Name: obtaining human microglia from adult human brain tissue
Uploaded: 2020-08-30T15:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Obtaining Human Microglia from Adult Human Brain Tissue at JoVE.com

SJs laboratorium ble etablert med institusjonelle tilskudd fra IITJ og er finansiert av tilskudd fra Institutt for bioteknologi (BT/PR12831/MED/30/1489/2015) og Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology Government of India (Nr. 4(16)/2019-ITEA). De menneskelige hjernevevsseksjonene ble hentet fra All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Jodhpur etter institusjonell etikkkomitéklarering. Vi takker Mayank Rathor, B.Tech Student medlem av Design and Arts Society IIT Jodhpur, for videografi støtte.

Alle vev ble kjøpt etter etisk klarering fra instituttets etiske komiteer ved Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur og All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) Jodhpur.
1.Tissue oppkjøp og behandling (Dag 0)
<ol><li>Samle vevet i et 50 ml rør som inneholder 10 ml iskald kunstig cerebrospinalvæske (aCSF) (2 mM CaCl2∙2H2O, 10 mM glukose, 3 mM KCl, 26 mM NaHCO3,2,5 mM NaH2PO4,1 mM MgCl2∙6H2O, 202 mM suk...

<ol>
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H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia+and+Beyond:+Innate+Immune+Cells+As+Regulators+of+Brain+Development+and+Behavioral+Function.">Microglia and Beyond: Innate Immune Cells As Regulators of Brain Development and Behavioral Function.</a> Frontiers in Immunology. 9 (698), (2018).</li><li>Gordon, S., Pl&#252;ddemann, A., Martinez Estrada, F. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Macrophage+heterogeneity+in+tissues:+phenotypic+diversity+and+functions.">Macrophage heterogeneity in tissues: phenotypic diversity and functions.</a> Immunological Reviews. 262 (1), 36-55 (2014).</li><li>Li, Q., Barres, B. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia+and+macrophages+in+brain+homeostasis+and+disease.">Microglia and macrophages in brain homeostasis and disease.</a> Nature Reviews Immunology. 18 (4), 225-242 (2018).</li><li>Hansen, D. V., Hanson, J. E., Sheng, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia+in+Alzheimer's+disease:+A+microglial+conundrum.">Microglia in Alzheimer's disease: A microglial conundrum.</a> Journal of Cell Biology. 217 (2), 459-472 (2017).</li><li>Tremblay, M. -. E., Cookson, M. R., Civiero, L. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Glial+phagocytic+clearance+in+Parkinson's+disease.">Glial phagocytic clearance in Parkinson's disease.</a> Molecular Neurodegeneration. 14 (1), 16 (2019).</li><li>Qin, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Dual+Functions+of+Microglia+in+Ischemic+Stroke.">Dual Functions of Microglia in Ischemic Stroke.</a> Neuroscience Bulletin. 35 (5), 921-933 (2019).</li><li>Voet, S., Prinz, M., van Loo, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia+in+Central+Nervous+System+Inflammation+and+Multiple+Sclerosis+Pathology.">Microglia in Central Nervous System Inflammation and Multiple Sclerosis Pathology.</a> Trends in Molecular Medicine. 25 (2), 112-123 (2019).</li><li>Loane, D. J., Kumar, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia+in+the+TBI+brain:+The+good,+the+bad,+and+the+dysregulated.">Microglia in the TBI brain: The good, the bad, and the dysregulated.</a> Experimental Neurology. 275 (03), 316-327 (2016).</li><li>Inoue, K., Tsuda, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia+in+neuropathic+pain:+cellular+and+molecular+mechanisms+and+therapeutic+potential.">Microglia in neuropathic pain: cellular and molecular mechanisms and therapeutic potential.</a> Nature Reviews Neuroscience. 19 (3), 138-152 (2018).</li><li>Bellver-Landete, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia+are+an+essential+component+of+the+neuroprotective+scar+that+forms+after+spinal+cord+injury.">Microglia are an essential component of the neuroprotective scar that forms after spinal cord injury.</a> Nature Communications. 10 (1), 518 (2019).</li><li>Gutmann, D. H., Kettenmann, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia/Brain+Macrophages+as+Central+Drivers+of+Brain+Tumor+Pathobiology.">Microglia/Brain Macrophages as Central Drivers of Brain Tumor Pathobiology.</a> Neuron. 104 (3), 442-449 (2019).</li><li>Smith, A. M., Dragunow, M. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+human+side+of+microglia.">The human side of microglia.</a> Trends in Neurosciences. 37 (3), 125-135 (2014).</li><li>Galatro, T. F., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Transcriptomic+analysis+of+purified+human+cortical+microglia+reveals+age-associated+changes.">Transcriptomic analysis of purified human cortical microglia reveals age-associated changes.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 20 (8), 1162-1171 (2017).</li><li>Friedman, B. