Name: plasmodium falciparum gametocyte culture and mosquito infection through artificial membrane feeding
Uploaded: 2020-07-03T15:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Culture and Mosquito Infection Through Artificial Membrane Feeding at JoVE.com

Os autores agradecem à Bloomberg Philanthropies pelo apoio financeiro ao Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute (JHMRI). Este trabalho não teria sido possível sem a expertise fornecida pelas instalações do núcleo de insetos e parasitologia da JHMRI.

As coleções de sangue descritas abaixo foram aprovadas pelo Conselho de Revisão Institucional da Universidade Johns Hopkins. P. falciparum é cultivado em RBCs frescos em condições estéreis em uma instalação de biossegurança nível 2 (BSL2) e a cautela é usada para lidar com materiais biológicos. Após cada passo envolvendo sangue ou produtos sanguíneos, cada plástico ou vidro é enxaguado com alvejante 10% dentro do capô antes do descarte adequado.
1. Reagentes e prepara?...

<ol>
	<li>World Health Organization. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=World+Malaria+Report.">World Malaria Report.</a> World Health Organization. , (2018).</li><li>Sinden, R. E., Smalley, M. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gametocytogenesis+of+Plasmodium+falciparum+in+vitro:+The+cell-cycle.">Gametocytogenesis of Plasmodium falciparum in vitro: The cell-cycle.</a> Parasitology. 79 (2), 277-296 (1979).</li><li>Sinden, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sexual+Development+of+Malarial+Parasites.">Sexual Development of Malarial Parasites.</a> Advances in Parasitology. 22, 153-216 (1983).</li><li>Joice, R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmodium+falciparum+transmission+stages+accumulate+in+the+human+bone+marrow.">Plasmodium falciparum transmission stages accumulate in the human bone marrow.</a> Science Translational Medicine. 6 (244), 5 (2014).</li><li>Abdulsalam, A. H., Sabeeh, N., Bain, B. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immature+Plasmodium+falciparum+gametocytes+in+bone+marrow.">Immature Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes in bone marrow.</a> American Journal of Hematology. 85 (12), 943 (2010).</li><li>Ghosh, A. K., Jacobs-Lorena, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Plasmodium+sporozoite+invasion+of+the+mosquito+salivary+gland.">Plasmodium sporozoite invasion of the mosquito salivary gland.</a> Current Opinion in Microbiology. 12 (4), 394-400 (2009).</li><li>Bennink, S., Kiesow, M. J., Pradel, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+malaria+parasites+in+the+mosquito+midgut.">The development of malaria parasites in the mosquito midgut.</a> Cellular Microbiology. 18 (7), 905-918 (2016).</li><li>Trager, W., Jenson, J. B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Cultivation+of+malarial+parasites.">Cultivation of malarial parasites.</a> Nature. 273 (5664), 621-622 (1978).</li><li>Duffy, S., Loganathan, S., Holleran, J. P., Avery, V. M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Large-scale+production+of+Plasmodium+falciparum+gametocytes+for+malaria+drug+discovery.">Large-scale production of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes for malaria drug discovery.</a> Nature Protocols. 11 (5), 976-992 (2016).</li><li>Delves, M. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Routine+in+vitro+culture+of+P.+Falciparum+gametocytes+to+evaluate+novel+transmission-blocking+interventions.">Routine in vitro culture of P. Falciparum gametocytes to evaluate novel transmission-blocking interventions.</a> Nature Protocols. 11 (9), 1668-1680 (2016).</li><li>Habtewold, T., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Streamlined+SMFA+and+mosquito+dark-feeding+regime+significantly+improve+malaria+transmission-blocking+assay+robustness+and+sensitivity.">Streamlined SMFA and mosquito dark-feeding regime significantly improve malaria transmission-blocking assay robustness and sensitivity.</a> Malaria Journal. 18 (1), 24 (2019).</li><li>Demanga, C. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+development+of+sexual+stage+malaria+gametocytes+in+a+Wave+Bioreactor.">The development of sexual stage malaria gametocytes in a Wave Bioreactor.</a> Parasites and Vectors. 10 (1), 216 (2017).</li><li>Brockelman, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Conditions+favoring+gametocytogenesis+in+the+continuous+culture+of+Plasmodium+falciparum.">Conditions favoring gametocytogenesis in the continuous culture of Plasmodium falciparum.</a> Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology. 29, 454-458 (1982).</li><li>Meibalan, E., Marti, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Biology+of+malaria+transmission.">Biology of malaria transmission.</a> Cold Spring Harbor Perspectives in Medicine. 7, (2017).</li><li>Essuman, E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+novel+gametocyte+biomarker+for+superior+molecular+detection+of+the+plasmodium+falciparum+infectious+reservoirs.">A novel gametocyte biomarker for superior molecular detection of the plasmodium falciparum infectious reservoirs.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 216 (10), 1264-1272 (2017).