Name: a standardized method for measurement of elbow kinesthesia
Uploaded: 2020-10-10T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia at JoVE.com

作者要感谢乔恩·纳尔逊博士为EMG和电感计设备提供技术支持。

圣斯科法斯塔学院的机构审查委员会批准了根据该议定书进行开发和测试的研究。
1. 制作视觉屏幕
<ol><li>将直径为 3×4 英寸（1.9 厘米）的 PVC 管道切割成各种长度：两块 30 英寸（76.2 厘米）件（屏幕底座）;两个 8 英寸（20.3 厘米）件（屏幕底座）;一块 44 英寸（111.8 厘米）件（垂直屏幕支撑）;和一块 32 英寸（81.3 厘米）件（屏幕织物支架）。</li>
	<li>将端盖放在每块 30 英寸...

<ol>
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提出的协议描述了如何使用通用 CPM 机器以标准化方式测量弯头 TDPM 以提供被动运动。在20名健康参与者中，平均肘部TDPM测量结果与之前使用其他TDPM测量,方法,7、19、32的7平均值相似，并在测试过程中产生了可靠的结果。32慢性中风8名参与者中，平均肺肘的道发性TDPM与先前显示的5，15的健康成年人口有显著差...

可感知信息是控制人类运动的重要贡献者。治疗性缺陷伴随广泛的神经疾病，如中风1，2，3，4，5，6，,2,3,4,5,6帕金森病7，和感觉神经病变8。骨科损伤，如韧带和肌肉撕裂也已被证明减少自受功能9。通过检测手指或脚,趾位置10、11、12、13、1413的提供者应用的小改变，在,12临床结果测量中经常测试自理的14构造。这种测量结果比较粗糙："缺席"，"受损"，"正常"12。虽然足以检测严重自得性损伤，但实验室机械测试方法需要精确测量细微的自感性损伤14、15、16。14,15,16
研究人员和临床医生经常将自适应分为子模式进行测量。最常见的自理性亚模式是关节位置感（JPS）和运动麻醉，通常定义为运动感3，16，17。,173,关节位置感通常通过主动匹配任务进行测试，其中个体复制参考关节角度18，19。18,运动麻醉通常使用阈值来测量被动运动（TDPM），参与者的肢体被被动地缓慢移动，参与者指示运动首次检测到的点16、17、19。16,17,19TDPM 的测量通常需要使用专用设备来提供缓慢的被动运动，并表示检测点17。
使用 TDPM 方法 9、16、19、20、21、229,16,19在不同的关节,中发现了,有效可靠的结果。然而，TDPM设备和方法存在相当大的差异，对16、17号研究的结果进行比较提出了挑战。实验室经常开发自己的肢体运动和测量设备，或使用昂贵的商业设备和软件16。被动运动速度也各不相同;运动速度已知会影响检测阈值7，16，23。,237,需要一种标准化、易于重复的方法，能够对一系列损伤水平进行 TDPM 定量测量。由于每个关节的解剖学和生理学不同，协议应是关节特定的19。此处概述的协议特定于肘关节。但是，此协议的方法可能有助于为其他关节建立协议。
为了提高传感器运动研究实验室的通用性，提供弯头 TDPM 测试无源运动的首选设备将以经济实惠的价格在商业上提供。为此，选择了弯头连续无源运动 （CPM） 机器（可用速度范围 0.23°/s = 2.83°/s）来产生电动一致的运动。CPM 机器常见于康复医院和医疗用品商店，可以租用或借用，以降低研究成本。其他设备要求包括传感器运动实验室（即电磁计和电图 （EMG） 传感器）和硬件商店（如 PVC 管道、串和胶带）中常见的项目。
测试了两个不同的组，以探索此 TDPM 协议的测量特性：健康成人和慢性中风成人。对于患有慢性中风的成年人，对肺病（即受影响较小）手臂进行了测试。慢性中风成人的动血性肘部的动动感在临床测试中可能看起来正常，但使用定量实验室方法5、15进行评估时受损。此示例说明了开发和使用敏感和精确的躯体感官损伤测量的重要性，并使它成为用于测试目的的有用人群。为了验证此协议，我们使用了已知的组方法24。我们比较了TDPM和另一种运动麻醉的定量测量，简要运动麻醉测试（BKT）。BKT已被证明对中风后25的上肢损伤敏感。本研究使用了基于平板电脑的版本 （tBKT），因为它与 BKT 的测试相同，在平板电脑上进行管理，试验更多。tBKT已被证明是稳定的一个星期的测试重新测试测量和敏感自感知击倒26。假设肘部 TDPM 和 tBKT 结果将相关，因为肘部的传感器运动控制有助于 BKT 性能26。
本文的目的是概述一种使用通用设备可重复的弯头DDPM测量标准化方法。提出了有关该方法的可靠性和初始有效性测试的数据，以及对于没有已知病理学的人和那些被推测有轻度躯体感觉损伤的人使用的可行性。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>3/4 inch diameter PVC pipe</td>
			<td>Charlotte Pipe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pipe to be cut into lengths of: 30 inches/76.2 cm (x2); 8 inches/20.3 cm (x2); 44 inches/111.8 cm (x1); 32 inches/81.3 cm (x1).</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>3/4 inch diameter PVC pipe end caps (x3)</td>
			<td>Charlotte Pipe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>45&#176; PVC elbow (x1)</td>
			<td>Charlotte Pipe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>90&#176; PVC elbows (x2)</td>
			<td>Charlotte Pipe</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Athletic tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Delsys acquisition software (EMGworks)</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Double-sided tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Duct tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used to assist in removal of dead skin cells on participant&#39;s skin prior to EMG sensor placement.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Elbow Continuous Passive Motion (CPM) Machine</td>
			<td>Artromot</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Chattanooga Artromot E2 Compact Elbow CPM; Model 2038</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Electrogoniometer</td>
			<td>Biometrics, Ltd</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flour sack dishcloths (x2)</td>
			<td>Room Essentials</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Fabric used for creation of visual screen.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Handheld external trigger switch</td>
			<td>Qualisys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Trigger switch used for electrogoniometer event marking.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hearing occlusion headphones</td>
			<td>Coby</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isopropyl alcohol</td>
			<td>Mountain Falls</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Paper tape</td>
			<td>3M</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Ruler with inch markings</td>
			<td>Westcott</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Standard height chair</td>
			<td>KI</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>String</td>
			<td>Quality Park</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Approximately 15 inches of string needed. String used for standardization of electrogoniometer placement.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trigno Goniometer Adapter</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trigno Wireless Electromyography Sensors</td>
			<td>Delsys</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Washable marker</td>
			<td>Crayola</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Washcloth</td>
			<td>Aramark</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Used in combination with isopropyl alcohol for cleaning participant&#39;s skin prior to EMG sensor placement.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a standardized method for measurement of elbow kinesthesia