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Diverse+Brain+Myeloid+Expression+Profiles+Reveal+Distinct+Microglial+Activation+States+and+Aspects+of+Alzheimer's+Disease+Not+Evident+in+Mouse+Models.">Diverse Brain Myeloid Expression Profiles Reveal Distinct Microglial Activation States and Aspects of Alzheimer's Disease Not Evident in Mouse Models.</a> Cell Reports. 22 (3), 832-847 (2018).</li><li>Rustenhoven, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=PU.1+regulates+Alzheimer's+disease-associated+genes+in+primary+human+microglia.">PU.1 regulates Alzheimer's disease-associated genes in primary human microglia.</a> Molecular Neurodegeneration. 13 (1), 44 (2018).</li><li>Sierra, A., Gottfried-Blackmore, A. C., McEwen, B. S., Bulloch, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Microglia+derived+from+aging+mice+exhibit+an+altered+inflammatory+profile.">Microglia derived from aging mice exhibit an altered inflammatory profile.</a> Glia. 55 (4), 412-424 (2007).</li><li>Mizee, M. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+primary+microglia+from+the+human+post-mortem+brain:+effects+of+ante-+and+post-mortem+variables.">Isolation of primary microglia from the human post-mortem brain: effects of ante- and post-mortem variables.</a> Acta Neuropathologica Communications. 5 (1), 16 (2017).</li><li>Rustenhoven, J., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Isolation+of+highly+enriched+primary+human+microglia+for+functional+studies.">Isolation of highly enriched primary human microglia for functional studies.</a> Scientific Reports. 6 (1), 19371 (2016).</li><li>Spaethling, J. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Primary+Cell+Culture+of+Live+Neurosurgically+Resected+Aged+Adult+Human+Brain+Cells+and+Single+Cell+Transcriptomics.">Primary Cell Culture of Live Neurosurgically Resected Aged Adult Human Brain Cells and Single Cell Transcriptomics.</a> Cell Reports. 18 (3), 791-803 (2017).</li><li>Olah, M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=An+optimized+protocol+for+the+acute+isolation+of+human+microglia+from+autopsy+brain+samples.">An optimized protocol for the acute isolation of human microglia from autopsy brain samples.</a> Glia. 60 (1), 96-111 (2012).</li><li>Jha, S., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Inflammasome+Sensor,+NLRP3,+Regulates+CNS+Inflammation+and+Demyelination+via+Caspase-1+and+Interleukin-18.">The Inflammasome Sensor, NLRP3, Regulates CNS Inflammation and Demyelination via Caspase-1 and Interleukin-18.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 30 (47), 15811 (2010).</li><li>Freeman, L., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=NLR+members+NLRC4+and+NLRP3+mediate+sterile+inflammasome+activation+in+microglia+and+astrocytes.">NLR members NLRC4 and NLRP3 mediate sterile inflammasome activation in microglia and astrocytes.</a> Journal of Experimental Medicine. 214 (5), 1351-1370 (2017).</li><li>Plant, S. R., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Lymphotoxin+beta+receptor+(Lt+betaR):+dual+roles+in+demyelination+and+remyelination+and+successful+therapeutic+intervention+using+Lt+betaR-Ig+protein.">Lymphotoxin beta receptor (Lt betaR): dual roles in demyelination and remyelination and successful therapeutic intervention using Lt betaR-Ig protein.</a> The Journal of Neuroscience. 27 (28), 7429-7437 (2007).</li><li>Arnett, H. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+Protective+Role+of+Nitric+Oxide+in+a+Neurotoxicant-+Induced+Demyelinating+Model.">The Protective Role of Nitric Oxide in a Neurotoxicant- Induced Demyelinating Model.</a> The Journal of Immunology. 168 (1), 427 (2002).</li><li>Arnett, H. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=TNF&#945;+promotes+proliferation+of+oligodendrocyte+progenitors+and+remyelination.">TNF&#945; promotes proliferation of oligodendrocyte progenitors and remyelination.</a> Nature Neuroscience. 4 (11), 1116-1122 (2001).</li><li>Trouplin, V., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Bone+marrow-derived+macrophage+production.">Bone marrow-derived macrophage production.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. (81), e50966 (2013).</li><li>Boltz-Nitulescu, G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differentiation+of+Rat+Bone+Marrow+Cells+Into+Macrophages+Under+the+Influence+of+Mouse+L929+Cell+Supernatant.">Differentiation of Rat Bone Marrow Cells Into Macrophages Under the Influence of Mouse L929 Cell Supernatant.</a> Journal of Leukocyte Biology. 41 (1), 83-91 (1987).</li><li>Englen, M. D., Valdez, Y. E., Lehnert, N. M., Lehnert, B. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Granulocyte/macrophage+colony-stimulating+factor+is+expressed+and+secreted+in+cultures+of+murine+L929+cells.">Granulocyte/macrophage colony-stimulating factor is expressed and secreted in cultures of murine L929 cells.</a> Journal of Immunological Methods. 184 (2), 281-283 (1995).</li></ol>

