Name: evaluating postural control and lower-extremity muscle activation in individuals with chronic ankle instability
Uploaded: 2020-09-18T14:30:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability at JoVE.com

作者确认中国国家自然科学基金（11572202、11772201和31700815）的资助。

在测试之前，参与者在收到有关实验过程的信息后签署了知情同意书。这项实验已获上海体育大学伦理委员会批准。
1. 设备设置
<ol><li>打开 CDP 系统，完成自校准，并确保仪器在 100 Hz 采样频率下正常运行。 注：两个安装的独立力板每个测量三个力（Fx、Fy 和 Fz）和三个力（Mx、My 和 Mz）。x 轴位于左-右方向，垂直于下垂平面。y 轴位于向前和向后方向，垂直于日冕平面。z 轴垂直于水平?...

<ol>
	<li>Winter, D. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Human+balance+and+posture+control+during+standing+and+walking.">Human balance and posture control during standing and walking.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 3, 193-214 (1995).</li><li>Vanicek, N., King, S. A., Gohil, R., Chetter, I. C., Coughlin, P. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Computerized+dynamic+posturography+for+postural+control+assessment+in+patients+with+intermittent+claudication.">Computerized dynamic posturography for postural control assessment in patients with intermittent claudication.</a> Journal of Visualized Experiments. 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C., Garascia, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Reliability+and+validity+of+computerized+force+platform+measures+of+balance+function+in+healthy+older+adults.">Reliability and validity of computerized force platform measures of balance function in healthy older adults.</a> Journal of Geriatric Physical Therapy. 42 (3), 57-66 (2019).</li><li>Doherty, C., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+incidence+and+prevalence+of+ankle+sprain+injury:+a+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis+of+prospective+epidemiological+studies.">The incidence and prevalence of ankle sprain injury: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective epidemiological studies.</a> Sports Medicine. 44 (1), 123-140 (2014).</li><li>Hertel, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Sensorimotor+deficits+with+ankle+sprains+and+chronic+ankle+instability.">Sensorimotor deficits with ankle sprains and chronic ankle instability.</a> Clinics in Sports Medicine. 27 (3), 353-370 (2008).</li><li>Munn, J., Sullivan, S. J., Schneiders, A. G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Evidence+of+sensorimotor+deficits+in+functional+ankle+instability:+a+systematic+review+with+meta-analysis.">Evidence of sensorimotor deficits in functional ankle instability: a systematic review with meta-analysis.</a> Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 13 (1), 2-12 (2010).</li><li>Arnold, B. L., De La Motte, S., Linens, S., Ross, S. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Ankle+instability+is+associated+with+balance+impairments:+a+meta-analysis.">Ankle instability is associated with balance impairments: a meta-analysis.</a> Medicine &amp; Science in Sports &amp; Exercise. 41 (5), 1048-1062 (2009).</li><li>de-la-Torre-Domingo, C., Alguacil-Diego, I. M., Molina-Rueda, F., Lopez-Roman, A., Fernandez-Carnero, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Effect+of+kinesiology+tape+on+measurements+of+balance+in+subjects+with+chronic+ankle+instability:+a+randomized+controlled+trial.">Effect of kinesiology tape on measurements of balance in subjects with chronic ankle instability: a randomized controlled trial.</a> Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 96 (12), 2169-2175 (2015).</li><li>Jaber, H., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Neuromuscular+control+of+ankle+and+hip+during+performance+of+the+star+excursion+balance+test+in+subjects+with+and+without+chronic+ankle+instability.">Neuromuscular control of ankle and hip during performance of the star excursion balance test in subjects with and without chronic ankle instability.</a> PLoS One. 13 (8), 0201479 (2018).</li><li>Simpson, J. D., Stewart, E. M., Macias, D. M., Chander, H., Knight, A. C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Individuals+with+chronic+ankle+instability+exhibit+dynamic+postural+stability+deficits+and+altered+unilateral+landing+biomechanics:+A+systematic+review.">Individuals with chronic ankle instability exhibit dynamic postural stability deficits and altered unilateral landing biomechanics: A systematic review.</a> Phys Ther Sport. 37, 210-219 (2019).</li><li>Gribble, P. A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Selection+criteria+for+patients+with+chronic+ankle+instability+in+controlled+research:+a+position+statement+of+the+International+Ankle+Consortium.">Selection criteria for patients with chronic ankle instability in controlled research: a position statement of the International Ankle Consortium.