Name: a 3d printed pollen trap for bumble bee (bombus) hive entrances
Uploaded: 2020-07-09T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A 3D Printed Pollen Trap for Bumble Bee Bombus Hive Entrances at JoVE.com

我们感谢Colby Carpenter和Spencer Mathias在3D打印设计方面的帮助。我们感谢艾伦·克林格（Ellen Klinger）协助制作摄影人物，并感谢乔纳森·B·科赫（Jonathan B. Koch）协助进行修订。资金由美国农业部 - ARS授粉昆虫生物学，管理和系统学研究部门提供。

1. 打印花粉陷阱结构
<ol><li>下载大黄蜂筑巢的巢箱的相应STL文件（例如，Biobest或Koppert风格的蜂巢，https://www.ars.usda.gov/pacific-west-area/logan-ut/pollinating-insect-biology-management-systematics-research/docs/pollen-traps/）。这些文件向公众开放，最终用户可以免费下载和修改。</li>
	<li>在打印机程序中打开 STL 文件。按照打印机制造商的说明构建四个陷印组件。 注：打印疏水阀体约 3 小时，打印集水盆约 2 小时，?...

<ol>
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从大黄蜂群入口收集花粉可以进行各种生态和农业研究。确定大黄蜂收集花粉的花卉来源为有助于殖民地整体饮食的植物多样性提供了有价值的信息和见解19。确定花粉来源对农业生产和野生土地生态系统服务的研究都有影响12，20。通过收集相对较大的样本大小的皮质花粉负载，研究人员可以确定大黄蜂是否在它们部署的目标作物<sup ...

大黄蜂（Bombus spp.）是大型健壮的昆虫，遍布世界温带，高山和北极地区1。它们对植物群落很重要，并为它们访问的农作物提供重要的授粉服务2.最近几个物种的丰度和分布的下降使它们作为传粉媒介的重要性成为公众意识的前沿3.研究人员已经确定了几个可能导致人口下降的压力因素，包括缺乏多样和丰富的花卉资源，大黄蜂以此为食4。确定大黄蜂从哪种植物物种中觅食，使研究人员和土地管理人员能够了解大黄蜂如何应对资源可用性，竞争和人为干扰的变化5，6。
调查大黄蜂花粉觅食偏好的研究通常由研究人员进行，研究人员捕捉在花朵处觅食的个体蜜蜂，然后从标本中去除皮质花粉负荷以进行进一步处理和鉴定7，8，9，10。虽然这种方法可以深入了解一个物种或大黄蜂物种的组合如何利用区域7中的资源，但它是时间密集型的，如果没有额外的分子分析来确定觅食蜂11的起源殖民地，就无法辨别蜂巢之间偏好的潜在差异。
对于一些觅食动力学的研究，希望在单个殖民地进行研究;然而，野生大黄蜂巢通常位于地下或地面，因此很难找到12。商业生产的大黄蜂蜂巢为研究人员提供了更多的访问和更好的实验控制，并且从工人身上去除花粉仍然主要通过捕获觅食者返回蜂巢并手动去除其Corbicular花粉负载13，14。从蜜蜂的鞘翅中手工去除花粉是时间密集型的，每小时的花粉产量很低，特别是在蜂巢入口处，返回花粉觅食者的比率可能很低。此外，手动清除蜜蜂的花粉会导致受到干扰的工人被蜇伤。
花粉陷阱已被用于实验性地去除蜜蜂的花粉数十年15;然而，一种从大黄蜂中去除花粉的被动方法尚未开发出来。开发一种机制以从返回的觅食者大黄蜂中去除花粉的主要障碍是大黄蜂群中存在的工蜂大小的巨大变化16。蜜蜂花粉陷阱之所以有效，很大程度上是因为蜜蜂工人的大小变化不大。此外，这些陷阱在安装后只需要轻微的操作，并且不需要牺牲蜜蜂17。这是使用屏幕或塑料表面实现的，当工人返回蜂巢时，这些屏幕或塑料表面会将花粉从工人的后腿上移开。这些诱捕器仅从返回的觅食者身上去除一部分花粉负荷，并且这些诱捕器的各种设计导致花粉收集效率不同。当花粉从蜂腿上取出时，它通过屏幕落入蜜蜂无法进入的收集盆中，因此研究人员可以在对蜂巢产生轻微干扰的情况下将其移除。
本研究的目的是调整用于从蜜蜂蜂巢中收集花粉的技术，并使用3D打印结构将其应用于大黄蜂巢，并在 Bombus huntii的菌落上测试陷阱设计。设计过程遵循的假设是，陷阱的生产成本应该低廉，适应各种大黄蜂物种，对蜜蜂造成的伤害或干扰最小，花粉去除率应超过手工收集的花粉。三维打印技术用途广泛，易于访问，并且是一种具有成本效益的工具，允许研究人员为特定目的复制和修改对象18。这里介绍的技术指示用户建立花粉陷阱，并将它们附着在市售的大黄蜂群落上。这些陷阱不是为野生殖民地设计的。这些陷阱被动地从携带大黄蜂的花粉的后腿上去除皮质花粉负荷，因为它们返回巢箱。

<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:461px;" width="462">
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	<tbody>
		<tr height="35">
			<td height="35" style="height:35px;width:71px;">MakerBot Replicator+</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">MakerBot</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Model PABH65</td>
			<td style="width:217px;"></td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="52">
			<td height="52" style="height:52px;width:71px;">MakerBot Tough Material</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">PLA Filament</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td>various colors</td>
		</tr>
		<tr height="22">
			<td height="22" style="height:22px;width:71px;">Nest Box</td>
			<td style="width:87px;">Biobest</td>
			<td style="width:87px;"></td>
			<td>Not sold publicly without bee purchase</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a 3d printed pollen trap for bumble bee (bombus) hive entrances