</li><li>Sim&#245;es, M. L., Mlambo, G., Tripathi, A., Dong, Y., Dimopoulos, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Immune+regulation+of+plasmodium+is+anopheles+species+specific+and+infection+intensity+dependent.">Immune regulation of plasmodium is anopheles species specific and infection intensity dependent.</a> mBio. 8 (5), 01631 (2017).</li><li>Oakley, M. S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptome+analysis+based+detection+of+Plasmodium+falciparum+development+in+Anopheles+stephensi+mosquitoes.">Transcriptome analysis based detection of Plasmodium falciparum development in Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.</a> Scientific Reports. 8, 11568 (2018).</li><li>Saraiva, R. G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chromobacterium+spp.+mediate+their+anti-Plasmodium+activity+through+secretion+of+the+histone+deacetylase+inhibitor+romidepsin.">Chromobacterium spp. mediate their anti-Plasmodium activity through secretion of the histone deacetylase inhibitor romidepsin.</a> Scientific Reports. 8, 6176 (2018).</li><li>Tao, D., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sex-partitioning+of+the+Plasmodium+falciparum+stage+V+gametocyte+proteome+provides+insight+into+falciparum-specific+cell+biology.">Sex-partitioning of the Plasmodium falciparum stage V gametocyte proteome provides insight into falciparum-specific cell biology.</a> Molecular and Cellular Proteomics. 13 (10), 2705-2724 (2014).</li><li>Grabias, B., Zheng, H., Mlambo, G., Tripathi, A. K., Kumar, S. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=A+sensitive+enhanced+chemiluminescent-ELISA+for+the+detection+of+Plasmodium+falciparum+circumsporozoite+antigen+in+midguts+of+Anopheles+stephensi+mosquitoes.">A sensitive enhanced chemiluminescent-ELISA for the detection of Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antigen in midguts of Anopheles stephensi mosquitoes.</a> Journal of Microbiological Methods. 108, 19-24 (2015).</li><li>Ferrer, P., Vega-Rodriguez, J., Tripathi, A. K., Jacobs-Lorena, M., Sullivan, D. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Antimalarial+iron+chelator+FBS0701+blocks+transmission+by+Plasmodium+falciparum+gametocyte+activation+inhibition.">Antimalarial iron chelator FBS0701 blocks transmission by Plasmodium falciparum gametocyte activation inhibition.</a> Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 59 (3), 1418-1426 (2015).</li><li>Sanders, N. G., Sullivan, D. J., Mlambo, G., Dimopoulos, G., Tripathi, A. K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Gametocytocidal+screen+identifies+novel+chemical+classes+with+Plasmodium+falciparum+transmission+blocking+activity.">Gametocytocidal screen identifies novel chemical classes with Plasmodium falciparum transmission blocking activity.</a> PLoS One. 9 (8), 105817 (2014).</li><li>Lindner, S. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptomics+and+proteomics+reveal+two+waves+of+translational+repression+during+the+maturation+of+malaria+parasite+sporozoites.">Transcriptomics and proteomics reveal two waves of translational repression during the maturation of malaria parasite sporozoites.</a> Nature Communications. 10, 4964 (2019).</li><li>McLean, K. J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Generation+of+Transmission-Competent+Human+Malaria+Parasites+with+Chromosomally-Integrated+Fluorescent+Reporters.">Generation of Transmission-Competent Human Malaria Parasites with Chromosomally-Integrated Fluorescent Reporters.</a> Scientific Reports. 9, 13131 (2019).</li><li>Espinosa, D. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Proteolytic+Cleavage+of+the+Plasmodium+falciparum+Circumsporozoite+Protein+Is+a+Target+of+Protective+Antibodies.">Proteolytic Cleavage of the Plasmodium falciparum Circumsporozoite Protein Is a Target of Protective Antibodies.</a> Journal of Infectious Diseases. 212 (7), 1111-1119 (2015).</li><li>Swearingen, K. E., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interrogating+the+Plasmodium+Sporozoite+Surface:+Identification+of+Surface-Exposed+Proteins+and+Demonstration+of+Glycosylation+on+CSP+and+TRAP+by+Mass+Spectrometry-Based+Proteomics.">Interrogating the Plasmodium Sporozoite Surface: Identification of Surface-Exposed Proteins and Demonstration of Glycosylation on CSP and TRAP by Mass Spectrometry-Based Proteomics.</a> PLoS Pathogens. 12 (4), 1005606 (2016).</li><li>Ifediba, T., Vanderberg, J. P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Complete+in+vitro+maturation+of+Plasmodium+falciparum+gametocytes.">Complete in vitro maturation of Plasmodium falciparum gametocytes.</a> Nature. 294 (5839), 364-366 (1981).</li><li>Miura, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+inter-laboratory+comparison+of+standard+membrane-feeding+assays+for+evaluation+of+malaria+transmission-blocking+vaccines.">An inter-laboratory comparison of standard membrane-feeding assays for evaluation of malaria transmission-blocking vaccines.</a> Malaria Journal. 15, 463 (2016).</li><li>Miura, K., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Qualification+of+Standard+Membrane-Feeding+Assay+with+Plasmodium+falciparum+Malaria+and+Potential+Improvements+for+Future+Assays.">Qualification of Standard Membrane-Feeding Assay with Plasmodium falciparum Malaria and Potential Improvements for Future Assays.</a> PLoS One. 8 (3), 57909 (2013).</li></ol>