感知是受控运动的重要组成部分。被动运动检测阈值（TDPM）是一种常用的方法，用于量化运动麻醉的自得性亚模位。已发现 TDPM 范式是有效和可靠的;然而，用于 TDPM 的设备和方法因研究而异。特别是，用于产生四肢被动运动的研究实验室设备通常是由个别实验室设计的，或由于成本高而无法进入。需要一种标准化、有效且可靠的方法，使用现成的设备测量 TDPM。该协议的目的是提供一种标准化的用于测量肘部 TDPM 的标准化方法，该方法经济、易于管理，并且能够产生定量结果，用于基于研究的设置中的测量目的。这种方法在20名没有神经损伤的健康成年人和8名慢性中风成年人身上进行了测试。结果表明，该方法是量化健康成年人肘部TDPM的可靠方法，为有效提供了初步支持。寻求设备可负担性和测量精度之间的平衡的研究人员最有可能发现这种协议的好处。

参与者： 使用此处介绍的协议，肘部 TDPM 在两组不同个体的学术研究实验室中测量：20 名健康成人和 8 名慢性中风患者。这两组的参与者都是使用传单、电子邮件和口碑从社区招募的。对健康成年人（14名女性，6名男性;平均年龄（SD）=28岁（7.9岁）;19名右撇子和1名左撇子）进行了测试，为未受影响的人口产生代表性的结果。纳入标准为：18至85岁;能够遵循在初始会议上通过筛选确?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia at JoVE.com

A Standardized Method for Measurement of Elbow Kinesthesia

在这里，我们提出了一个标准化的测量肘部无源运动麻醉使用阈值检测被动运动（TDPM），适合研究设置。

肘部运动麻醉的标准化测量方法

Proprioception is an important component of controlled movement. The threshold to detection of passive movement (TDPM) is a commonly used method for ...

