Name: neisseria meningitidis infection of induced pluripotent stem-cell derived brain endothelial cells
Uploaded: 2020-07-14T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells at JoVE.com

L.M.E.は、A.S-U.に授与された「ヒト病原体による微生物感染を研究するための3D組織モデル」と題されたDFG研究トレーニングプログラムGRK2157によってサポートされています。B.J.K.は、アレクサンダー・フォン・フンボルト財団のポスドク研究員の支援を受けています。さらに、培養におけるiPS細胞-BECの作製における技術支援を行ったLena Wolter氏に感謝します。

注:すべての培地/試薬の調製、幹細胞の維持、および分化のステップは、Stebbins et al.22 から適合しています。
1. iPS細胞の培養とBECの分化に必要な材料の調製
<ol><li>IMR90-4 iPS細胞培養用組織培養(TC)プラスチックのマトリックスコーティング<ol><li>基底膜マトリックスゲル(例:マトリゲル)を2.5 mgのアリコートに分注し、-20°Cで保存します。 注:マトリック...

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	<li>Rua, R., McGavern, D. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Advances+in+Meningeal+Immunity.">Advances in Meningeal Immunity.</a> Trends in Molecular Medicine. 24 (6), 542-559 (2018).</li><li>Abbott, N. J., Patabendige, A. A. K., Dolman, D. E. M., Yusof, S. R., Begley, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Structure+and+function+of+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Structure and function of the blood-brain barrier.</a> Neurobiology of Disease. 37 (1), 13-25 (2010).</li><li>Rouphael, N. G., Stephens, D. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neisseria+meningitidis:+Biology,+microbiology,+and+epidemiology.">Neisseria meningitidis: Biology, microbiology, and epidemiology.</a> Methods in Molecular Biology. , (2012).</li><li>Stephens, D. S., Greenwood, B., Brandtzaeg, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Epidemic+meningitis,+meningococcaemia,+and+Neisseria+meningitidis.">Epidemic meningitis, meningococcaemia, and Neisseria meningitidis.</a> Lancet. 369 (9580), 2196-2210 (2007).</li><li>Le Guennec, L., Coureuil, M., Nassif, X., Bourdoulous, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Strategies+used+by+bacterial+pathogens+to+cross+the+blood-brain+barrier.">Strategies used by bacterial pathogens to cross the blood-brain barrier.</a> Cellular Microbiology. , (2020).</li><li>Doran, K. 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C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Pathogenic+Neisseria+meningitidis+utilizes+CD147+for+vascular+colonization.">Pathogenic Neisseria meningitidis utilizes CD147 for vascular colonization.</a> Nature Medicine. 20 (7), 725-731 (2014).</li><li>Slanina, H., Hebling, S., Hauck, C. 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J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Group+B+Streptococcus+and+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Interaction+by+Using+Induced+Pluripotent+Stem+Cell-Derived+Brain+Endothelial+Cells.">Modeling Group B Streptococcus and Blood-Brain Barrier Interaction by Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells.</a> mSphere. , (2017).</li><li>Kim, B. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streptococcus+agalactiae+disrupts+P-glycoprotein+function+in+brain+endothelial+cells.">Streptococcus agalactiae disrupts P-glycoprotein function in brain endothelial cells.</a> Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. 16 (1), 26 (2019).</li><li>Kim, B. J., Shusta, E. V., Doran, K. S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Past+and+Current+Perspectives+in+Modeling+Bacteria+and+Blood&#8211;Brain+Barrier+Interactions.">Past and Current Perspectives in Modeling Bacteria and Blood&#8211;Brain Barrier Interactions.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. , (2019).</li><li>Martins Gomes, S. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Induced+Pluripotent+Stem+Cell-Derived+Brain+Endothelial+Cells+as+a+Cellular+Model+to+Study+Neisseria+meningitidis+Infection.">Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-Derived Brain Endothelial Cells as a Cellular Model to Study Neisseria meningitidis Infection.</a> Frontiers in Microbiology. , (2019).</li><li>Vatine, G. D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Modeling+Psychomotor+Retardation+using+iPSCs+from+MCT8-Deficient+Patients+Indicates+a+Prominent+Role+for+the+Blood-Brain+Barrier.">Modeling Psychomotor Retardation using iPSCs from MCT8-Deficient Patients Indicates a Prominent Role for the Blood-Brain Barrier.</a> Cell Stem Cell. , (2016).</li><li>Lim, R. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Huntington's+Disease+iPSC-Derived+Brain+Microvascular+Endothelial+Cells+Reveal+WNT-Mediated+Angiogenic+and+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Deficits.">Huntington's Disease iPSC-Derived Brain Microvascular Endothelial Cells Reveal WNT-Mediated Angiogenic and Blood-Brain Barrier Deficits.