Os métodos aqui descritos têm sido utilizados com sucesso no Johns Hopkins Malaria Research Institute por mais de 10 anos15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22. Os gametócitos produzidos usando este protocolo têm sido usados para ensaios gametocitopecidas de alto rend...

A malária é causada por parasitas de Plasmodium e é transmitida aos seus hospedeiros vertebrados através de picadas infecciosas de mosquitos Anopheles fêmeas. De acordo com o relatório da Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) de 2019, foram estimadas 405 mil mortes, de um total de 228 milhões de casos de malária1. A maioria dos óbitos relacionados à malária estava concentrada na região africana, especialmente entre crianças menores de cinco anos de idade. Embora a taxa global de incidência de malária tenha diminuído globalmente a partir de 2010, nos últimos anos o declínio aumentou e estratégias adicionais de controle são urgentemente necessárias para eliminar a doença.
Os estágios sanguíneos assexuados cíclicos de parasitas da malária causam patogênese da doença e um pequeno subconjunto destes diferenciam-se em gametocitos femininos e masculinos. Os gametocitos plasmodium falciparum são únicos na natureza, pois levam de 7 a 10 dias para se desenvolverem através de cinco estágios morfologicamente distintos. Gametócitos imaturos da fase I a IV são sequestrados em parenchyma de medula óssea e permanecem em grande parte ausentes da circulação periférica2,3,4,5. Os eritrócitos infectados com gametócitos maduros do estágio V são liberados na corrente sanguínea e circulam livremente para serem tomados por mosquitos. Uma vez dentro do mosquito midgut, os gametócitos são ativados, através de uma mudança de temperatura e exposição ao ambiente midgut, transformam-se em gametas femininos e masculinos e iniciam o desenvolvimento dos estágios do mosquito, que culmina com os estágios infecciosos dos esporozoitas nas glândulas salivares do mosquito6,7.
Desde que Trager e Jenson8 descreveram um método padronizado para cultivar P. falciparum,os estudos sobre os estágios sanguíneos assexuados têm avançado muito. No entanto, a falta de um sistema de cultura confiável para estágios sexuais tem dificultado o estudo de gametocitos de P. falciparum, biologia de transmissão e estágios de mosquitos. Nos últimos anos, foram publicados diversos métodos que têm auxiliado laboratórios no estabelecimento de culturas gametócitos9,10,11,12. Este manuscrito descreve um protocolo padronizado e confiável para cultivar gametocitos P. falciparum que podem representar um recurso valioso para a comunidade de pesquisa da malária. Este método permite a produção robusta de gametocitos maduros e infecciosos que, juntamente com um protocolo padronizado de alimentação de mosquitos, resulta em infectividade de mosquitos altamente confiável. Esses métodos foram estabelecidos para manter o fornecimento ininterrupto de gametócitos e parasitas em estágio de mosquitos. Neste manuscrito, descrevemos um protocolo de cultura gametocito completo(Figura 1),preparação de alimentadores de membrana de vidro e infecção de mosquitos utilizando esses alimentadores de membrana(Figura 2),dissecção de midgut(Figura 3) e glândula salivar de mosquitos(Figura 4), e quantificação de infecção em mosquito após dissecação de glândulas médias e salivares.

