 ml size (354230)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microcentrifuge</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>75002549</td>
			<td>Pellet cells at 1200 rpm for 5-6 minutes</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mr. Frosty freezing containiner</td>
			<td>Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10110051</td>
			<td>Optional if cryopreserving tumor fragments</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>NAIR Hair remover lotion/oil</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>NC0132811</td>
			<td>Can alternatively use an electric clipper with fine blade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin/streptomycin</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>P4333</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scalpel handle, #7 Short</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools, Inc.</td>
			<td>10007-12</td>
			<td>User preference as long as it accepts #15 scalpel blade</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Small animal heated pad</td>
			<td>VetTech</td>
			<td>HE006</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stereomicroscope</td>
			<td>GT Vision Ltd.</td>
			<td>H600BV1</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sterile phosphate-buffered saline (PBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>10010023</td>
			<td>Use for injections and also as part of the surgical scrub, alternating with chlorhexidine</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tissue adhesive (sterile)</td>
			<td>3M Corporation</td>
			<td>84-1469SB</td>
			<td>Can alternatively use non-absorbable skin suture (6-0 size)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypan blue</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>5250061</td>
			<td>None</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher Scientific</td>
			<td>25300054</td>
			<td>Use 0.05%-0.25%</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Tuberculin syringe (1 ml with 0.1 ml gradations)</td>
			<td>Becton Dickinson</td>
			<td>309659</td>
			<td>Slip tip preferred over Luer</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Vented tissue culture flasks, T-75</td>
			<td>Corning Life Sciences</td>
			<td>CLS3290</td>
			<td>Can also use smaller or larger flasks, as needed</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

modeling primary bone tumors and bone metastasis with solid tumor graft implantation into bone

原发性骨肿瘤或实体瘤的骨转移会导致疼痛性溶骨性、成骨性或混合性溶骨性/成骨细胞性病变。这些病变会损害骨骼结构，增加病理性骨折的风险，并使患者的治疗选择有限。原发性骨肿瘤转移到远处器官，某些类型能够扩散到其他骨骼部位。然而，最近的证据表明，对于许多实体瘤，已经扩散到骨骼的癌细胞可能是最终转移到其他器官系统的细胞的主要来源。原发性骨肿瘤的大多数同系或异种移植小鼠模型涉及骨内（原位）注射肿瘤细胞悬液。实体瘤骨骼转移的一些动物模型也依赖于直接骨注射，而另一些动物则试图通过血管内或原发肿瘤器官注射细胞来概括骨转移级联的其他步骤。然而，这些模型都没有可靠地发生骨转移或发生率为 100%。此外，骨内直接注射肿瘤细胞已被证明与潜在的肺肿瘤栓塞有关。这些栓塞肿瘤细胞移植但不概括转移级联反应。我们报告了一种骨肉瘤小鼠模型，其中使用微创手术技术将新鲜或冷冻保存的肿瘤碎片（由肿瘤细胞和基质组成）直接植入胫骨近端。这些动物发展出可重复的植入、生长，并随着时间的推移出现骨质溶解和肺转移。该技术具有用于模拟实体瘤骨转移的多功能性，并且可以很容易地使用由一种或多种细胞类型、转基因细胞、患者来源的异种移植物和/或可以通过光学或高级成像跟踪的标记细胞组成的移植物。在这里，我们展示了这种技术，使用实体瘤移植物植入骨来模拟原发性骨肿瘤和骨转移。

阳性结果将与肿瘤植入和随着时间的推移进行性肿瘤生长有关。根据肿瘤类型，骨内肿瘤生长可能与进行性后肢跛行有关，但尽管伴有骨病体征，但许多肿瘤不会引起跛行。通过先进的成像记录了成功的植入，从而在与目标细胞系的骨表型（溶骨性、成骨细胞性或混合性溶骨/成骨细胞转移）相关的胫骨近端会发生进行性放射成像、μCT 或 μMRI 变化（图 1）8...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone at JoVE.com