Microglia sikre homeostase i normal hjerne og spille sentrale roller i patofysiologien til ulike nevrologiske sykdommer4. Microglia er sentrale for nevroutvikling og dannelse av synapser2. Mikrogliale studier har vist seg avgjørende for å forstå utviklingen og utviklingen av ulike nevrologiske sykdommer4. Rodent microglia er den utbredte modellen for primære mikrogliale studier, selv om gnagermikroglia er forskjellig fra primær menneskelig mikro...

Sentralnervesystemet (CNS) er konstruert av et komplekst nettverk av nevroner og glialceller1. Blant glialcellene fungerer microglia som de medfødte immuncellene i CNS2,3. Microglia er ansvarlig for å opprettholde homeostase i den sunne CNS4. Microglia spiller også en viktig rolle i nevroutvikling, ved beskjæring synapser2. Microglia er sentrale i patofysiologien til flere nevrologiske sykdommer, inkludert, men ikke begrenset til; Alzheimers sykdom5, Parkinsons sykdom6, hjerneslag7, multippel sklerose8, traumatisk hjerneskade9, nevropatisk smerte10, ryggmargsskade11 og hjernesvulster som gliomer12.
Studier relatert til CNS homeostase og sykdommer benytter gnagermikroglia på grunn av en mangel på kostnadseffektive og tidseffektive menneskelige primære mikrogliaiisolasjonsprotokoller13. Rodent microglia ligner primær human mikroglia i uttrykk for gener som Iba-1, PU.1, DAP12 og M-CSF reseptor og har vært effektive i å forstå normal samt syk hjerne13. Interessant, uttrykket av flere immunrelaterte gener som TLR4, MHC II, Siglec-11 og Siglec-3 varierer mellom menneskelig og gnager microglia13. Uttrykket av flere gener varierer også i timelig uttrykk og i nevrodegenerative sykdommer i beggeartene 14,15. Disse signifikante forskjellene gjør menneskelig mikroglia til en viktig modell for å studere mikrogliafunksjon i homeostase og sykdom. Primær menneskelig microglia kan også være et effektivt verktøy for preklinisk screening av potensielle legemiddelkandidater16. De ovennevnte årsakene understreker det økende behovet for kostnadseffektive protokoller for isolering av primær menneskelig mikroglia.
Vi har utviklet en protokoll for isolering av primær menneskelig mikroglia fra voksent menneskelig hjernevev samlet som følge av kirurgisk vindu opprettet for tumorreseksjoner eller andre kirurgiske reseksjoner. Metoden her er betydelig forskjellig fra eksisterende metoder. Vi var i stand til å isolere og kultur microglia etter en transitttid på ca 75 minutter fra vevsamlingsstedet for å starte isolasjonsprotokollen i laboratoriet. Vi har brukt supernatant av L929 fibroblast celler for å fremme veksten av isolertmikroglia. Denne metoden fokuserer spesielt på kultur og utvikling av bare primære microglia. Den resulterende kulturen utarbeidet er ca 80% microglia. Mens andre protokoller gir en beriket kultur av mikroglia ved tetthet gradient sentrifugering, strømningscytometri og magnetiske perler, er protokollen en rask, enkel, robust og kostnadseffektiv måte å kultur primære menneskelige microglia17,18,19,20. Evnen til å utnytte kirurgisk fjernet levende voksen hjernevev i stedet for fast hjernevev fra beviser en ekstra fordel med denne metoden i motsetning til eksisterende prosedyrer18,21.

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Antibiotic-Antimycotic solution</td>
			<td>Himedia</td>
			<td>A002</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Calcium chloride</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>223506</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge (4 &#176;C)</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>146532</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Centrifuge tubes</td>
			<td>Abdos</td>
			<td>P10203</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>CO2 incubator</td>
			<td>New Brunswik</td>
			<td>Galaxy 170 S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>D-Glucose</td>
			<td>Himedia</td>
			<td>GRM077</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>DMEM medium with glutamine</td>
			<td>Himedia</td>
			<td>AL007S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fetal bovine serum</td>
			<td>Himedia</td>
			<td>RM9955</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Flacon tube (50 ml)</td>
			<td>Thermo Fsiher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>50CD1058</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescein Ricinus communis agglutinin-1</td>
			<td>Vector</td>
			<td>FL-1081</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluorescent microscope</td>
			<td>Leica</td>
			<td>DM2000LED</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Fluoroshield with DAPI</td>
			<td>Sigma</td>
			<td>F6057</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>GFAP antibody</td>
			<td>GA5</td>
			<td>3670S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Incubator shaker</td>
			<td>New Brunswik Scientific</td>
			<td>Innova 42</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>L929 cell line</td>
			<td>ATCC</td>
			<td>NCTC clone 929 [L cell, L-929, derivative of Strain L] (ATCC&#160;CCL-1)</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Laminar air flow</td>
			<td>Thermo Fsiher Scientific&#160;</td>
			<td>1386</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Magnesium chloride</td>
			<td>Himedia</td>
			<td>MB040</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Monosodium phosphate</td>
			<td>Merck</td>
			<td>567545</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Nutrient Mixture F-12 Ham Medium</td>
			<td>Himedia</td>
			<td>Al106S</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Petri dish</td>
			<td>Duran Group</td>
			<td>237554805</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Phosphate buffered saline</td>
			<td>Himedia</td>
			<td>ML023</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Potassium chloride</td>
			<td>Himedia</td>
			<td>MB043</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Serological pipette</td>
			<td>Labware</td>
			<td>LW-SP1010</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sodium bicarbonate</td>
			<td>Himedia</td>
			<td>MB045</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Sucrose</td>
			<td>Himedia</td>
			<td>MB025</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Syringe filter (0.2&#956;, 25 mm diameter)</td>
			<td>Axiva</td>
			<td>SFPV25R</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>T-25 tissue culture flasks suitable for adherent cell culture.</td>
			<td>Himedia</td>
			<td>TCG4-20X10NO</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Trypsin-EDTA (0.25%)</td>
			<td>Gibco&#160;</td>
			<td>25200-056</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

obtaining human microglia from adult human brain tissue

Microglia er bosatt medfødte immunceller i sentralnervesystemet (CNS). Microglia spiller en kritisk rolle under utviklingen, i å opprettholde homeostase, og under infeksjon eller skade. Flere uavhengige forskningsgrupper har fremhevet den sentrale rollen som microglia spiller i autoimmune sykdommer, autoinflammatoriske syndromer og kreft. Aktiveringen av microglia i noen nevrologiske sykdommer kan direkte delta i patogene prosesser. Primær mikroglia er et kraftig verktøy for å forstå immunresponsene i hjernen, cellecelleinteraksjoner og dysregulerte mikrogliafenotyper i sykdom. Primær microglia etterligne in vivo mikrogliale egenskaper bedre enn udødeliggjort mikroglial cellelinjer. Human voksen microglia viser forskjellige egenskaper sammenlignet med humant foster og gnagermikroglia. Denne protokollen gir en effektiv metode for isolering av primær mikroglia fra voksen menneskelig hjerne. Å studere disse mikroglia kan gi kritisk innsikt i cellecelleinteraksjoner mellom microglia og andre fastboende cellulære populasjoner i CNS, inkludert oligodendrocytter, nevroner og astrocytter. I tillegg kan microglia fra forskjellige menneskelige hjerner dyrkes for karakterisering av unike immunresponser for personlig medisin og et mylder av terapeutiske applikasjoner.