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>10% Sugar solution</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>10ml serological pipet</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>357551</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>15 ml conical tube</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352096</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>1ml serological pipet</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>357521</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>25 ml serological pipet</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>357535</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>37&#176;C Incubator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>50 ml conical tube</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>352070</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>5ml serological pipet</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>357543</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>6 well tissue culture plates</td>
			<td>Falcon</td>
			<td>353046</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>70% Ethanol</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>9&#34; glass pipet</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>13-678-6B</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Anopheles Mosquitoes</td>
			<td>JHMRI, Insectary core</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>We use A. stephensi or A. gambiae (keele)</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>cell counter</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Circulating water bath</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>fine tip forceps</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-000-122</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Geimsa stain</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>GS1L</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass desiccator</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass membrane feeder</td>
			<td>Chemglass Life Sciences</td>
			<td>CG183570</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Glass slides</td>
			<td>Fisherbrand</td>
			<td>12-552-3</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>HBSS</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H6648</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Blood O+</td>
			<td>JHU</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Wash RBCs three times with RPMI and refrigerate at 50% heamatocrit</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Human Serum O+</td>
			<td>Interstate blood bank</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Pool at-least 6 units of serum from different donors and freeze down aliquots at -20&#176;C.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hypoxanthine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>H9337</td>
			<td>Make 500x stock in 1M NaOH</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mercurochrome</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>M7011</td>
			<td>Prepare 1% stock solution in PBS that can be diluted to 0.1% when needed</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Micro Pipette</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Microscope</td>
			<td>Olympus</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Any microscope with 10x, 40x and 100x objective will work.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Mosquito cups</td>
			<td>Neptune cups</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>N-acetylglucosamine</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>A3286</td>
			<td>Optional and needed only when pure gametocytes are required.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Netting</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Make sure it can contain mosquitoes and allow blood feeding</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Parafilm</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>PBS</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Thermo Scientific</td>
			<td>249964</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipet tips</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Pipetman</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Plasmodium falciparum NF54</td>
			<td>BEI Resources</td>
			<td>MRA-1000</td>
			<td>Freeze down large numbers of early passage culture to make sure you have a constant supply</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>RPMI 1640</td>
			<td>Corning</td>
			<td>CV-041-CV</td>
			<td>Media contains glutamine and HEPES</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Slide warmer</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>S6297</td>
			<td>Optional for media, add only when using malaria gas mix during culture incubation</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>water bath</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Xanthurenic Acid</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>D120804</td>
			<td>For flagellation media</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

plasmodium falciparum gametocyte culture and mosquito infection through artificial membrane feeding

A malária continua sendo um dos mais importantes problemas de saúde pública, causando morbidade e mortalidade significativas. A malária é uma doença transmitida por mosquitos transmitida através de uma picada infecciosa do mosquito Anopheles fêmea. O controle da malária eventualmente dependerá de uma infinidade de abordagens, o que inclui maneiras de bloquear a transmissão para, através e de mosquitos. Para estudar os estágios dos mosquitos dos parasitas da malária em laboratório, otimizamos um protocolo para cultivar gametocitos plasmodium falciparum altamente infecciosos, um estágio parasita necessário para a transmissão do hospedeiro humano para o mosquito vetor. P. falciparum gametocitos amadurecem através de cinco passos morfologicamente distintos, que leva aproximadamente 1-2 semanas. A cultura gametócica descrita neste protocolo é concluída em 15 dias e são infecciosas para mosquitos dos dias 15 a 18. Esses protocolos foram desenvolvidos para manter um ciclo contínuo de gametocitos competentes para infecção e para manter o fornecimento ininterrupto de estágios do mosquito do parasita. Aqui, descrevemos a metodologia da cultura gametocito e como infectar mosquitos com esses parasitas usando alimentadores de membrana de vidro.