我们的实验室发现需要一种廉价的上肢运动感定量测量。因此，我们改进和标准化了用于检测肘部被动运动的阈值的协议。为了保持该方法的可行性，我们使用了连续无源运动机和常用的实验室仪器。在这里，我们提出了一个详细的协议，使用这种方法产生了有效和可靠的结果。我们建议将来也可以为其他关节采用这种方法。享受报纸。该协议需要制作可视屏幕。有关说明，请参阅书面协议。根据制造商的说明校准电动测角仪和 EMG 传感器，开始设备准备。打开连续被动运动机器并激活扩展弹性模式。编程 CPM 机器以 0.23 度/秒的速度移动 90 到 130 度弯头延伸。将学员坐在标准高度的椅子上，确保他们坐在地板上，双脚平。使用标准化脚本为学员准备 EMG 传感器和电测仪放置。接下来，连接二头肌布拉奇和三头肌胸罩 EMG 传感器。手动抵抗肘部反射，以定位二头肌胸肌肌肉腹部，并标记肌肉腹部的中心点与一个小点的可洗标记，以表示 EMG 传感器放置的位置。手动抵抗肘部延长，以定位三头肌侧头肌肉腹部的中心点，并表示此位置的 EMG 传感器放置。通过去除死皮细胞来准备皮肤，然后用酒精拭子擦洗。然后连接 EMG 传感器。重复三头肌 BRAchii EMG 传感器的放置过程。电测仪的标准化放置首先确定地标。确定手腕的后侧中点，并标记可洗标记。用可洗标记来标记横向史诗和标记的最突出的方面。用可洗标记，将腐殖质的较大块茎打上。通过内部和外部旋转被动移动测试臂，可以验证较大块茎的位置。使用纸胶带将字符串的一端连接到横向史诗标记。拉紧绳子，将其连接到后手腕中点标记。使用可洗标记沿近行前臂跟踪一条线，与字符串一并一直。将字符串的自由端移动到较大的块茎标记，然后拉字符串紧绷。使用可洗标记沿特长腐殖质和字符串跟踪一条线。然后删除字符串。沿着近臂线测量一个半英寸从横向史诗标记，并标记此位置与可洗标记的小点。这是放置电动测角仪的直角桨的位置。沿着远方腐殖质线测量一个半英寸，用一个小点的可洗标记标记该位置。这是放置电动测角仪近角桨的位置。使用纸胶带将电动测角仪的剩余部件固定到皮肤上。将学员的上肢定位在 CPM 机器中。调整 CPM 机器的高度和方向，以实现 90 度下垂平面肩部反射、90 度弯头反射和中性前臂的位置。学员的横向史诗应与 CPM 机器的旋转轴对齐。调整 CPM 手支撑，与学员手掌舒适地配合使用，通过腕带将学员的前臂固定到 CPM。使用标准化的口头信息通知学员测试程序。手把手学员的开关和测试开关。告知学员测试过程的其他方面。通过在参与者上放置降噪耳机来减少听觉输入。使用可视屏幕遮挡 CPM 机器和测试臂的视觉输入。大声状态。开始。并等待相应的时间量，每次试验之前启动CPM的移动。监控 EMG 传感器反馈读数，确保学员不会尝试使用主动运动来帮助移动检测。在每次试用之间，从 CPM 机器上卸下学员的测试臂，被动地将弯头通过完全延长，然后回到 90 度以放置在 CPM 机器中。完成八项试验，包括两次参与者手臂未移动的捕获试验。如果在捕获试验期间，参与者报告他们感觉不到 CPM 移动或按下触发器开关，请使用标准化脚本。要确定每个试验的参与者的 TDPM 值，请使用电动测角仪跟踪来确定 CPM 机器运动开始点以及参与者指示运动的点的角度测量。这两点之间的度差决定了该试验的 TDPM 值。要确定参与者的总体 TDPM 分数，请从六个非捕获试验中删除最小和最大的 TDPM 值，然后平均其余四个试验分数。使用标准化方法测量肘部被动运动的阈值，对20名没有已知上肢病理学的健康成年人进行了检测。此外，对8名慢性中风成人的未受影响的上肢进行了测试。此处显示了健康成人与慢性中风人群的 TDPM 的探索性结果。健康参与者的平均 TDPM 为 1.19 度。中风后个体的平均 TDPM 为 8.24 度。使用双尾 T 测试，发现组之间的这种差异显著，表明此 TDPM 协议具有鉴别性功能。在健康对照参与者中，在初始测量后一周完成重新测试。计算了斯皮尔曼相关性和类间相关系数，以评估测试/测试的可靠性，该值表明健康控制参与者中测量的中到好可靠性。通过评估肘部 TDPM 与误差和目标伸手之间的斯皮尔曼相关性，通过短暂运动麻醉测试的片剂版本测量，验证了该弯头 TDPM 方法的构造有效性。这两种运动麻醉测量措施之间发现了一种适度的关系。该协议概述了一种测量阈值的方法，用于检测肘部的被动运动，并可产生精确、可靠的结果。它是独特的，因为它使用的设备，常见于康复和感官运动实验室。感官运动研究领域需要能够量化感官运动损伤以及干预影响的工具。我们希望，这种实用的方法是那些寻求推进感官运动研究的人所发现有用。