Ved å bruke ovennevnte protokoll (figur 1) var vi i stand til å isolere primære menneskelige mikroglia fra levende kirurgisk resected hjernevev. Kultiverte celler ble farget med Ricinus communis agglutinin-1 (RCA-1) lectin for microglia (grønn) og med Glial fibrillær surt protein (GFAP) for astrocytter (rød) (Figur 2) som tidligere beskrevet22,23,</sup...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Obtaining Human Microglia from Adult Human Brain Tissue at JoVE.com

Obtaining Human Microglia from Adult Human Brain Tissue

Denne protokollen er en effektiv, kostnadseffektiv og robust metode for å isolere primærmikroglia fra levende, voksent, menneskelig hjernevev. Isolert primær human mikroglia kan tjene som et verktøy for å studere cellulære prosesser i homeostase og sykdom.

Få humanmikroglia fra voksent menneskelig hjernevev

Microglia are resident innate immune cells of the central nervous system (CNS). Microglia play a critical role during development, in maintaining ...

Det overordnede målet med protokollen er å isolere primære mikrogliaceller fra levende voksne menneskelige hjernevev. I vårt tilfelle ble dette samlet inn som kirurgisk vindu under operasjonen. Dette oppnås ved først å samle hjernevevet i iskald PBS, vevet blir deretter terninger i 1 mm kube små biter, og jeg gjorde bare ved hjelp av trypsin EDTA.Etter dette høstes cellene ved sentrifugering og belagt i en kolbe egnet for androgencellekultur i 48 timer. Celler høstes igjen fra kolben og dyrkes til videre bruk. Primære humane mikrogliaceller kan nå karakteriseres ved hjelp av immunocytokjemi og brukes til videre eksperiment.Den største fordelen med vår protokoll for å isolere mikrogliaceller fra voksne menneskelige hjernevev er at det effektivt gir primære voksne menneskelige mikrogliaceller på en svært kostnadseffektiv måte. Protokollen er robust og reduserer tapet av celler ved å redusere antall trinn som brukes i eksisterende protokoller. Samle vevet i en 50 ml Falcon rør som inneholder 10 ml iskald aCSF.Tørk oppsamlingsrøret forsiktig med 70% alkohol og overfør til et aseptisk laminær luftstrømningskammer. Kast aCSF nøye og vei vev i Falcon-røret. Beregn den ca vekten av vev ved å utlede vekten av tomt Falcon-rør.Varm fersk aCSF til 37 grader celsius. Hold vevet i varm aCSF i fem minutter. Dette trinnet er avgjørende for å unngå celledød.Kast aCSF nøye. Og vaske vev en gang med 1X PBS varmet til 37 grader celsius. Sørg for at alt blod vaskes bort med gjentatte PBS-vasker etter behov.Inkuber vevet i varmt PBS i 5 minutter. Kast halvparten av PBS nøye. Overfør vev sammen med gjenværende PBS til en sterilisert petriskål.Fjern gjenværende PBS forsiktig med 1 ml pipette. Dette vil forhindre tap av vev. Terninger som utsteder i minst 1 mm kube små stykker ved hjelp av en steril skalpell.Tilsett 2 ml 0,25 % trypsin EDTA i petriskålen og vask platen grundig ved hjelp av pipette. Overfør terninger vev til en 50 ml Falcon rør som inneholder 10 ml per gram vev på 0,25% trypsin EDTA. Bland ved å pipetter gjennom en 10 ml serologisk pipette.Inkuber røret på en shaker i 30 minutter ved 37 grader celsius og hastigheten på 250 rpm. Tilsett 10 ml nøytraliserende medium for å nøytralisere trypsin. Bland godt med en 10 ml serologisk pipette.Sentrifuger røret ved 2000G ved 4 grader celsius i 10 minutter. Kast den overnaturlige og resuspend pellet i 1 ml kultur medium. Legg cellene i en T25 kolbe egnet for androgen celler og legge til 4 ml ekstra kultur medium.Kulturmedium vil inneholde 20% L929 supernatant og 1% streptomycin. Det anbefales å legge til L929 supernatant separat i flasker i stedet for å legge til lagerkulturmediet. Vi er ferdige med kolben for å homogent kaste vevet.Unngå å bringe media til halsen på kolben mens du rister, da dette kan øke sjansene for forurensning. Inkuber kolben ved 37 grader celsius med 5% CO2 i 48 timer. Samle media fra T25 kultur kolbe utarbeidet på dag 0 i sentrifuge rør.Sentrifuge de innsamlede mediene på 1, 466G ved 4 grader sentrifugering i 4 minutter. Mens det innsamlede mediet sentrifugeres, vasker du dagen 0 kolbe en gang med 1X PBS. Rist kolben forsiktig for å fjerne eventuelle restvevfragmenter igjen.Unngå hard risting av kolben som noen restfragmenter vil ikke påvirke kulturen negativt. Legg til 5 ml friske kulturmedier i kolben. Kast supernatanten fra sentrifugerte rør.Tilsett 1 ml kulturmedium til et av rørene og bland godt med pipette. Føljetong legge blandet media med celler til andre rør og bland grundig. Legg cellene i en egen T25 kolbe egnet for androgenceller.Legg til 4 ml friske kulturmedier i kolben. Inkuber begge kolben ved 37 grader celsius med 5% CO2 i 48 timer. Kast mediene fra begge kolben og legg til friske 5 ml kulturmedier.Inkuber kolben ved 37 grader celsius ved 5% CO2 i 48 timer. På sjette dag vil cellene være klare for ytterligere eksperimenter. På bildene som er representert her.Første panel av seksjonen A astrocytter farget med GFAP, grønn i fargen. I det andre panelet, av seksjon En microglia flekk med RCA, grønn i fargen. I avsnittet B microglia farget med RCA, som er grønn i fargen, og astrocytter er farget med GFAP, rød i fargen.Overlegg av bildene viser microglia og astrocytter sammen. Det er klart fra bildene at flertallet av cellene i kulturen forberedt er microglia. Bildene ble kvantifisert av blindet kontroll og resultatet er representert i seksjon C.Resultatene viste at ca 80% av cellene i kulturen forberedt er microglia celler.Denne teknikken kan utføres om omtrent en og en halv time. Etter denne prosedyren bør ha en god forståelse av hvordan velger jeg priming microglia fra voksne menneskelige hjernevev, som kan brukes videre for nedstrøms eksperimenter.