Aqui apresentamos resultados de uma série de rações de membrana utilizando culturas de gametocitte P. falciparum NF54 geradas usando o protocolo acima (ver (Figura 5). A cultura gametocito foi iniciada com aproximadamente 0,5% de cultura assexuada de palco misto no dia 0, que cresceu para um pico de parasitamia de aproximadamente 15% no dia 4 e dia 5. Como mostrado na Figura 5A nesta alta parasitamia, os parasitas estão estressados e a cultura de es...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Culture and Mosquito Infection Through Artificial Membrane Feeding at JoVE.com

Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Culture and Mosquito Infection Through Artificial Membrane Feeding

Investigações detalhadas sobre os estágios dos mosquitos dos parasitas da malária são fundamentais para projetar estratégias eficazes de bloqueio de transmissão. Este protocolo demonstra como efetivamente cultivar gametocitos infecciosos e, em seguida, alimentar esses gametocitos para mosquitos para gerar estágios de mosquitos de P. falciparum.

Plasmodium falciparum Cultura gametocito e infecção por mosquitos através da alimentação artificial

Malaria remains one of the most important public health problems, causing significant morbidity and mortality. Malaria is a mosquito borne disease ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

Plasmodium falciparum Gametocyte Culture and Mosquito Infection Through Artificial Membrane Feeding

Harvesting Sperm and Artificial Insemination of Mice

Sperm colheita e Inseminação Artificial de Ratos

Rodents of the genus Peromyscus (deer mice) are the most prevalent native North American mammals.  Peromyscus species are used in a wide range of research ...

Biologia

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing (A. gambiae)

Protocol for Mosquito Rearing A. gambiae

Protocolo para a Criação Mosquito (A. gambiae)

This protocol describes mosquito rearing in the insectary. The insectary rooms are maintained at 28&deg;C and ~80% humidity, with a 12 hr. day/night ...

Protocol for Plasmodium falciparum Infections in Mosquitoes and Infection Phenotype Determination

Protocolo para Infecções Plasmodium falciparum em mosquitos e Infecção Determinação Fenótipo

Once a gene is identified as potentially refractory for malaria, it must be evaluated for its role in preventing Plasmodium infections within the ...

Crystallizing Membrane Proteins for Structure Determination using Lipidic Mesophases

Cristalizando Proteínas de Membrana para determinação da estrutura usando mesofases lipídico

A detailed protocol for crystallizing membrane proteins by using lipidic mesophases is described. This method has variously been referred to as the ...

Use of a Robot for High-throughput Crystallization of Membrane Proteins in Lipidic Mesophases

A utilização de um robô para alta capacidade de cristalização de proteínas de membrana em mesofases lipídicas

Structure-function studies of membrane proteins greatly benefit from having available high-resolution 3-D structures of the type provided through ...

High-fat Feeding Paradigm for Larval Zebrafish: Feeding, Live Imaging, and Quantification of Food Intake

Alto teor de gordura Alimentação Paradigma para larval Zebrafish: Alimentação, Imagens ao vivo, e quantificação da ingestão de alimentos

Zebrafish are emerging as a model of dietary lipid processing and metabolic disease. This protocol describes how to feed larval zebrafish a lipid-rich ...

Ground State Depletion Super-resolution Imaging in Mammalian Cells

Estado fundamental depleção Super-resolução Imaging em células de mamíferos

Advances in fluorescent microscopy and cell biology are intimately correlated, with the enhanced ability to visualize cellular events often leading to ...

Isolation and Culture of Human Mature Adipocytes Using Membrane Mature Adipocyte Aggregate Cultures (MAAC)

Isolation and Culture of Human Mature Adipocytes Using Membrane Mature Adipocyte Aggregate Cultures MAAC

Isolamento e Cultura de Adipócitos Maduros Humanos Usando culturas agregadas de adipócitomaduros de membrana (MAAC)

White adipose tissue (WAT) dysregulation plays a central role in development of insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes (T2D). To develop new treatments ...

Large-Scale Preparation of Synovial Fluid Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes by 3D Bioreactor Culture

Preparação em larga escala de exossomos derivados de células-tronco mesenquimais do líquido sinovial por cultura de biorreator 3D

Exosomes secreted by mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been suggested as promising candidates for cartilage injuries and osteoarthritis treatment. ...

Mosquito-Associated Virus Isolation from Field-Collected Mosquitoes

Isolamento de vírus associados a mosquitos coletados em campo

With the broad application of sequencing technologies, many novel virus-like sequences have been discovered in arthropods, including mosquitoes. The two ...