Name: fabrication of a biomimetic nano-matrix with janus base nanotubes and fibronectin for stem cell adhesion
Uploaded: 2020-05-10T14:45:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of a Biomimetic Nano-Matrix with Janus Base Nanotubes and Fibronectin for Stem Cell Adhesion at JoVE.com

Dette arbeidet støttes økonomisk av NIH (Grants 1R01AR072027-01, 1R03AR069383-01), NSF Career Award (1653702) og University of Connecticut.

1. Syntese av JBNTs
MERK: JBNT monomer ble utarbeidet som publisert tidligere11.
<ol><li>Syntese av sammensattE A1<ol>
<li>Forbered en oppløsning som inneholder 8,50 g 2-cyanoacetisk syre og 9,80 g etylkarbamat i 25 ml toluen og 2,5 ml N, N-dimetylformamid. Tilsett 4,90 ml fosforylkloriddråpevis. Varm deretter blandingen til 70 °C og fortsett å røre i 1,5 timer.</li>
		<li>Avkjøl reaksjonsblandingen til romtemperatur og hell i 100 g isvann. Trekk ut vandig lag m...

<ol>
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J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+convergence+of+fracture+repair+and+stem+cells:+interplay+of+genes,+aging,+environmental+factors+and+disease.">The convergence of fracture repair and stem cells: interplay of genes, aging, environmental factors and disease.</a> Journal of Bone and Mineral Research. 29 (11), 2307-2322 (2014).</li><li>De Becker, A., Riet, I. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Homing+and+migration+of+mesenchymal+stromal+cells:+How+to+improve+the+efficacy+of+cell+therapy.">Homing and migration of mesenchymal stromal cells: How to improve the efficacy of cell therapy.</a> World Journal of Stem Cells. 8 (3), 73-87 (2016).</li><li>Chen, Y., Song, S., Yan, Z., Fenniri, H., Webster, T. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collagen+cross-linking+by+adipose-derived+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+and+scar-derived+mesenchymal+cells:+Are+mesenchymal+stromal+cells+involved+in+scar+formation.">Collagen cross-linking by adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and scar-derived mesenchymal cells: Are mesenchymal stromal cells involved in scar formation.</a> Wound Repair and Regeneration. 17 (4), 548-558 (2009).</li><li>Erickson, H. P., Carrell, N., McDonagh, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibronectin+molecule+visualized+in+electron+microscopy:+a+long,+thin,+flexible+strand.">Fibronectin molecule visualized in electron microscopy: a long, thin, flexible strand.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 91 (3), 673-678 (1981).</li><li>Chen, Q., Yu, H. C., Chen, Y. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=.">.</a> U. S. Patent. , (2017).</li><li>Zhou, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Self-assembled+biomimetic+Nano-Matrix+for+stem+cell+Anchorage.">Self-assembled biomimetic Nano-Matrix for stem cell Anchorage.</a> Journal of Biomedical Materials and Research. 108, 984-991 (2020).</li><li>Jones, M., Leroux, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Polymeric+micelles+-+a+new+generation+of+colloidal+drug+carriers.">Polymeric micelles - a new generation of colloidal drug carriers.</a> European Journal of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics. 48 (2), 101-111 (1999).</li><li>Singh, P., Schwarzbauer, J. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Fibronectin+and+stem+cell+differentiation+-+lessons+from+chondrogenesis.">Fibronectin and stem cell differentiation - lessons from chondrogenesis.</a> Journal of Cell Science. 125, 3703-3712 (2012).</li><li>Martino, M. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Controlling+integrin+specificity+and+stem+cell+differentiation+in+2D+and+3D+environments+through+regulation+of+fibronectin+domain+stability.">Controlling integrin specificity and stem cell differentiation in 2D and 3D environments through regulation of fibronectin domain stability.</a> Biomaterials. 30 (6), 1089-1097 (2009).</li><li>Somaiah, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Collagen+promotes+higher+adhesion,+survival+and+proliferation+of+mesenchymal+stem+cells.">Collagen promotes higher adhesion, survival and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells.</a> PLoS One. 10 (12), 0145068 (2015).</li><li>Ogura, N., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+the+human+mesenchymal+stem+cells+derived+from+bone+marrow+and+enhancement+of+cell+attachment+by+fibronectin.">Differentiation of the human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and enhancement of cell attachment by fibronectin.</a> Journal of Oral Science. 46 (4), 207-213 (2004).</li><li>Do, A. V., Khorsand, B., Geary, S. M., Salem, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=3D+Printing+of+scaffolds+for+tissue+regeneration+applications.">3D Printing of scaffolds for tissue regeneration applications.</a> Advanced Healthcare Materials. 4 (12), 1742-1762 (2015).</li><li>Shi, W., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structurally+and+functionally+optimized+silk-fibroin-gelatin+scaffold+using+3D+printing+to+repair+cartilage+injury+in+vitro+and+in+vivo.">Structurally and functionally optimized silk-fibroin-gelatin scaffold using 3D printing to repair cartilage injury in vitro and in vivo.</a> Advanced Material. 29, 1701089 (2017).</li><li>Journeay, W. S., Suri, S. S., Moralez, J. 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I denne studien utviklet vi en selvmontert biomimetisk NM, som ble dannet med DNA-inspirerte JBNTs og FN. Ved fremstilling av JBNT-løsningen skal JBNT lyofilisert pulver oppløses i vannet i stedet for PBS fordi PBS vil forårsake agglomerasjon av JBNTs, noe som hemmer deres montering. Videre bør NM også monteres i vann hvis vi ønsker å observere nano-fibril strukturer av NM, fordi saltet i PBS vil pakke med NM-fibre, noe som i stor grad kan redusere oppløsningen på bildene.
NM har vist...