</a> Br J Sports Medicine. 48 (13), 1014-1018 (2014).</li><li>Wrisley, D. M., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Learning+effects+of+repetitive+administrations+of+the+sensory+organization+test+in+healthy+young+adults.">Learning effects of repetitive administrations of the sensory organization test in healthy young adults.</a> Archives of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. 88 (8), 1049-1054 (2007).</li><li>Tabard-Foug&#232;re, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=EMG+normalization+method+based+on+grade+3+of+manual+muscle+testing:+Within-+and+between-day+reliability+of+normalization+tasks+and+application+to+gait+analysis.">EMG normalization method based on grade 3 of manual muscle testing: Within- and between-day reliability of normalization tasks and application to gait analysis.</a> Gait &amp; Posture. 60, 6-12 (2018).</li><li>Shim, D. B., Song, M. H., Park, H. J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Typical+sensory+organization+test+findings+and+clinical+implication+in+acute+vestibular+neuritis.">Typical sensory organization test findings and clinical implication in acute vestibular neuritis.</a> Auris Nasus Larynx. 45 (5), 916-921 (2018).</li><li>Nam, G. S., Jung, C. M., Kim, J. H., Son, E. 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G., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+association+between+video-nystagmography+and+sensory+organization+test+of+computerized+dynamic+posturography+in+patients+with+vestibular+symptoms.">The association between video-nystagmography and sensory organization test of computerized dynamic posturography in patients with vestibular symptoms.</a> European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology. 276 (12), 3513-3517 (2019).</li><li>Gribble, P. A., Hertel, J., Denegar, C. R., Buckley, W. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effects+of+fatigue+and+chronic+ankle+instability+on+dynamic+postural+control.">The effects of fatigue and chronic ankle instability on dynamic postural control.</a> Journal of Athletic Training. 39 (4), 321-329 (2004).</li><li>Gribble, P. A., Hertel, J., Denegar, C. R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Chronic+ankle+instability+and+fatigue+create+proximal+joint+alterations+during+performance+of+the+Star+Excursion+Balance+Test.">Chronic ankle instability and fatigue create proximal joint alterations during performance of the Star Excursion Balance Test.</a> International Journal of Sports Medicine. 28 (3), 236-242 (2007).</li><li>Le Clair, K., Riach, C. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Postural+stability+measures:+what+to+measure+and+for+how+long.">Postural stability measures: what to measure and for how long.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 11 (3), 176-178 (1996).</li><li>Fusco, A., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Y+balance+test:+Are+we+doing+it+right.">Y balance test: Are we doing it right.</a> Journal of Science and Medicine in Sport. 23 (2), 194-199 (2020).</li><li>Riemann, B., Davies, G. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Limb,+sex,+and+anthropometric+factors+influencing+normative+data+for+the+Biodex+Balance+System+SD+athlete+single+leg+stability+test.">Limb, sex, and anthropometric factors influencing normative data for the Biodex Balance System SD athlete single leg stability test.</a> Athletic Training &amp; Sports Health Care. 5, 224-232 (2013).</li><li>Chiari, L., Rocchi, L., Cappello, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Stabilometric+parameters+are+affected+by+anthropometry+and+foot+placement.">Stabilometric parameters are affected by anthropometry and foot placement.</a> Clinical Biomechanics. 17 (9-10), 666-677 (2002).</li><li>Chaudhry, H., Bukiet, B., Ji, Z., Findley, T. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+balance+in+computer+posturography:+Comparison+of+methods--A+brief+review.">Measurement of balance in computer posturography: Comparison of methods--A brief review.</a> Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies. 15 (1), 82-91 (2011).</li><li>Hertel, J., Braham, R. 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该协议用于测量动态姿势控制和相关肌肉活动的个人与CAI通过同步CDP与sEMG。CDP跟踪COP和COG的轨迹，并提供对感官信息（视觉、躯体感觉和前庭感觉）输入与外部环境8，21，22之间的相互作用的洞察8,。它是诊断由感觉或运动系统紊乱引起的功能活动限制的有效工具。在CDP任务期间同步收集肌肉活动，以调查下肢协调。该协议弥?...