obtaining-human-microglia-from-adult-human-brain-tissue

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Combining Computer Game-Based Behavioural Experiments With High-Density EEG and Infrared Gaze Tracking

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they yield data relevant to the cognitive processing that occurs under ecologically valid conditions. These two goals often are at odds, since well controlled stimuli often are too repetitive to sustain subjects' motivation. Studies employing electroencephalography (EEG) are often especially sensitive to this dilemma between ecological validity and experimental control: attaining sufficient signal-to-noise in physiological averages demands large numbers of repeated trials within lengthy recording sessions, limiting the subject pool to individuals with the ability and patience to perform a set task over and over again. This constraint severely limits researchers' ability to investigate younger populations as well as clinical populations associated with heightened anxiety or attentional abnormalities. Even adult, non-clinical subjects may not be able to achieve their typical levels of performance or cognitive engagement: an unmotivated subject for whom an experimental task is little more than a chore is not the same, behaviourally, cognitively, or neurally, as a subject who is intrinsically motivated and engaged with the task. A growing body of literature demonstrates that embedding experiments within video games may provide a way between the horns of this dilemma between experimental control and ecological validity. The narrative of a game provides a more realistic context in which tasks occur, enhancing their ecological validity (Chaytor &amp; Schmitter-Edgecombe, 2003). Moreover, this context provides motivation to complete tasks. In our game, subjects perform various missions to collect resources, fend off pirates, intercept communications or facilitate diplomatic relations. In so doing, they also perform an array of cognitive tasks, including a Posner attention-shifting paradigm (Posner, 1980), a go/no-go test of motor inhibition, a psychophysical motion coherence threshold task, the Embedded Figures Test (Witkin, 1950, 1954) and a theory-of-mind (Wimmer &amp; Perner, 1983) task. The game software automatically registers game stimuli and subjects' actions and responses in a log file, and sends event codes to synchronise with physiological data recorders. Thus the game can be combined with physiological measures such as EEG or fMRI, and with moment-to-moment tracking of gaze. Gaze tracking can verify subjects' compliance with behavioural tasks (e.g. fixation) and overt attention to experimental stimuli, and also physiological arousal as reflected in pupil dilation (Bradley et al., 2008). At great enough sampling frequencies, gaze tracking may also help assess covert attention as reflected in microsaccades - eye movements that are too small to foveate a new object, but are as rapid in onset and have the same relationship between angular distance and peak velocity as do saccades that traverse greater distances. The distribution of directions of microsaccades correlates with the (otherwise) covert direction of attention (Hafed &amp; Clark, 2002).

Procedures for recording high-density EEG and gaze data during computer game-based cognitive tasks are described. Using a video game to present cognitive tasks enhances ecological validity without sacrificing experimental control.

Experimental paradigms are valuable insofar as the timing and other parameters of their stimuli are well specified and controlled, and insofar as they ...

A Rapid Approach to High-Resolution Fluorescence Imaging in Semi-Thick Brain Slices