Humane mesenchymale stamceller (hMSCer) har vist potensialet for selvfornyelse og selvdiensisjon langs forskjellige mesenchymale avstamninger, noe som bidrar til regenerering og vedlikehold avvev 1. Basert på differensieringspotensialet, anses hMSCer som kandidater for mesenchymale vevsskader og hematopoetisk lidelsesterapi2. hMSCs har vist evnen til å fremme sårheling ved å øke vevreparasjon, angiogenese og redusere betennelse3. Men uten biokjemisk eller biomaterialer assistanse, effektiviteten for hMSCs å nå et mål vev og funksjon på ønsket sted er lav4. Selv om ulike konstruerte stillas har blitt benyttet til å tiltrekke seg hMSCer for å holde seg på lesjonene, er noen steder som vekstplatebrudd, midt i et langt bein, ikke lett tilgjengelig av de konvensjonelle prefabrikkerte stillasene, som kanskje ikke passer perfekt inn i et uregelmessig formet skadet sted.
Her har vi utviklet et biomimetisk nanomateriale som selv kan montere in situ og injiseres til et vanskelig tilgjengelig målområde. Injiserbare bio-stillas NM består av Janus base nanorør (JBNTs) og fibronectin (FN). JBNTs, også kjent som Rosette Nanotubes (RNTs), er avledet fra DNA base par, spesielt thymine og adenin, her5,6,7. Som vist i figur 1dannes nanorørene når seks molekyler av den avledede DNA-basen parer seg selv montere via hydrogenbindinger for å danne et plan6. Seks molekyler stables deretter på hverandre i et plan via en sterk pi-stabling interaksjon7, som kan være opp til 200-300 μm i lengde. JBNTs er designet for å morfologisk etterligne kollagenfibre slik at FN vil reagere med dem.
FN er et høymolekylært klebemiddel glykoprotein, som finnes i den ekstracellulære matrisen (ECM)9. Disse kan megle vedlegg av stamceller til andre komponenter i ECM, spesielt kollagen10. Vi designet JBNTs for å morfologisk etterligne kollagenfibre slik at FN kan reagere med dem for å danne NM om noen få sekunder via ikke-kovalent binding. Derfor er NM et lovende biostillas som skal injiseres i et beinbruddssted som ikke kunne være tilgjengelig av de konvensjonelt fabrikkerte stillasene. Her presenterer injiserbare NM en utmerket evne til å forbedre hMSC forankring in vitro, viser sitt potensial til å tjene som et stillas for vev regenerering.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>1,2-dichloroethane</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>39121</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>2-cyanoacetic acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>C88505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>4-Dimethylaminopyridine</td>
			<td>TCI America</td>
			<td>D1450</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>8 wells Chambered Coverglass</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>155409</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>96-well plate</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>353072</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>absolute ethanol</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>BP2818500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>acetone</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>179124</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>acetonitrile</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34851</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>allylamine</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>145831</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Basic Plasma Cleaner</td>
			<td>Harrick Plasma</td>
			<td>PDC32G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>citric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>251275</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>concentrated hydrochloric acid</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>H1758</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Deionized water</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15230147</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>dichloromethane</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>270997</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>diethyl ether</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>296082</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>361941</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethyl acetate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>319902</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>ethylcarbamate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>U2500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fibronectin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>PHE0023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fixative Solution (4 % formaldehyde prepared in PBS)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>R37814</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>guanidinium hydrochloride</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A13543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>hexanes</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>227064</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human mesenchymal stem cells</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>PT-2501</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methanol</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>34860</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>methyl iodide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>289566</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N-Diisopropylethylamine</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A17114</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N,N-dimethylformamide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>227056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-Methylmorpholine N-oxide</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A19802</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Osmium tetraoxide</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>45385</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Penicillin-Streptomycin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>15140163</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate Buffer Solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>20012050</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>phosphoryl chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>201170</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>potassium carbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>347825</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>reverse phase column</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>25305-154630</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rhodamine Phalloidin</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>R415</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>silica gel</td>
			<td>TCI America</td>
			<td>S0821</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S6014</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium ethoxide</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>L13083</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium periodide</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>71859</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium sulfate</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>239313</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium sulfite</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>S0505</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>sodium triacetoxyborohydride</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>B22060</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>spectrophotometer(NanoDrop One/One&#7580; UV-Vis)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>ND-ONE-W</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stem Cell Growth Medium BulletKit</td>
			<td>Lonza</td>
			<td>PT-3001</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>tetrahydrofuran</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>401757</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>thioanisole</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>T28002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>toluene</td>
			<td>Sigma-Aldrich</td>
			<td>179418</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>triethylamine</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A12646</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>trifluoroacetic acid</td>
			<td>Alfa Aesar</td>
			<td>A12198</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Triton X-100</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>HFH10</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA solution</td>
			<td>Thermo Fisher</td>
			<td>25200056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