</a> Cell Reports. 19 (7), 1365-1377 (2017).</li><li>Stebbins, M. J., Wilson, H. K., Canfield, S. G., Qian, T., Palecek, S. P., Shusta, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+and+characterization+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cell-derived+brain+microvascular+endothelial+cells.">Differentiation and characterization of human pluripotent stem cell-derived brain microvascular endothelial cells.</a> Methods. 101, 93-102 (2016).</li><li>Neal, E. H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+Simplified,+Fully+Defined+Differentiation+Scheme+for+Producing+Blood-Brain+Barrier+Endothelial+Cells+from+Human+iPSCs.">A Simplified, Fully Defined Differentiation Scheme for Producing Blood-Brain Barrier Endothelial Cells from Human iPSCs.</a> Stem Cell Reports. 12 (6), 1380-1388 (2019).</li><li>Wilson, H. K., Canfield, S. G., Hjortness, M. K., Palecek, S. P., Shusta, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Exploring+the+effects+of+cell+seeding+density+on+the+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+to+brain+microvascular+endothelial+cells.">Exploring the effects of cell seeding density on the differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to brain microvascular endothelial cells.</a> Fluids and Barriers of the CNS. , (2015).</li><li>Wilson, H. K., Faubion, M. G., Hjortness, M. K., Palecek, S. P., Shusta, E. V. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cryopreservation+of+brain+endothelial+cells+derived+from+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells+is+enhanced+by+rho-associated+coiled+coil-containing+kinase+inhibition.">Cryopreservation of brain endothelial cells derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells is enhanced by rho-associated coiled coil-containing kinase inhibition.</a> Tissue Engineering - Part C: Methods. , (2016).</li><li>Qian, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Directed+differentiation+of+human+pluripotent+stem+cells+to+blood-brain+barrier+endothelial+cells.">Directed differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells to blood-brain barrier endothelial cells.</a> Science Advances. , (2017).</li><li>Sances, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+iPSC-Derived+Endothelial+Cells+and+Microengineered+Organ-Chip+Enhance+Neuronal+Development.">Human iPSC-Derived Endothelial Cells and Microengineered Organ-Chip Enhance Neuronal Development.</a> Stem Cell Reports. , (2018).</li><li>Canfield, S. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+isogenic+blood-brain+barrier+model+comprising+brain+endothelial+cells,+astrocytes,+and+neurons+derived+from+human+induced+pluripotent+stem+cells.">An isogenic blood-brain barrier model comprising brain endothelial cells, astrocytes, and neurons derived from human induced pluripotent stem cells.</a> Journal of Neurochemistry. , (2017).</li><li>Kurosawa, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Application+of+Rho-associated+protein+kinase+(ROCK)+inhibitor+to+human+pluripotent+stem+cells.">Application of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) inhibitor to human pluripotent stem cells.</a> Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering. , (2012).</li><li>Schubert-Unkmeir, A., Sokolova, O., Panzner, U., Eigenthaler, M., Frosch, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gene+expression+pattern+in+human+brain+endothelial+cells+in+response+to+Neisseria+meningitidis.">Gene expression pattern in human brain endothelial cells in response to Neisseria meningitidis.</a> Infection and Immunity. 75 (2), 899-914 (2007).</li><li>Sokolova, O., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interaction+of+Neisseria+meningitidis+with+human+brain+microvascular+endothelial+cells:+Role+of+MAP-+and+tyrosine+kinases+in+invasion+and+inflammatory+cytokine+release.">Interaction of Neisseria meningitidis with human brain microvascular endothelial cells: Role of MAP- and tyrosine kinases in invasion and inflammatory cytokine release.</a> Cellular Microbiology. 6 (12), 1153-1166 (2004).</li><li>Alimonti, J. 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BECとBBBのモデリングには課題があり、一次および不死化ヒトBECは、in vitroでは頑健なバリア表現型を欠く傾向があります。ヒト幹細胞技術の出現により、内皮マーカー、タイトジャンクション発現、バリア特性、他のCNS細胞タイプへの応答、機能的排出トランスポーターなどの期待される特徴的なBBB表現型を保持するiPS細胞由来のBEC様細胞の作製が可能になりました<sup class="xre...

