Name: a novel pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm to study freezing and flight behavior
Uploaded: 2021-01-05T12:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior Video at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了路易斯安那州摄政委员会通过摄政委员会支助基金（LEQSF（2018-21）-RD-A-17）和国家 卫生研究院国家精神卫生研究所 （R01MH122561）的支持。内容完全由作者负责，不一定代表国家卫生研究院的官方意见。

经杜兰大学机构动物护理和使用委员会批准后，按照机构准则执行了以下步骤/程序。
1. 准备老鼠
<ol><li>使用年龄在3-5个月的雄性和/或雌性成年小鼠。在本研究中，我们使用了从杰克逊实验室获得的雄性C57BL/6J小鼠，但任何来自信誉良好的供应商的小鼠菌株都可以使用。</li>
	<li>至少在实验前一周，在整个研究中，所有老鼠分别以12：12小时的光/暗周期进行。为小鼠提供食物?...

<ol>
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所述的声音和冲击参数是此协议的重要元素。因此，在开始实验之前测试冲击振幅和声压水平至关重要。恐惧调理研究通常使用 70-80 dB 声压水平和 0.1-1 mA 冲击强度18：因此，所述参数在传统恐惧调理范式的范围内。在以前的CS-唯一（无脚震）控制实验中，我们没有观察到小鼠的飞行或冻结反应，这表明听觉刺激在如描述的15时并不具有逆向性。将 80 dB 以上的白...

恐惧是一种进化保存的适应性反应，对眼前的威胁1，2。虽然生物体对威胁具有与生俱来的防御反应，但学会的关联对于对危险3的刺激预测做出适当的防御反应至关重要。控制防御性反应的大脑回路调节不良可能导致与多重衰弱焦虑症相关的不适应反应，如创伤后应激障碍（PTSD）、恐慌障碍4和特定恐惧症5、6。美国成人焦虑症的患病率为19.1%，7、8岁的青少年为31.9%。这些疾病对个人日常生活的负担极高，对他们的生活质量产生负面影响。
在过去的几十年里，帕夫洛维安恐惧调理一直是一个强大的模型系统，以获得巨大的洞察神经机制背后的恐惧相关的学习和记忆9，10，11。帕夫洛夫人担心，调理需要将有条件的刺激（CS，如听觉刺激）与逆向无条件刺激（例如，电脚休克）配对。由于冻结是标准巴甫洛夫调理范式中唤起和测量的主要行为，因此逃逸/逃跑反应等主动防御行为形式的神经控制机制基本上尚未探索。先前的研究表明，不同形式的防御行为，如飞行，是根据威胁强度，接近和上下文13，14引起。研究大脑如何控制不同类型的防御行为可能显著有助于理解在恐惧和焦虑障碍中调节不良的神经元过程。
为了解决这一迫切需要，我们开发了一个修改的帕夫洛夫调理范式，除了冻结15，引起飞行和逃生跳跃。在这个范式中，小鼠被一个序列复合刺激（SCS）所制约，由纯色调和白噪声组成。经过两天的配对SCS与强烈的电脚休克，老鼠表现出冻结，以回应音色成分和飞行期间的白噪声。有条件的冻结和飞行行为之间的行为切换是快速和一致的。有趣的是，只有当白噪声 CS 与之前传递的脚部休克（调理上下文）处于同一上下文中，而不是在中性上下文中出现时，小鼠才会表现出飞行行为。相反，冻结响应在此中性环境中占主导地位，与音调相比，对白噪声的反应冻结程度要高得多。这与上下文在调节防御性反应强度方面的作用一致，也符合背景信息在传统威胁调理范式16、17中与恐惧相关的学习和记忆中的调节作用。此模型允许以特定于上下文的方式对多个防御行为进行直接、主题内比较。

<table border="1" fo:keep-together.within-page="1" fo:keep-with-next.within-page="always">
	