Modeling Primary Bone Tumors and Bone Metastasis with Solid Tumor Graft Implantation into Bone

骨转移模型不会均匀地发生转移或发生 100%。骨内肿瘤细胞直接注射可导致肺栓塞。我们展示了我们的技术，使用实体瘤移植物植入骨骼来模拟原发性骨肿瘤和骨转移，从而实现可重复的植入和生长。

通过实体瘤移植植入骨模拟原发性骨肿瘤和骨转移

Primary bone tumors or bone metastasis from solid tumors result in painful osteolytic, osteoblastic, or mixed osteolytic/osteoblastic lesions. These ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Cancer Research

Intra-iliac Artery Injection for Efficient and Selective Modeling of Microscopic Bone Metastasis

内髂动脉注射显微骨转移的效率和选择性建模

Intra-iliac artery (IIA) injection is an efficient approach to introduce metastatic lesions of various cancer cells in animals. Compared to the widely ...

科研

癌症研究

Dual Effects of Melanoma Cell-derived Factors on Bone Marrow Adipocytes Differentiation

黑色素瘤细胞衍生因子对骨髓脂肪分化的双重影响

The crosstalk between bone marrow adipocytes and tumor cells may play a critical role in the process of bone metastasis. A variety of methods are ...

Multimodal Bioluminescent and Positronic-emission Tomography/Computational Tomography Imaging of Multiple Myeloma Bone Marrow Xenografts in NOG Mice

nog 小鼠多发性骨髓瘤异种移植的多模态生物发光和正电子发射成形断层扫描成像

Multiple myeloma (MM) tumors engraft in the bone marrow (BM) and their survival and progression are dependent upon complex molecular and cellular ...

Measuring Bone Remodeling and Recreating the Tumor-Bone Microenvironment Using Calvaria Co-culture and Histomorphometry

利用卡尔瓦里亚共同培养和教条法测量骨重塑和再造肿瘤-骨微环境

Bone is a connective tissue constituted of osteoblasts, osteocytes, and osteoclasts and a mineralized extracellular matrix, which gives it its strength ...

Three-Dimensional Bone Extracellular Matrix Model for Osteosarcoma

骨肉瘤的三维骨细胞外基质模型

Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common and a highly aggressive primary bone tumor. It is characterized with anatomic and histologic variations along with ...

Micromanipulation of Circulating Tumor Cells for Downstream Molecular Analysis and Metastatic Potential Assessment

循环肿瘤细胞的微操作, 用于下游分子分析和转移电位评估

Blood-borne metastasis accounts for&#160;most cancer-related deaths and involves circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that are successful in establishing new ...

Establishment and Analysis of Three-Dimensional (3D) Organoids Derived from Patient Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis Specimens and their Xenografts

Establishment and Analysis of Three-Dimensional 3D Organoids Derived from Patient Prostate Cancer Bone Metastasis Specimens and their Xenografts

从患者前列腺癌骨转移标本及其异种移植物中提取的三维（3D）有机物的建立与分析

Three-dimensional (3D) culture of organoids from tumor specimens of human patients and patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of prostate cancer, referred ...

Machine Learning Algorithms for Early Detection of Bone Metastases in an Experimental Rat Model

实验鼠模型中骨代谢的早期检测机器学习算法

Machine learning (ML) algorithms permit the integration of different features into a model to perform classification or regression tasks with an accuracy ...

Modeling Brain Metastasis by Internal Carotid Artery Injection of Cancer Cells

通过颈内动脉注射癌细胞模拟脑转移

Brain metastasis is a cause of severe morbidity and mortality in cancer patients. Critical aspects of metastatic diseases, such as the complex neural ...

Intra-Cardiac Injection of Human Prostate Cancer Cells to Create a Bone Metastasis Xenograft Mouse Model

心内注射人前列腺癌细胞以创建骨转移异种移植小鼠模型

As the most common male malignancy, prostate cancer (PC) ranks second in mortality, primarily due to a 65%-75% bone metastasis rate. Therefore, it is ...