Research

Education

JoVE Core

JoVE Journal

Anatomy and Physiology

Behavior

Unit 1

The Joints

SCIENTISTS IN ACTION

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

驻地入侵者范式：一种标准化考试的侵略，暴力和社会压力

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to ...

科研

行为学

Measurement of Fronto-limbic Activity Using an Emotional Oddball Task in Children with Familial High Risk for Schizophrenia

的额边缘活度测量在儿童使用情绪穿着或行为古怪的任务与家族性高风险的精神分裂症

Adolescence is a critical developmental period where the early symptoms of schizophrenia frequently emerge. First-degree relatives of people with ...

A Method for Remotely Silencing Neural Activity in Rodents During Discrete Phases of Learning

为远程沉默的神经活动在鼠害的方法在学习独立的阶段

This protocol describes how to temporarily and remotely silence neuronal activity in discrete brain regions while animals are engaged in learning and ...

A General Method for Evaluating Deep Brain Stimulation Effects on Intravenous Methamphetamine Self-Administration

一般方法评估对静脉注射甲基苯丙胺的自我管理深部脑刺激的影响

Substance use disorders, particularly to methamphetamine, are devastating, relapsing diseases that disproportionally affect young people.  There is a need ...

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

A Method to Test the Effect of Environmental Cues on Mating Behavior in Drosophila melanogaster

测试环境线索对交配行为的影响的方法<em&gt;黑腹果蝇</em

An individual's sexual drive is influenced by genotype, experience and environmental conditions. How these factors interact to modulate sexual behaviors ...

A Novel Method for Involving Women of Color at High Risk for Preterm Birth in Research Priority Setting

一种新的方法, 让孕妇在研究中优先考虑早产高危因素

Involvement of patients and the public is now recognized to be essential for the good conduct of research. Patient and public involvement in research ...

A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons (Columba Livia)

A Method for Investigating Change Blindness in Pigeons Columba Livia

一种调查鸽子变盲的方法 (科伦巴)

Change blindness is a phenomenon of visual attention, whereby changes to a visual display go unnoticed under certain specific circumstances. While many ...

A New Method for Inducing a Depression-Like Behavior in Rats

一种诱导大鼠抑郁症状行为的新方法

Contagious depression is a phenomenon that is yet to be fully recognized and this stems from insufficient material on the subject. At the moment, there is ...

A Simple Non-invasive Method for Temporary Knockdown of Upper Limb Proprioception

一种简单无创的上肢本体临时击倒方法

Proprioception may be the least well measured of all contributors to the neural control of movement. New precise, reliable measures of proprioception are ...

Impact of High-intensity Interval Exercise and Moderate-Intensity Continuous Exercise on the Cardiac Troponin T Level at an Early Stage of Training

高强度间歇锻炼和中强度连续运动对心脏肌钙蛋白T级在训练早期阶段的影响

An elevation in cardiac troponin T (cTnT), as a highly specific biomarker of cardiomyocyte damage, after moderate-intensity continuous exercise (MCE) has ...