	<tbody>
		<tr >
			<td >Neutral context</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td ></td>
			<td >Plexiglass cylinder 30 X 30 cm&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Fear conditioning box</td>
			<td >Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td >VFC-008</td>
			<td>25 X 30 X 35 cm dimentions</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Audio generator&#160;</td>
			<td >Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td >ANL-926&#160;</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Shocker</td>
			<td >Med Associates Inc.</td>
			<td >ENV-414S</td>
			<td>Stainless steel grid</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Speaker</td>
			<td >Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td >ENV-224AM</td>
			<td>Suitable for pure tone and white noise&#160;</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >C57/BL6J mice</td>
			<td >Jackson laboratory, USA</td>
			<td >664</td>
			<td>Aged 3-5 month</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Cineplex software (Editor/ studio)</td>
			<td >Plexon</td>
			<td>CinePlex Studio v3.8.0</td>
			<td>For video tracking and behavioral scoring analysis</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >MedPC software V</td>
			<td >Med Associates, Inc.</td>
			<td >SOF-736</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >Neuroexplorer</td>
			<td >Plexon</td>
			<td ></td>
			<td>Used to extract the freezing data scored in PlexonEditor</td>
		</tr>
		<tr >
			<td >GraphPad Prism 8</td>
			<td >GraphPad Software, Inc.</td>
			<td >Version 8</td>
			<td>Statistical analysis software</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

a novel pavlovian fear conditioning paradigm to study freezing and flight behavior

与恐惧和焦虑有关的行为显著有助于生物体的生存。然而，对感知到的威胁的夸张防御反应是各种焦虑症的特点，而焦虑症是美国最常见的精神疾病形式。发现负责防御行为的神经生物学机制将有助于开发新的治疗干预措施。帕夫洛维安恐惧调理是研究与恐惧相关的学习和记忆的实验室范式。传统的巴甫洛夫恐惧调理模式的一个主要局限性是，冻结是唯一被监视的防御行为。我们最近开发出一种经过修改的帕夫洛夫恐惧调理范式，使我们能够研究个别受试者体内的有条件冻结和飞行（也称为逃生）行为。这种模式采用更高的强度脚震和更多的配对之间的条件刺激和无条件的刺激。此外，这种有条件的飞行模式利用纯音和白噪声听觉刺激的连续呈现作为条件刺激。在这种模式下进行调理后，小鼠表现出冻结行为，以响应语气刺激和白噪声期间的飞行反应。这种调理模型可用于研究生存所需的行为反应之间的快速和灵活过渡。

如图所述（图1A），会话从预暴露（第 1 天）开始，然后是恐惧调理（第 2 天和第 3 天），然后是灭绝或检索（第 4 天）。
SCS在暴露前（第1天）会话中的演示没有引起小鼠的飞行或冻结反应（图2A-2B）。调理期间的行为分析（第2天和第3天）显示，与前SCS（图2B，2E）期间的冻结相比，SCS</str...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior Video at JoVE.com

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior Video (Video) | JoVE

防御行为反应取决于威胁强度、接近程度和暴露背景。基于这些因素，我们开发了一个经典的调理范式，在单个受试者中引起有条件的冻结和飞行行为之间的明显过渡。这个模型对于理解焦虑、恐慌和创伤后应激障碍的病理学至关重要。

研究冻结和飞行行为的新型帕夫洛夫恐惧调理范式

Fear- and anxiety-related behaviors significantly contribute to an organism&#8217;s survival. However, exaggerated defensive responses to perceived threat ...