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61400">Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells Larvae</a>. The Authors section was updated from:
Leo M. Endres1 
Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir1 
Brandon J. Kim1,2 
1Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of W&#252;rzburg 
2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama
to:
Leo M. Endres1 
Sarah F. Hathcock2 
Alexandra Schubert-Unkmeir1 
Brandon J. Kim1,2 
1Institute for Hygiene and Microbiology, University of W&#252;rzburg 
2Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alabama

An erratum was issued for:&#160;<a href="https://www.jove.com/t/61400">Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells Larvae</a>. The Authors section was updated.

Erratum: Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells

血液脳関門(BBB)と髄膜血液CSF関門(mBCSFB)は、循環と中枢神経系(CNS)を分離する非常にタイトな細胞関門であり、主に高度に特殊化された脳内皮細胞(BEC)で構成されています1,2。BECは、多くの毒素、薬物、病原体を排除しながら、脳内外の栄養素や老廃物を調節することで、適切な脳の恒常性を維持しています1,2。細菌性髄膜炎は、血液媒介細菌がBECによって形成されたバリアと相互作用して貫通し、炎症を引き起こすことができる場合に発生します。髄膜炎菌(Nm、髄膜炎菌)は、健康な人の10〜40%の鼻咽頭にコロニーを形成するグラム陰性菌ですが、場合によっては重篤な全身性疾患を引き起こす可能性があります3。罹患した個人では、Nmは血流にアクセスして紫斑病の劇症を引き起こしたり、髄膜炎を引き起こす中枢神経系へのアクセスを得るBECに侵入したりする可能性があります3。Nmは世界中の細菌性髄膜炎の主な原因であり、ワクチン接種の努力にもかかわらず、依然として髄膜炎の主な原因です4。抗生物質治療などの現代の医学的介入により、これらの状態は生存可能になりましたが、髄膜炎に罹患した人は、多くの場合、永続的な神経学的損傷が残ります5,6。
これまでの研究では、Nm-BEC相互作用に寄与する細菌因子と宿主シグナル伝達が特定されています7,8,9,10,11。同定されたアドヒシンや、混濁タンパク質Opc、IV型線毛などの侵入因子、およびCD147などの受容体は、in vitroでさまざまなBECモデルで実施されていますが、これらのモデルには多くの決定的なBBB特性がありません7,9,11,12。Nm-BEC相互作用の完全な理解は、in vivoモデルを利用できないこと、ワクチン接種防御が不完全であること、in vitroで頑健なヒトBECモデルがないことなどにより、依然としてとらえどころのないままです。
in vitroでのhBECのモデリングは、BECのユニークな特性のために困難でした。末梢内皮細胞と比較して、BECは、複雑なタイトジャンクション12による高い経内皮電気抵抗(TEER)など、バリア特性を強化する多くの表現型を有する。一旦脳微小環境から取り除かれると、BECは急速にバリア特性を失い、弱いバリアしか形成しない一次モデルや不死化in vitroモデルの有用性が制限される12,13。Nm感染のヒト特異性、頑健なin vivoモデルの欠如、およびin vitroでのヒトBECのモデリングの課題が組み合わさることで、NmとBECの間の複雑な宿主と病原体の相互作用を理解するためのより良いモデルの必要性が生じています。最近では、モデルヒト人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)技術を用いて、in vivoでBECをよりよく模倣したiPS細胞からBEC様細胞が作製されています12,13,14,15。iPS細胞-BECはヒト由来であり、拡張が容易であり、一次または不死化の対応物と比較して予想されるBEC表現型を持っています12,13,14,15。さらに、iPS細胞-BECは、宿主と病原体の相互作用、ハンチントン病、アラン・ハーンドン・ダドリー症候群の原因となるMCT8欠損症など、中枢神経系の様々な疾患のモデル化に有用であることを実証しています16,17,18,19,20,21.ここでは、再生可能なiPS細胞からiPS細胞BECを誘導する方法と、iPS細胞BECにNmを感染させることで自然免疫応答が活性化する様子を紹介します。このモデルは、他のin vitroモデルでは再現できない宿主と病原体の相互作用を調べるのに有用であり、Nmなどのヒト特異的な病原体との相互作用を調べる場合に特に有用であると考えています。