A fundamental goal to both basic and clinical neuroscience is to better understand the identities, molecular makeup, and patterns of connectivity that are characteristic to neurons in both normal and diseased brain. Towards this, a great deal of effort has been placed on building high-resolution neuroanatomical maps1-3. With the expansion of molecular genetics and advances in light microscopy has come the ability to query not only neuronal morphologies, but also the molecular and cellular makeup of individual neurons and their associated networks4. Major advances in the ability to mark and manipulate neurons through transgenic and gene targeting technologies in the rodent now allow investigators to 'program' neuronal subsets at will5-6. Arguably, one of the most influential contributions to contemporary neuroscience has been the discovery and cloning of genes encoding fluorescent proteins (FPs) in marine invertebrates7-8, alongside their subsequent engineering to yield an ever-expanding toolbox of vital reporters9. Exploiting cell type-specific promoter activity to drive targeted FP expression in discrete neuronal populations now affords neuroanatomical investigation with genetic precision.
Engineering FP expression in neurons has vastly improved our understanding of brain structure and function. However, imaging individual neurons and their associated networks in deep brain tissues, or in three dimensions, has remained a challenge. Due to high lipid content, nervous tissue is rather opaque and exhibits auto fluorescence. These inherent biophysical properties make it difficult to visualize and image fluorescently labelled neurons at high resolution using standard epifluorescent or confocal microscopy beyond depths of tens of microns. To circumvent this challenge investigators often employ serial thin-section imaging and reconstruction methods10, or 2-photon laser scanning microscopy11. Current drawbacks to these approaches are the associated labor-intensive tissue preparation, or cost-prohibitive instrumentation respectively.
Here, we present a relatively rapid and simple method to visualize fluorescently labelled cells in fixed semi-thick mouse brain slices by optical clearing and imaging. In the attached protocol we describe the methods of: 1) fixing brain tissue in situ via intracardial perfusion, 2) dissection and removal of whole brain, 3) stationary brain embedding in agarose, 4) precision semi-thick slice preparation using new vibratome instrumentation, 5) clearing brain tissue through a glycerol gradient, and 6) mounting on glass slides for light microscopy and z-stack reconstruction (Figure 1).
For preparing brain slices we implemented a relatively new piece of instrumentation called the 'Compresstome' VF-200 (http://www.precisionary.com/products_vf200.html). This instrument is a semi-automated microtome equipped with a motorized advance and blade vibration system with features similar in function to other vibratomes. Unlike other vibratomes, the tissue to be sliced is mounted in an agarose plug within a stainless steel cylinder. The tissue is extruded at desired thicknesses from the cylinder, and cut by the forward advancing vibrating blade. The agarose plug/cylinder system allows for reproducible tissue mounting, alignment, and precision cutting. In our hands, the 'Compresstome' yields high quality tissue slices for electrophysiology, immunohistochemistry, and direct fixed-tissue mounting and imaging. Combined with optical clearing, here we demonstrate the preparation of semi-thick fixed brain slices for high-resolution fluorescent imaging.

Here we describe a rapid and simple method to image fluorescently labeled cells in semi-thick brain slices. By fixing, slicing, and optically clearing brain tissue we describe how standard epifluorescent or confocal imaging can be used to visualize individual cells and neuronal networks within intact nervous tissue.

A fundamental goal to both basic and clinical neuroscience is to better understand the identities, molecular makeup, and patterns of connectivity that are ...

Fiber-optic Implantation for Chronic Optogenetic Stimulation of Brain Tissue

Elucidating patterns of neuronal connectivity has been a challenge for both clinical and basic neuroscience. Electrophysiology has been the gold standard for analyzing patterns of synaptic connectivity, but paired electrophysiological recordings can be both cumbersome and experimentally limiting. The development of optogenetics has introduced an elegant method to stimulate neurons and circuits, both in vitro1 and in vivo2,3. By exploiting cell-type specific promoter activity to drive opsin expression in discrete neuronal populations, one can precisely stimulate genetically defined neuronal subtypes in distinct circuits4-6. Well described methods to stimulate neurons, including electrical stimulation and/or pharmacological manipulations, are often cell-type indiscriminate, invasive, and can damage surrounding tissues. These limitations could alter normal synaptic function and/or circuit behavior. In addition, due to the nature of the manipulation, the current methods are often acute and terminal. Optogenetics affords the ability to stimulate neurons in a relatively innocuous manner, and in genetically targeted neurons. The majority of studies involving in vivo optogenetics currently use a optical fiber guided through an implanted cannula6,7; however, limitations of this method include damaged brain tissue with repeated insertion of an optical fiber, and potential breakage of the fiber inside the cannula. Given the burgeoning field of optogenetics, a more reliable method of chronic stimulation is necessary to facilitate long-term studies with minimal collateral tissue damage. Here we provide our modified protocol as a video article to complement the method effectively and elegantly described in Sparta et al.8 for the fabrication of a fiber optic implant and its permanent fixation onto the cranium of anesthetized mice, as well as the assembly of the fiber optic coupler connecting the implant to a light source. The implant, connected with optical fibers to a solid-state laser, allows for an efficient method to chronically photostimulate functional neuronal circuitry with less tissue damage9 using small, detachable, tethers. Permanent fixation of the fiber optic implants provides consistent, long-term in vivo optogenetic studies of neuronal circuits in awake, behaving mice10 with minimal tissue damage.

The development of optogenetics now provides the means to precisely stimulate genetically defined neurons and circuits, both in vitro and in vivo. Here we describe the assembly and implantation of a fiber optic for chronic photostimulation of brain tissue.

Fiberoptisk Implantasjon for kronisk Optogenetic Stimulering av hjernevev

Elucidating patterns of neuronal connectivity has been a challenge for both clinical and basic neuroscience. Electrophysiology has been the gold standard ...

Simple Generation of a High Yield Culture of Induced Neurons from Human Adult Skin Fibroblasts

Induced neurons (iNs), the product of somatic cells directly converted to neurons, are a way to obtain patient-derived neurons from tissue that is easily accessible. Through this route, mature neurons can be obtained in a matter of a few weeks. Here, we describe a straightforward and rapid one-step protocol to obtain iNs from dermal fibroblasts obtained through biopsy samples from adult human donors. We explain each step of the process, including the maintenance of the dermal fibroblasts, the freezing procedure to build a stock of the cell line, seeding of the cells for reprogramming, as well as the culture conditions during the conversion process. In addition, we describe the preparation of glass coverslips for electrophysiological recordings, long-term coating conditions, and fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS). We also illustrate examples of the results to be expected. The protocol described here is easy to perform and can be applied to human fibroblasts derived from human skin biopsies from patients with various different diagnoses and ages. This protocol generates a sufficient amount of iNs which can be used for a wide array of biomedical applications, including disease modeling, drug screening, and target validation.