这种模式的总体目标是评估啮齿动物复杂的防御行为。该协议意义重大，因为它有助于研究防御行为之间的过渡，使其成为有兴趣研究复杂适应威胁反应的研究人员的理想之选。此协议使用临时精确的条件刺激来在防御性反应之间引起过渡，使我们能够同时研究单个主题中的有条件冻结和飞行行为。利用这个模型来揭示防御行为的机制可以提供PTSD相关功能障碍和恐慌障碍的洞察力，并可以帮助开发新的治疗方法。要设置行为协议，在程序中定义 SCS，将传递的刺激设置为 10 秒纯音或 10 秒白噪声，并定义每次试验后以伪随机呈现的试用间隔。要设置软件跟踪，在每个相关上下文中放置一个测试鼠标，定义重心，并调整轮廓大小。使用腔室的大小和摄像机的像素尺寸来确定校准系数。然后，生成 TTL 脉冲代码，将中央计算机的事件标记同步到其实时发生。在开始实验之前，打开恐惧调节盒控制器、休克器和视频录制软件。将听觉刺激以 75 分贝的速度在上下文上方安装一个头顶扬声器，并设置可编程音频生成器，在预定的时间表上生成听觉刺激。在确认音调和白噪声功能后，设置数据采集系统，并将三到五个月大的雄性或雌性小鼠运送到调理室。在开始先决条件试验之前，清洁一个直径30厘米、高30厘米的透明圆柱形有机玻璃室，并使用1%的醋酸作为上下文A室。为先决条件，将鼠标放置在上下文 A 中，并允许鼠标适应三分钟，然后以 90 秒的平均伪随机试用间隔将鼠标暴露在四个 20 秒的 SCS 路径中。经过 10 分钟的适应后，将一只鼠标传输到上下文 A 室，并立即激活恐惧调理系统和数据收集程序。在开始恐惧调理实验之前，清洁至少 35 厘米高、25 乘 30 厘米的矩形外壳，并使用 70% 乙醇作为上下文 B 室的电网地板。然后，将冲击器与上下文 B 室的电网地板连接，并在适当的计算机程序中定义冲击的频率、发病和持续时间。当所有参数都设置好后，请检查冲击强度是否从冲击器和网格地板正确传递。在第二天和第三天，将鼠标放入上下文 B 室三分钟，然后让动物接触到 SCS 的五对组合，并伴有一秒、0.9 毫安的交流脚休克和 120 秒的平均试用间隔。会话结束时，把鼠标放回家里的笼子里。根据实验的目标，在第四天，让动物接受召回会议，将鼠标放置在上下文A室三分钟，然后向动物展示四个SCS试验，没有脚部休克，平均伪随机试用间隔超过590秒，以测试动物的恐惧召回反应。或者，为了测试恐惧灭绝，在第四天，将鼠标放入上下文B室三分钟，然后让动物接受16次SCS试验，在1，910秒内以90秒的平均伪随机间试间隔进行。为了量化鼠标的行为，在实验结束时，让观察者对分析视而不见，使用自动冻结探测器阈值对录制的视频进行冻结行为评分，然后逐帧分析像素的变化。将冻结定义为完全停止身体运动，但呼吸至少需要一秒钟的运动除外。当所有四只爪子离开地板时，将跳跃得分，导致垂直和/或水平运动。分析整个细分市场后，将带有冻结、跳跃和事件标记的标记文件导出，并将相关事件从所定义的兴趣时间段提取到电子表格中。要计算冻结的持续时间，请从每个试验期的结束时间中减去开始时间。将特定试用期的跳跃总数相总和。要计算鼠标的速度，则从鼠标重心的逐帧 XY 轴运动跟踪坐标。要计算飞行分数，将每个 SCS 期间的平均速度除以 SCS 前 10 秒的平均速度，并为每次逃生跳跃增加一分。飞行分数为 1 表示与 SCS 前期间相同的飞行行为没有变化。然后，使用适当的统计分析软件程序分析数据以获得统计意义。暴露前会话中的 SCS 演示不会引起小鼠的飞行或冻结反应。调理期间的行为分析表明，与 SCS 前的冻结相比，SCS 的音调成分显著增强了冻结。飞行分数在各会话中发生了显著变化，与音调提示相比，小鼠表现出更高的速度和更多的跳跃到白噪声提示。小鼠表现出明显的防御行为过渡，在音调中显示较低的飞行分数，在白噪声期间显示更高的飞行分数，而冻结响应的观察正好相反。接受16次灭绝训练的老鼠表现出有条件飞行的迅速灭绝，在白噪声试验中，在4个试验的第一个区块中，战斗分数比音调提示测量得更高。在灭绝会话结束时，飞行行为不再由任一提示引起。在灭绝期间的四个试验中，对音调的冻结明显高于对白噪声的冻结。在16次灭绝试验中，音调引起的冻结减少，同时观察到白噪声介导的冻结增加。在召回会话中，在中性上下文中暴露于白噪声不会导致飞行，因为飞行分数低于 1。相反，中性上下文中的白噪声演示会引发高于 Tone 引起的冻结响应。在整个过程中清理上下文非常重要，在开始实验之前测试冲击振幅和声压水平至关重要。目前，有兴趣了解防御行为复杂性的团体正在使用这种模式，并可用于进一步加深我们对防御行动选择的理解。