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		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Accutase (1x)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A6964</td>
			<td style="width:465px;">Enzymatic cell dissociation reagent</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Acetic acid</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A6283</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">All-trans retinoic acid (RA)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">R2625</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Anti-CD31 (PECAM-1)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Scientific (Labvision)</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">RB-10333</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Anti-Claudin-5</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4C3C2</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Anti-Glut-1</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Scientific (Labvision)</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">SPM498 (MA5-11315)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Anti-Occludin</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">33-1500</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Anti-VE-cadherin</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Santa Cruz</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">sc-52751</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Anti-ZO-1</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">33-9100</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">Bacto Proteose Peptone</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">BD</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">211684</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">b-Mercaptoethanol</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Merck (Sigma-Aldrich)</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">805740</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Cell culture plates and flasks</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Centrifuge (Heraeus Megafuge 1.0R)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Class II biosafety cabinet</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Nuaire</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">NU-437-400E</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">CO2 Incubator (DHD Autoflow CO2 Air-Jacketed Incubator)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Nuaire</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Collagen IV</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C5533</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Columbia ager + 5 % sheep blood</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Biomerieux</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">43049</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Costar Transwell polyester filters (12- or 24-well)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">3460, 3470</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">D(+)-Glucose</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Merck (Sigma-Aldrich)</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">G8270</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">DAPI</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">D1306</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">DMEM/F12</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">31330-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">DMSO</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A994.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Dulbecco&#39;s phosphate-buffered saline (DPBS)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">21600-069</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Epithelial Volt-Ohm Meter (Millicell ERS-2) with STX electrode</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Merck (Millipore)</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">MERS00002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:459px;">Fe(NO3)3</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">5632.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Fibronectin</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">F1141</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Fluoresence microscope (Eclipse Ti)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Nikon</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Hemacytometer (Neubauer)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">A. Hartenstein</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">ZK06</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Human basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">PeproTech</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">100-18B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Human Endothelial Serum Free Medium (hESFM)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">11111-044</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Inverted microscope (Wilovert)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Hund (Will Wetzlar)</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">iPS(IMR90)-4 cells</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">WiCell</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;width:459px;">Kellogg&#39;s supplement</td>
			<td style="width:216px;"></td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td>To prepare 110 ml of Kellogg&#39;s supplement, prepare 100 ml of 4 g/ml glucose, 0.1 g/ml glutamine, and 0.2 mg/ml thiamine pyrophosphate and 10 ml of 5 mg/ml Fe(NO3)3 and combine the solutions. Filter sterilize and store aliquoted at -20 &#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Knockout serum replacement (KOSR)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">10828-028</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">L-glutamine (GlutaMAX)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Invitrogen</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">35050-038</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">LunaScript RT SuperMix Kit</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">NEB</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">E3010L</td>
			<td>cDNA synthesis kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Matrigel Matrix</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Corning</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">354230</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Methanol</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4627.5</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">MgCl2</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">KK36.1</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Micropipettes (Research Plus)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Eppendorf</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="25">
			<td height="25" style="height:25px;">NaHCO3</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">ROTH</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">6329</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Nonessential amino acids (NEAA)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">11140-035</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">NucleoSpin RNA isolation kit</td>
			<td>Machery-Nagel</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">740955</td>
			<td>RNA isolation kit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Pipette boy (Accu-Jet Pro)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Brand</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Platelet poor plasma-derived serum, bovine (PDS)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Fisher</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">50-443-029</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;">PowerUp SYBR Green Master Mix</td>
			<td>Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">A25742</td>
			<td>qPCR master mix</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">qPCR film (MicroAmp Optical Adhesive Film)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4211971</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">qPCR plates (MicroAmp Fast 96-well)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4346907</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">ROCK inhibitor, Y27632 dihydrochloride</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Tocris</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">1254</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">RT-PCR thermo cycler (StepOnePlus)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Applied Biosystems</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">4376600</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Serological pipettes</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sarstedt</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">StemFlex basal medium + 50x StemFlex supplement</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td>A3349401</td>
			<td>Stem-cell maintenance medium</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Swinging Bucket Rotor (Heraeus #2704)</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td style="width:161px;"></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Thiamine pyrophosphate</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Sigma</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">C8754-5G</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Trypan Blue Solution, 0.4%</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15250061</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="21">
			<td height="21" style="height:21px;width:459px;">Versene</td>
			<td style="width:216px;">Gibco</td>
			<td style="width:161px;">15040-033</td>
			<td>Non-enzymatic cell dissociation reagent (EDTA)</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