Direct neuronal reprogramming generates neurons that maintain the age of the starting somatic cell. Here, we describe a single vector-based method to generate induced neurons from dermal fibroblasts obtained from adult human donors.

Enkel generasjon av en høy avkastning kultur indusert neurons fra menneskelige voksne huden fibroblaster

Induced neurons (iNs), the product of somatic cells directly converted to neurons, are a way to obtain patient-derived neurons from tissue that is easily ...

Isolation of Cerebral Capillaries from Fresh Human Brain Tissue

Understanding blood-brain barrier function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is critical for the development of new therapeutic strategies that hold the promise to enhance brain drug delivery, improve brain protection, and treat brain disorders. However, studying the human blood-brain barrier function is challenging. Thus, there is a critical need for appropriate models. In this regard, brain capillaries isolated from human brain tissue represent a unique tool to study barrier function as close to the human in vivo situation as possible. Here, we describe an optimized protocol to isolate capillaries from human brain tissue at a high yield and with consistent quality and purity. Capillaries are isolated from fresh human brain tissue using mechanical homogenization, density-gradient centrifugation, and filtration. After the isolation, the human brain capillaries can be used for various applications including leakage assays, live cell imaging, and immune-based assays to study protein expression and function, enzyme activity, or intracellular signaling. Isolated human brain capillaries are a unique model to elucidate the regulation of the human blood-brain barrier function. This model can provide insights into central nervous system (CNS) pathogenesis, which will help the development of therapeutic strategies for treating CNS disorders.

Isolated brain capillaries from human brain tissue can be used as a preclinical model to study barrier function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions. Here, we present an optimized protocol to isolate brain capillaries from fresh human brain tissue.

Isolering av Cerebral kapillærer fra friske menneskelige hjernevev

Understanding blood-brain barrier function under physiological and pathophysiological conditions is critical for the development of new therapeutic ...

Isolation and RNA Extraction of Neurons, Macrophages and Microglia from Larval Zebrafish Brains

To gain a detailed understanding of the role of different CNS cells during development or the establishment and progression of brain pathologies, it is important to isolate these cells without changing their gene expression profile. The zebrafish model provides a large number of transgenic fish lines in which specific cell types are labelled; for example neurons in the NBT:DsRed line or macrophages/microglia in the mpeg1:eGFP line. Furthermore, antibodies have been developed to stain specific cells, such as microglia with the 4C4 antibody.
Here, we describe the isolation of neurons, macrophages and microglia from larval zebrafish brains. Central to this protocol is the avoidance of an enzymatic tissue digestion at 37 &#176;C, which could modify cellular profiles. Instead a mechanical system of tissue homogenization at 4 &#176;C is used. This protocol entails homogenization of brains into cell suspension, their immuno-staining and the isolation of neurons, macrophages and microglia by FACS. Afterwards, we extracted RNA from those cells and evaluated their quality/quantity. We managed to obtain RNA of high quality (RNA Integrity Number (RIN) &#62; 7) to perform qPCR on macrophages/microglia and neurons, and transcriptomic analysis on microglia. This approach enables a better characterization of these cells, as well as a clearer understanding about their role in development and pathologies.

We present a protocol to isolate neurons, macrophages and microglia from larval zebrafish brains under physiological and pathological conditions. Upon isolation, RNA is extracted from these cells to analyze their gene expression profile. This protocol allows for the collection of high-quality RNA for performing downstream analysis like qPCR and transcriptomics.

Isolasjon og RNA utvinning av Neurons, makrofager og Microglia fra larver sebrafisk hjerner

To gain a detailed understanding of the role of different CNS cells during development or the establishment and progression of brain pathologies, it is ...

Short-Term Free-Floating Slice Cultures from the Adult Human Brain

Organotypic, or slice cultures, have been widely employed to model aspects of the central nervous system functioning in vitro. Despite the potential of slice cultures in neuroscience, studies using adult nervous tissue to prepare such cultures are still scarce, particularly those from human subjects. The use of adult human tissue to prepare slice cultures is particularly attractive to enhance the understanding of human neuropathologies, as they hold unique properties typical of the mature human brain lacking in slices produced from rodent (usually neonatal) nervous tissue. This protocol describes how to use brain tissue collected from living human donors submitted to resective brain surgery to prepare short-term, free-floating slice cultures. Procedures to maintain and perform biochemical and cell biology assays using these cultures are also presented. Representative results demonstrate that the typical human cortical lamination is preserved in slices after 4 days in vitro (DIV4), with expected presence of the main neural cell types. Moreover, slices at DIV4 undergo robust cell death when challenged with a toxic stimulus (H2O2), indicating the potential of this model to serve as a platform in cell death assays. This method, a simpler and cost-effective alternative to the widely used protocol using membrane inserts, is mainly recommended for running short-term assays aimed to unravel mechanisms of neurodegeneration behind age-associated brain diseases. Finally, although the protocol is devoted to using cortical tissue collected from patients submitted to surgical treatment of pharmacoresistant temporal lobe epilepsy, it is argued that tissue collected from other brain regions/conditions should also be considered as sources to produce similar free-floating slice cultures.

A protocol to prepare free-floating slice cultures from adult human brain is presented. The protocol is a variation of the widely used slice culture method using membrane inserts. It is simple, cost-effective, and recommended for running short-term assays aimed to unravel mechanisms of neurodegeneration behind age-associated brain diseases.