Research

JoVE Journal

Behavior

A Novel Pavlovian Fear Conditioning Paradigm to Study Freezing and Flight Behavior

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress

The Resident-intruder Paradigm: A Standardized Test for Aggression, Violence and Social Stress Video (Video) | JoVE

驻地入侵者范式：一种标准化考试的侵略，暴力和社会压力

This video publication explains in detail the experimental protocol of the resident-intruder paradigm in rats. This test is a standardized method to ...

科研

行为学

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice

Contextual and Cued Fear Conditioning Test Using a Video Analyzing System in Mice Video (Video) | JoVE

背景和线索恐惧制约试验小鼠中使用视频分析系统

The contextual and cued fear conditioning test is one of the behavioral tests that assesses the ability of mice to learn and remember an association ...

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice

Trace Fear Conditioning in Mice Video (Video) | JoVE

跟踪恐惧条件小鼠

In this experiment we present a technique to measure learning and memory. In the trace fear conditioning protocol presented here there are five pairings ...

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats

A Procedure to Observe Context-induced Renewal of Pavlovian-conditioned Alcohol-seeking Behavior in Rats Video (Video) | JoVE

一个过程来观察大鼠巴甫洛夫空调酒精寻求行为的背景下引发的重建

Environmental contexts in which drugs of abuse are consumed can trigger craving, a subjective Pavlovian-conditioned response that can facilitate ...

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat

Using the Threat Probability Task to Assess Anxiety and Fear During Uncertain and Certain Threat Video (Video) | JoVE

使用威胁概率任务，以评估焦虑和恐惧在不确定性和一定的威胁

Fear of certain threat and anxiety about uncertain threat are distinct emotions with unique behavioral, cognitive-attentional, and neuroanatomical ...

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions

A Cognitive Paradigm to Investigate Interference in Working Memory by Distractions and Interruptions Video (Video) | JoVE

认知范式调查干扰工作记忆的干扰和中断

Goal-directed behavior is often impaired by interference from the external environment, either in the form of distraction by irrelevant information that ...

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants

How to Study Placebo Responses in Motion Sickness with a Rotation Chair Paradigm in Healthy Participants Video (Video) | JoVE

如何学习安慰剂反应晕车了旋转椅范式健康参与者

Placebo responses occur in every medical intervention when patients or participants expect to receive an effective treatment to relieve symptoms. However, ...

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats

Pavlovian Conditioned Approach Training in Rats Video (Video) | JoVE

大鼠条件性巴甫洛夫训练方法

Cues that are contingently paired with unconditioned, rewarding stimuli can acquire rewarding properties themselves through a process known as the ...

Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning, a Robust Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Stress-Enhanced Fear Learning, a Robust Rodent Model of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Video (Video) | JoVE

压力增强恐惧学习--创伤后应激障碍的健壮啮齿动物模型

Fear behaviors are important for survival, but disproportionately high levels of fear can increase the vulnerability for developing psychiatric disorders ...

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants

Visual Classical Conditioning in Wood Ants Video (Video) | JoVE

Several species of insects have become model systems for studying learning and memory formation. Although many studies focus on freely moving animals, ...