neisseria meningitidis infection of induced pluripotent stem-cell derived brain endothelial cells

髄膜炎菌性髄膜炎は、髄膜炎菌(髄 膜 炎菌、Nm)が高度に特殊化された脳内皮細胞(BEC)を貫通することにより中枢神経系(CNS)にアクセスできるときに発生する生命を脅かす感染症です。Nmはヒト特異的な病原体であるため、堅牢な in vivo モデルシステムがないため、NmとBEC間の宿主と病原体の相互作用の研究は困難であり、ネイティブBECを模倣するヒトベースのモデルの必要性が確立されています。BECは、複雑なタイトジャンクションと高い経内皮電気抵抗(TEER)を特徴とする末梢内皮細胞と比較して、より厳しいバリア特性を持っています。しかし、一次BECや不死化BECなどの多くの in vitro モデルは、天然の神経微小環境から除去した後、バリア特性を欠くか、急速に失われます。近年のヒト幹細胞技術の進歩により、人工多能性幹細胞(iPS細胞)から脳様内皮細胞を誘導する方法が開発され、他の in vitro ヒトモデルと比較して表現型コピーBECが優れています。iPS細胞由来BEC(iPS細胞-BEC)を用いてNm-BEC相互作用をモデル化すると、BECバリア特性を持つヒト細胞を利用できるという利点があり、バリア破壊、自然免疫活性化、細菌間相互作用を調べることができます。ここでは、iPS細胞からiPS細胞-BECを誘導する方法と、細菌の調製、感染、解析のためのサンプル採取の方法を紹介します。

ここで説明するプロトコルは、Stebbinsらから採用され、iPS細胞をBBB特性を持つ脳様内皮細胞に分化させるプロセスと、このモデルをNm19,22のiPSC-BECを用いた感染症研究に利用する方法に焦点を当てています。iPS細胞-BECは、適切に分化すれば、TEERで測定した2000 Ωcm2を超えるタイトなバリア特性を示し、VEカドヘリンやCD31(PECAM)などの内皮マーカ...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells at JoVE.com

Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells

ここに記述されているプロトコルは伝染のための Neisseriaの髄膜炎 の準備、および他の分子分析のためのサンプル収集を分化させる誘導された多能性幹細胞によって得られる脳そっくりのendothelialセル、準備の主要なステップを強調する。

髄膜炎菌 人工多能性幹細胞由来脳内皮細胞の感染

Meningococcal meningitis is a life-threatening infection that occurs when Neisseria meningitidis (meningococcus, Nm) can gain access to the central ...