fabrication of a biomimetic nano-matrix with janus base nanotubes and fibronectin for stem cell adhesion

En biomimetisk NM ble utviklet for å tjene som et vev-engineering biologisk stillas, som kan forbedre stamcelle forankring. Biomimetisk NM er dannet fra JBNTs og FN gjennom selvmontering i en vandig løsning. JBNTs måler 200-300 μm i lengde med indre hydrofobe hule kanaler og ytre hydrofile overflater. JBNTs belastes positivt og FNs belastes negativt. Derfor, når de injiseres i en nøytral vandig løsning, bindes de sammen via ikke-kovalent binding for å danne NM-buntene. Selvmonteringsprosessen fullføres i løpet av få sekunder uten kjemiske initiativtakere, varmekilde eller UV-lys. Når pH av NM-løsningen er lavere enn isoelektrisk punkt av FNs (pI 5.5-6.0), NM bunter vil selv-release på grunn av tilstedeværelsen av positivt ladet FN.
NM er kjent for å etterligne den ekstracellulære matrisen (ECM) morfologisk og dermed kan brukes som et injiserbart stillas, noe som gir en utmerket plattform for å forbedre hMSC vedheft. Celletetthetsanalyse og fluorescensavbildningseksperimenter indikerte at NMs økte ankerplassen til HMSCer betydelig sammenlignet med den negative kontrollen.

Våre studier oppdaget at dannelsen av NM av JBNTs og FN er rask, som skjedde i 10 sekunder. Som vist i figur 2ble hvit floccule oppnådd da JBNT-løsningen ble blandet med FN-løsningen og pipetted flere ganger. Dannelsesprosessen av NM er helt biomimetisk. Ingen ytre stimuli er nødvendig. Prosessen med fabrikasjon er mye enklere enn for noen nye biomaterialer, som er basert på ultrafiolett lys eller kjemisk initiativtaker for krysskobling13.
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Fabrication of a Biomimetic Nano-Matrix with Janus Base Nanotubes and Fibronectin for Stem Cell Adhesion at JoVE.com

Fabrication of a Biomimetic Nano-Matrix with Janus Base Nanotubes and Fibronectin for Stem Cell Adhesion

Målet med denne protokollen er å vise montering av en biomimetisk nanomatrix (NM) med Janus base nanorør (JBNTs) og fibronectin (FN). Når de er samkulturert med humane mesenchymale stamceller (hMSCer), viser NMs utmerket bioaktivitet i oppmuntrende hMSCer vedheft.