Kortsiktige fritt flytende Slice kulturer fra Adult Human Brain

Organotypic, or slice cultures, have been widely employed to model aspects of the central nervous system functioning in vitro. Despite the potential of ...

Isolation of Region-specific Microglia from One Adult Mouse Brain Hemisphere for Deep Single-cell RNA Sequencing

As resident macrophages in the central nervous system, microglia actively control brain development and homeostasis, and their dysfunctions may drive human diseases. Considerable advances have been made to uncover the molecular signatures of homeostatic microglia as well as alterations of their gene expression in response to environmental stimuli. With the advent and maturation of single-cell genomic methodologies, it is increasingly recognized that heterogenous microglia may underlie the diverse roles they play in different developmental and pathological conditions. Further dissection of such heterogeneity can be achieved through efficient isolation of microglia from a given region of interest, followed by sensitive profiling of individual cells. Here, we provide a detailed protocol for the rapid isolation of microglia from different brain regions in a single adult mouse brain hemisphere. We also demonstrate how to use these sorted microglia for plate-based deep single-cell RNA sequencing. We discuss the adaptability of this method to other scenarios and provide guidelines for improving the system to accommodate large-scale studies.

We provide a protocol for isolation of microglia from different dissected regions of an adult mouse brain hemisphere, followed by semi-automated library preparation for deep single-cell RNA sequencing of full-length transcriptomes. This method will help to elucidate functional heterogeneity of microglia in health and disease.

Isolering av region-spesifikke Mikroglia fra en voksen mus Brain halvkule for Deep single-celle RNA sekvensering

As resident macrophages in the central nervous system, microglia actively control brain development and homeostasis, and their dysfunctions may drive ...

Isolation of Adult Human Astrocyte Populations from Fresh-Frozen Cortex Using Fluorescence-Activated Nuclei Sorting

The complexity of human astrocytes remains poorly defined in primary human tissue, requiring better tools for their isolation and molecular characterization. Fluorescence-activated nuclei sorting (FANS) can be used to successfully isolate and study human neuronal nuclei (NeuN+) populations from frozen archival tissue, thereby avoiding problems associated with handling&#160;fresh tissue. However, efforts to similarly isolate astroglia from the non-neuronal (NeuN-) element are lacking. A recently developed and validated immunotagging strategy uses three transcription factor antibodies to simultaneously isolate enriched neuronal (NeuN+), astrocyte (paired box protein 6 (PAX6)+NeuN-), and oligodendrocyte progenitor (OLIG2+NeuN-) nuclei populations from non-diseased, fresh (unfixed) snap-frozen&#160;postmortem human temporal neocortex tissue.
This technique was shown to be useful for the characterization of cell type-specific transcriptome alterations in primary pathological epilepsy neocortex. Transcriptomic analyses confirmed that PAX6+NeuN- sorted populations are robustly enriched for pan-astrocyte markers and capture astrocytes in both resting and reactive conditions. This paper describes the FANS methodology for the isolation of astrocyte-enriched nuclei populations from fresh-frozen human cortex, including tissue dissociation into single-nucleus (sn) suspension; immunotagging of nuclei with anti-NeuN and anti-PAX6 fluorescently conjugated antibodies; FANS gating strategies and quality control metrics for optimizing sensitivity and specificity during sorting and for confirming astrocyte enrichment; and recommended procurement for downstream transcriptome and chromatin accessibility sequencing at bulk or sn resolution. This protocol is applicable for non-necrotic, fresh-frozen, human cortical specimens with various pathologies and recommended postmortem tissue collection within 24 h.

We have developed a method that enriches for and isolates human astrocyte populations from fresh-frozen tissue for use in downstream molecular analyses.

Isolering av voksne menneskelige astrocyttpopulasjoner fra ferskfrossen cortex ved hjelp av fluorescensaktivert nuklei-sortering

The complexity of human astrocytes remains poorly defined in primary human tissue, requiring better tools for their isolation and molecular ...

Human Microglia-like Cells: Differentiation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and In Vitro Live-cell Phagocytosis Assay using Human Synaptosomes

Microglia are the resident immune cells of myeloid origin that maintain homeostasis in the brain microenvironment and have become a key player in multiple neurological diseases. Studying human microglia in health and disease represents a challenge due to the extremely limited supply of human cells. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) derived from human individuals can be used to circumvent this barrier. Here, it is demonstrated how to differentiate human iPSCs into microglia-like cells (iMGs) for in vitro experimentation. These iMGs exhibit the expected and physiological properties of microglia, including microglia-like morphology, expression of proper markers, and active phagocytosis. Additionally, documentation for isolating and labeling synaptosome substrates derived from human iPSC-derived lower motor neurons (i3LMNs) is provided. A live-cell, longitudinal imaging assay is used to monitor engulfment of human synaptosomes labeled with a pH-sensitive dye, allowing for investigations of iMG's phagocytic capacity. The protocols described herein are broadly applicable to different fields that are investigating human microglia biology and the contribution of microglia to disease.

Human Microglia-like Cells: Differentiation from Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and In Vitro Live-cell Phagocytosis Assay using Human Synaptosomes

This protocol describes the differentiation process of human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) into microglia-like cells for in vitro experimentation. We also include a detailed procedure for generating human synaptosomes from iPSC-derived lower motor neurons that can be used as a substrate for in vitro phagocytosis assays using live-cell imaging systems.

Human Microglia-lignende celler: Differensiering fra induserte pluripotente stamceller og in vitro levende cellefagocytoseanalyse ved bruk av humane synaptosomer

Microglia are the resident immune cells of myeloid origin that maintain homeostasis in the brain microenvironment and have become a key player in multiple ...