This protocol demonstrates the usage of iPSC-derived brain-like endothelial cells to examine host pathogen interactions at the blood-brain barriers, such as the meningeal blood-CSF barriers, in a model that can better mimic brain endothelial cells in vivo. In vitro examination of brain endothelial cell barrier properties and interactions with human-specific pathogens can be challenging due to limitations in modeling. iPSC-derived brain endothelial cells are particularly useful for these applications as they possess superior barrier phenotypes and are of human origin.Maintain the induced pluripotent stem cells, or iPSCs, at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide in six-well plates with two milliliters of stem cell maintenance medium. To passage the cells, aspirate the medium from a well that is not confluent and add one milliliter of non-enzymatic cell dissociation reagent. Then incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius for seven minutes.Meanwhile, replace the matrix gel solution on a new six-well plate with two milliliters of fresh stem cell maintenance medium per well. Aspirate the cell dissociation reagent, taking care not to aspirate cells that are still attached to the plate. Rinse the bottom of the well with six milliliters of stem cell maintenance medium until all cells are completely detached.Seed the new six-well plate with varying densities, typically one to six, or one to 12 for normal maintenance. Shake the plate back and forth and left to right, pausing in between alternating shaking motions until the medium has settled. Then put it in the incubator.Add one milliliter of enzymatic cell dissociation reagent into each well and incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius for seven minutes. To deactivate the cell dissociation reagent, transfer one milliliter of the cell suspension into a 15-milliliter tube with at least two milliliters of fresh stem cell maintenance medium. Spin down the cell suspension at 1500 G for five minutes.Then resuspend the cell pellet in one milliliter of stem cell maintenance medium and count the cells with a hemocytometer. Resuspend 7.5 times 10 to the fifth cells in 12 milliliters of stem cell maintenance medium and 10 micromolar rock inhibitor. Aspirate matrix from a T75 flask and transfer the cell suspension to the flask.Shake the flask to distribute the cells and place it in the incubator. Refresh the media every day for the next two days to remove rock inhibitor and support the growth of stem cell colonies. On the third day, begin differentiation by changing the media to an unconditioned medium.Change the medium daily for the next five days. Six days after starting differentiation, selectively expand the endothelial cell population by switching to endothelial cell or EC medium with 20 nanograms per milliliter bFGF and 10 micromolar retinoic acid. Incubate the cells for two days.Prepare collagen IV and fibronectin solution according to manuscript directions, and use it to coat cell culture plates and membrane inserts. Aspirate the EC medium from the cells and add 12 milliliters of cell dissociation reagent. Incubate the flask at 37 degrees Celsius until 90%of the cells have detached.During the incubation time, remove the coating solution from the previously prepared plates and inserts, and let them dry in a sterile hood. Once the cells have detached, use a 10-milliliter pipette to create a single cell suspension. Transfer the cells to a 50-milliliter tube and dilute them with an equal volume of human endothelial serum-free medium.Then count the cells with a hemocytometer. Pellet the cells at 1500 G for 10 minutes. Then resuspend them in freshly prepared EC medium with bFGF and retinoic acid for a concentration of 2 million cells per milliliter.Add 500 microliters of the cell suspension to the top of a 12-well insert and 1.5 milliliters of medium to the bottom. Distribute the cells evenly across the insert and incubate the plate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide. On the next day, change the media to EC without bFGF or retinoic acid.Place the epithelial volt/ohm meter in the biosafety hood and connect the electrodes. Disinfect the electrodes by submerging them in 70%ethanol for at least five minutes and let them dry completely. Remove the cells from the incubator and immediately measure the transendothelial electrical resistance, or TEER, by placing the shorter electrode on top of the insert and the longer electrode into the medium surrounding the insert.On the day before the infection experiment, start an overnight culture of the bacteria from frozen stock. Streak Neisseria meningitidis onto Columbia Agar with 5%sheep blood and incubate at 37 degrees Celsius and 5%carbon dioxide overnight. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Neisseria meningitidis, have the potential to cause disease in humans.It's important to properly train individuals working with such microorganisms and always use best practices and wear proper PPE. On the next day, prepare fresh PPM plus media according to manuscript directions and inoculate 10 milliliters of the media with the bacteria and incubate the culture. While the bacteria are incubating, replace the medium in the iPSC-derived brain endothelial cells, then centrifuge the bacterial culture at 4, 000 G for 10 minutes.Aspirate the media and resuspend the pellet in 250 microliters of PBS. Adjust to an OD600 of approximately 0.4, which is roughly one times 10 to the eighth colony-forming units per milliliter. Dilute the bacteria to the desired multiplicity of infection with EC medium and infect the cells with 100 microliters of the prepared bacterial suspension per well.Then incubate the cells for the desired time of infection. When differentiated properly, the iPSC-derived brain endothelial cells exhibit tight barrier properties that are often greater than 2000 ohm centimeter squared and endothelial markers, such as VE-Cadherin and CD-31. Additionally, they express and localize the tight junction markers Claudin-5, Occludin, and ZO-1, as well as transporters, such as Glut-1.Upon infection with Neisseria meningitidis, the cells upregulate neutrophilic, pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as CXCL8, CXCL1, CXCL2, CCL20, and IL6. When performing cell differentiation, daily maintenance and achieving the initial optimal seeding density when splitting the cells is critical. Following the steps outlined here, researchers can collect a variety of samples to investigate many aspects of post-pathogen interaction from inflammatory responses to brain endothelial cell dysfunction.The advent of brain endothelial cells derived from iPSCs have opened the doors for the brain barriers field to investigate a wide range of diseases where endothelial cells are compromised. As certain CNS pathogens are human-specific, we demonstrate the use of a human-based system with the human-specific pathogen Neisseria meningitidis