Fabrikasjon av en biomimetisk nanomatrise med Janus Base Nanorør og Fibronectin for stamcelleadhesjon

A biomimetic NM was developed to serve as a tissue-engineering biological scaffold, which can enhance stem cell anchorage. The biomimetic NM is formed ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Bioengineering

Microfluidic Fabrication of Polymeric and Biohybrid Fibers with Predesigned Size and Shape

Mikrofluidisk fabrikasjon av polymere og biohybridfibre med forhåndsdesignet størrelse og form

A &#8220;sheath&#8221; fluid passing through a microfluidic channel at low Reynolds number can be directed around another &#8220;core&#8221; stream and ...

Helical Organization of Blood Coagulation Factor VIII on Lipid Nanotubes

Helical Organisering av koagulasjonsfaktor VIII på Lipid Nanorør

Cryo-electron microscopy (Cryo-EM)1 is a powerful approach to investigate the functional structure of proteins and complexes in a hydrated state and ...

Using Cell-substrate Impedance and Live Cell Imaging to Measure Real-time Changes in Cellular Adhesion and De-adhesion Induced by Matrix Modification

Ved hjelp av Cell-substrat Impedans og Live Cell Imaging å måle sanntid Endringer i Cellular Grep og De-adhesjon indusert av Matrix Modification

Cell-matrix adhesion plays a key role in controlling cell morphology and signaling. Stimuli that disrupt cell-matrix adhesion (e.g., myeloperoxidase and ...

Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer (SALB) Method

Biomembrane Fabrication by the Solvent-assisted Lipid Bilayer SALB Method

Biomembranen Fabrication av Løsemiddel assistert lipidbilag (SalB) Metode

In order to mimic cell membranes, the supported lipid bilayer (SLB) is an attractive platform which enables in vitro investigation of membrane-related ...

Micropatterning and Assembly of 3D Microvessels

Micropatterning og montering av 3D microvessels

In vitro platforms to study endothelial cells and vascular biology are largely limited to 2D endothelial cell culture, flow chambers with polymer or glass ...

DNA Nanotubes as a Versatile Tool to Study Semiflexible Polymers

DNA nanorør som et allsidig verktøy for å studere Semiflexible polymerer

Mechanical properties of complex, polymer-based soft matter, such as cells or biopolymer networks, can be understood in neither the classical frame of ...

Fabrication and Validation of an Organ-on-chip System with Integrated Electrodes to Directly Quantify Transendothelial Electrical Resistance

Fabrikasjon og validering av en Organ-on-chip System med integrerte elektrodene direkte kvantifisere Transendothelial elektrisk motstand

Organs-on-chips, in vitro models involving the culture of (human) tissues inside microfluidic devices, are rapidly emerging and promise to provide useful ...

Ultrathin Porated Elastic Hydrogels As a Biomimetic Basement Membrane for Dual Cell Culture

Supertynn Porated elastisk Hydrogels som en Biomimetic kjelleren membran for dobbelt celle kultur

The basement membrane is a critical component of cellular bilayers that can vary in stiffness, composition, architecture, and porosity. In vitro studies ...

Fabrication of Custom Agarose Wells for Cell Seeding and Tissue Ring Self-assembly Using 3D-Printed Molds

Fabrikasjon av egendefinerte Agarose for celle såing og vev Ring selvstendig montering med 3D-trykt muggsopp

Engineered tissues are being used clinically for tissue repair and replacement, and are being developed as tools for drug screening and human disease ...

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro

Methodology for Biomimetic Chemical Neuromodulation of Rat Retinas with the Neurotransmitter Glutamate In Vitro

Metodikk for Biomimetic kjemiske Neuromodulation av rotte Netthinne med signalstoffet glutamat In Vitro

Photoreceptor degenerative diseases cause irreparable blindness through the progressive loss of photoreceptor cells in the retina. Retinal prostheses are ...