为了验证大黄蜂觅食花粉的植物来源，必须收集个体以去除其皮质花粉负荷以进行分析。 传统上，这是通过在巢穴入口处或花朵上网捕觅食者来完成的，在冰上冷却蜜蜂，然后用镊子或刷子从corbiculae中去除花粉负载。 这种方法是时间和劳动密集型的，可能会改变正常的觅食行为，并可能导致执行任务的工人发生刺痛事件。 花粉陷阱，例如用于蜜蜂蜂箱的花粉陷阱，通过在通过巢穴入口处的屏幕时将工人腿部的皮质花粉负载移开来收集花粉。 陷阱可以用最少的劳动力从返回的觅食蜂中去除大量花粉，但迄今为止还没有这样的陷阱可用于大黄蜂群落。大黄蜂蜂群内的工蚁大小可能不同，使得入口的大小选择难以使这种机制适应商业饲养的大黄蜂蜂巢。 使用3D打印设计程序，我们创建了一个花粉陷阱，成功地从返回的大黄蜂觅食者的腿上移除了皮质花粉负荷。 这种方法大大减少了研究人员从返回蜂群的大黄蜂觅食者那里收集花粉所需的时间。我们介绍了设计，花粉去除效率测试的结果，并为调查人员建议了修改区域，以使陷阱适应各种大黄蜂物种或巢箱设计。

测试了八种不同的花粉过滤器设计，以确定它们在从返回的大黄蜂工人中去除皮质花粉负荷方面的功效和效率。所有设计都成功地从返回的觅食者身上消除了至少一个皮质花粉负荷。然而，有些被发现会减慢工人离开或进入蜂巢的速度，或者无法去除花粉负荷（表1）。在温室中生长的Phacelia tanacetifolia上的4个实验室饲养的B. huntii Greene菌落上依次测试了带有各种过滤器的?...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A 3D Printed Pollen Trap for Bumble Bee Bombus Hive Entrances at JoVE.com

A 3D Printed Pollen Trap for Bumble Bee Bombus Hive Entrances

我们提出了一种非致命和自动化的机制，从返回蜂巢的大黄蜂（Bombus）工人那里收集花粉。包括有关生产、准备、安装和使用设备的说明。通过使用3D打印对象，对设计的修改是及时，有效的，并允许快速周转进行测试。

用于大黄蜂（Bombus）蜂巢入口的3D打印花粉陷阱

To verify the plant sources from which bumble bees forage for pollen, individuals must be collected to remove their corbicular pollen loads for analysis.  ...

Research

JoVE Journal

Biology

A 3D Printed Pollen Trap for Bumble Bee (Bombus) Hive Entrances

Measuring the Bending Stiffness of Bacterial Cells Using an Optical Trap

测量细菌细胞的抗弯刚度，使用光学陷阱

We developed a protocol to measure the bending rigidity of filamentous rod-shaped bacteria. Forces are applied with an optical trap, a microscopic ...

科研

生物学

Associated Chromosome Trap for Identifying Long-range DNA Interactions

确定远距离的DNA相互作用的相关染色体陷阱

Genetic information encoded by DNA is organized in a complex and highly regulated chromatin structure.  Each chromosome occupies a specific territory, ...

Combined Immunofluorescence and DNA FISH on 3D-preserved Interphase Nuclei to Study Changes in 3D Nuclear Organization

结合免疫荧光和三维保存的间期核荧光原位杂交DNA研究在3D核组织的变化

Fluorescent in situ hybridization using DNA probes  on 3-dimensionally preserved nuclei followed by 3D confocal microscopy (3D DNA  FISH) represents the ...

Methods for Comparing Nutrients in Beebread Made by Africanized and European Honey Bees and the Effects on Hemolymph Protein Titers

对于在比较营养Beebread由非洲化和欧洲蜜蜂的方法和淋巴蛋白质滴度影响

Honey bees obtain nutrients from pollen they collect and store in the hive as beebread. We developed methods to control the pollen source that bees ...

Monitoring Colony-level Effects of Sublethal Pesticide Exposure on Honey Bees

蜜蜂致死农药暴露对蜂群水平的影响

The effects of sublethal pesticide exposure to honey bee colonies may be significant but difficult to detect in the field using standard visual assessment ...

Collection and Identification of Pollen from Honey Bee Colonies

蜜蜂群落花粉的采集和鉴定

Researchers often collect and analyze corbicular pollen from honey bees to identify the plant sources on which they forage for pollen or to estimate ...

Assessing Agrochemical Risk to Mated Honey Bee Queens

评估交配蜜蜂女王的农用化学品风险

Current risk assessment strategies for honey bees rely heavily upon laboratory tests performed on adult or immature worker bees, but these methods may not ...

An Innovative 3D-Printed Insert Designed to Enable Straightforward 2D and 3D Cell Cultures

创新的 3D 打印插入物，旨在实现简单的 2D 和 3D 细胞培养

The classical analyses of indirect communication between different cell types necessitate the use of conditioned media. Moreover, the production of ...

An Improved Method to Measure Pollen Hydration Profiles in Arabidopsis thaliana

A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana

A High-Resolution, Single-Grain, In Vivo Pollen Hydration Bioassay for Arabidopsis thaliana (Video) | JoVE 

拟南芥的高分辨率、单粒、体内花粉水合生物测定

Sexual reproduction in flowering plants requires initial interaction between the pollen grain and the stigmatic surface, where a molecular dialog is ...