Research

JoVE Journal

Immunology and Infection

Neisseria meningitidis Infection of Induced Pluripotent Stem-Cell Derived Brain Endothelial Cells

Visualisation and Quantification of Intracellular Interactions of Neisseria meningitidis and Human &alpha;-actinin by Confocal Imaging

Visualisation and Quantification of Intracellular Interactions of Neisseria meningitidis and Human &#945;-actinin by Confocal Imaging

の細胞内相互作用の可視化と定量化髄膜炎菌</em共焦点イメージングによるα-アクチニン>と人間

The Opc protein of Neisseria meningitidis (Nm, meningococcus) is a surface-expressed integral outer membrane protein, which can act as an adhesin and an ...

免疫・感染学

Selection of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites for Cytoadhesion to Human Brain Endothelial Cells

Selection of Plasmodium falciparum Parasites for Cytoadhesion to Human Brain Endothelial Cells

の選択熱帯熱マラリア原虫</em人間の脳内皮細胞へのCytoadhesion用>寄生虫

Most human malaria deaths are caused by blood-stage Plasmodium falciparum parasites. Cerebral malaria, the most life-threatening complication of the ...

Directed Differentiation of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells towards T Lymphocytes

Tリンパ球に向かって誘導多能性幹細胞の分化の指示

Adoptive cell transfer (ACT) of antigen-specific CD8+  cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) is a promising treatment for a variety of  malignancies 1. CTLs can  ...

PRP as a New Approach to Prevent Infection: Preparation and In vitro Antimicrobial Properties of PRP

PRP as a New Approach to Prevent Infection: Preparation and In vitro Antimicrobial Properties of PRP

感染を防ぐための新しいアプローチとして、PRP：準備と<em&gt;インビトロ</emPRPの&gt;抗菌特性

Implant-associated infection is becoming more and more challenging to the healthcare industry worldwide due to increasing antibiotic resistance, ...

Development of Stem Cell-derived Antigen-specific Regulatory T Cells Against Autoimmunity

自己免疫に対する幹細胞由来の抗原特異的制御性T細胞の開発

Autoimmune diseases arise due to the loss of immunological self-tolerance. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are important mediators of immunologic ...

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

サルモネラおよび他の病原体に対する上皮細胞保護を研究・修飾するためのヒト誘導多能性幹細胞由来腸管オルガノイドの使用

The intestinal &#8216;organoid&#8217; (iHO) system, wherein 3-D structures representative of the epithelial lining of the human gut can be produced from ...

Induced Differentiation of M Cell-like Cells in Human Stem Cell-derived Ileal Enteroid Monolayers

ヒト幹細胞由来腸腸単層におけるM細胞様細胞の誘導分化

M (microfold) cells of the intestine function to transport antigen from the apical lumen to the underlying Peyer&#8217;s patches and lamina propria where ...

Stem Cell-Derived Viral Ag-Specific T Lymphocytes Suppress HBV Replication in Mice

幹細胞由来ウイルスAg特異的Tリンパ球はマウスにおけるHBV複製を抑制する

Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is a global health issue. With over 350 million people affected worldwide, HBV infection remains the leading cause of ...

Pneumococcus Infection of Primary Human Endothelial Cells in Constant Flow

一定の流れの原発性ヒト内皮細胞の肺炎球菌感染

Interaction of Streptococcus pneumoniae with the surface of endothelial cells is mediated in blood flow via mechanosensitive proteins such as the Von ...

Analyzing the Permeability of the Blood-Brain Barrier by Microbial Traversal through Microvascular Endothelial Cells

微小血管内皮細胞を介した微生物トラバーサルによる血液脳関門の透過性の解析

The human blood-brain barrier (BBB) is characterized by a very low permeability for biomolecules in order to protect and regulate the metabolism of the ...

髄膜炎菌 人工多能性幹細胞由来脳内皮細胞の感染

髄膜炎菌人工多能性幹細胞由来脳内皮細胞の感染