计算机化动态后排术（CDP）是一种客观的技术，用于评价静态和动态条件下的姿势稳定性和扰动性。CDP 基于倒摆模型，该倒摆模型跟踪压力中心 （COP） 和重心 （COG） 之间的相互关系。COG 是质量中心 （COM） 的垂直投影，而 COM 是全局参考系统中整体质量的点等效。COP 是垂直地面反应力向量的点位置。它表示与地面接触区域表面所有压力的加权平均值。姿势稳定性是能够在给定的感官环境中将 COM 保持为支持的基础。它反映了神经肌肉控制能力，协调中枢神经系统与远角感觉系统（视觉，自体感觉，和前庭感觉）和运动命令输出2。
以往的姿势控制评估方法，如单腿姿势的时间和Y平衡测试的伸手距离，都是以结果为导向的，不能用于客观评估感觉系统和运动控制3之间的协调。此外，一些研究使用便携式计算机摆动板，量化动态平衡性能的实验室设置4,4，5，6。,6CDP不同于上述测试方法，因为它可应用于姿势稳定性维持中视觉、自体感和前庭感觉比例的分析，以及运动策略（如脚踝或臀部显性策略）比例的评估。由于其准确性、可靠性和有效性，它一直被视为姿势控制测量7的黄金标准。
慢性脚踝不稳（CAI）的特点是持续的脚踝疼痛，肿胀，感觉"让位";这是最常见的运动损伤之一。CAI主要源于侧脚踝扭伤，这破坏了侧脚踝韧带复合体的完整性和稳定性。自体性、纤维肌肉力量和塔卢斯的正常轨迹受损10，11。10,弱脚踝段的缺陷可能导致姿势控制和肌肉激活在个人与CAI12的不足。然而，很少有研究已经调查了个人与CAI的姿势稳定性使用CDP3，13。3,目前的测量很少能从感官分析的角度分析CAI的姿势控制缺陷。因此，CAI的感官组织和姿势策略保持姿势稳定性的能力需要进一步探索。
肌肉活动是神经肌肉控制的重要组成部分，影响姿势稳定性的调节14，15。14,15然而，CDP只通过力板监测COP和COG之间的相互关系，它很难用于观察有CAI个体的下肢肌肉的特定激活水平。目前，很少有研究通过CDP与肌电图（EMG）相结合的方法评估了CCAI个体的姿势稳定性。
因此，开发的协议旨在通过结合CDP和表面肌电图系统（sEMG）来探索姿势控制和相关肌肉活动。该协议为 CAI 的参与者提供了一种研究神经肌肉控制的新方法，包括感官组织、姿势控制和相关肌肉活动。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>NeuroCom Balance Manager SMART EquiTest</td>
			<td>Natus Medical Incorporated, USA</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>Its major components include: NeuroCom Balance Manager Software Suite, dynamic dual force plate (rotate &#38; translate), moveable visual surround with 15&#8221; LCD display (it could provide a real time display of the subject&#8217;s center of gravity shown as a cursor during the task) and illumination, overhead support bar with patient harness, computer and other parts.</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>wireless Myon 320 sEMG system</td>
			<td>Myon AG</td>
			<td></td>
			<td>The system consists of 16 parallel channels of transmitter signals, receiver, &#34;EMG motion Tools&#34; and &#34;ProEMG&#34; software,computer and other parts.</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

evaluating postural control and lower-extremity muscle activation in individuals with chronic ankle instability

计算机化动态后排术（CDP）是一种客观的技术，用于评价静态和动态条件下的姿势稳定性和扰动性。CDP 基于倒摆模型，该模型跟踪压力中心和重心之间的相互关系。CDP可用于分析视觉、自体感和前庭感觉的比例，以保持姿势稳定性。以下角色定义慢性脚踝不稳定 （CAI）：持续的脚踝疼痛、肿胀、"让路"的感觉和自我报告的残疾。由于侧脚踝韧带复杂损伤，CAI个体的姿势稳定性和纤维肌肉活化水平降低。很少有研究使用CDP来探索与CAI的个人的姿势稳定性。缺乏研究，研究通过使用同步的CDP与表面肌电图调查姿势稳定性和相关肌肉活化。此 CDP 协议包括感官组织测试 （SOT）、电机控制测试 （MCT） 和适应测试 （ADT），以及测量单边姿态 （US） 和稳定性限制 （LOS） 的测试。表面肌电图系统与CDP同步，在测量过程中收集下肢肌肉激活的数据。该协议提出了一种评估视觉、躯体感觉、前庭系统及相关肌肉活化的协调以及维持姿势稳定性的新方法。此外，它提供了新的见解，在应对真正的复杂环境时，与CAI的个人的神经肌肉控制。

代表性 CDP 结果 感官组织测试 当环境随着外围信号输入而变化时，系统评估参与者在预定目标区域中保持COG的能力。均衡分数 （ES）是条件 1+6 下的分数，它反映了协调感觉系统以维持姿势稳定性的能力（公式 6）。复合分数 （COMP）是所有条件的加权平均分数。重点强调 4、5 和 6 的具有挑战性的条件。综合分数的计算方法是独立平均条件 SO...

Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability at JoVE.com

Evaluating Postural Control and Lower-extremity Muscle Activation in Individuals with Chronic Ankle Instability

患有慢性脚踝不稳症 （CAI） 的个人表现出姿势控制缺陷和下肢肌肉活动延迟。计算机化的动态后排图与表面肌电图相结合，提供视觉、躯体感觉和前庭系统与肌肉激活调节的配合，以保持与CAI个体的姿势稳定性。

评估慢性脚踝不稳个体的姿势控制与下肢肌肉活化

Computerized dynamic posturography (CDP) is an objective technique for the evaluation of postural stability under static and dynamic conditions and ...

该协议提出了一种新方法，用于评估视觉索玛塔感觉和前庭系统的协调，以及维持姿势稳定性所需的相关肌肉激活。该技术可用于通过计算机动态后科检查和相关肌肉活动的组合，对慢性脚踝不稳定性的神经肌肉控制进行全面调查。此方法还可用于探索姿势稳定性和相关肌肉活动在其他条件下，如神经或肌肉骨骼系统紊乱。在开始分析之前，请打开 CDP 系统并完成自校准，以确认仪器以 100 赫兹采样频率工作。在软件中，双击平衡管理器系统、临床模块和新患者。输入学员姓名、身高、ID、体重和年龄，并选择评估、感官组织测试、电机控制测试、适应测试、稳定性限制和单边姿态。打开表面 EMG 系统并双击 EMG 运动工具图标。指定触发信号并建立参与者 ID，并在要测量的每个下肢肌肉的腹部放置一个无线电极。然后使用同步线将表面 EMG 系统与 CDP 系统连接，并调整表面 EMG 系统摄像机以捕获 CDP 系统的信号指示灯。当两个系统准备就绪时，使用安全带将学员固定到支撑杆上，并小心地将学员的赤脚与力板对齐，以便学员面向视觉环绕。然后关闭嵌入在视觉环绕声中的屏幕。要进行感官组织测试，请指示学员以尽可能稳定的重心直立站立，并在表所示的每个条件下，让学员完成每次测试三次，每次测试 20 秒。对于单边姿势分析，指示参与者将双手放在前上侧脊柱上，睁开眼睛，将不稳定的脚踝侧视为支撑腿。让学员在稳定站立 10 秒时，将非支撑腿的膝关节完全伸展和弯曲约 30 度。第三次试验后，让参与者闭着眼睛重复同样的测量。对于稳定性测试的限制，指示参与者在中心区域保持重心，直到他们听到铃声，此时参与者应倾斜身体，并在屏幕上以八个方向之一快速将重心转移到目标帧中 10 秒。要进行电机控制测试，请指示学员在力板意外滑落时恢复身体稳定性。要执行适应测试，请指示学员以 20 度/秒的速度连续五次意外旋转，通过引导身体向上或向下来恢复身体稳定性。当所有测试在表面 EMG 软件的处理窗口中完成时，导入光视频的 EMG 原始数据和 MP4 文件的 CD3 文件。在处理管道操作中，将低通的巴特沃斯滤波器设置为 450 赫兹，顺序为 2，高通设置为 20 赫兹，槽口滤波器设置为 50 赫兹，根平均方形平滑窗口设置为 100 毫秒。在"生成事件"选项卡中，将所有通道设置为超过 5 个 X 基线噪声标准偏差至少 50 毫秒以肌肉打开，并且所有通道在基线上低于 5 X 标准差至少 50 毫秒以肌肉关闭。然后在"生成参数"选项卡中，选择积分电图、根平均平方、平均功率频率、中等频率。在此分析中，如绿色条所示，参与者能够更好地协调其三个感官系统，并比其年龄在数据集中匹配的规范计数器更有效地响应。使用他们的视觉、自感知和前庭感觉，在整个感官分析过程中保持平衡。参与者主要依靠脚踝策略和保持姿势稳定性的能力。左右腿之间的总摆动是正常的，当参与者的眼睛是睁开的，当他们是闭着的。参与者在发送移动信号和身体运动的开始之间表现出延迟的反应时间，但运动速度正常。对于正向和右端点偏移，重心的运动距离未达到正常范围。然而，重心运动的最大距离是正常的。参与者表现出正常体重分布，但异常的向后位移反应表明存在单体矫形损伤。此外，振幅缩放的增加与力板滑移的振幅成双倍对称，摇摆能量得分正常。请务必准确输入参与者的年龄、身高和体重，并正确对齐脚部位置，因为这些参数确定 CDP 的位置并影响姿势分析。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

TMS: Using the Theta-Burst Protocol to Explore Mechanism of Plasticity in Individuals with Fragile X Syndrome and Autism

TMS：使用的Theta突发协议，以探索个人与脆性X综合征与孤独症的可塑性Mechasnism

Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), also known as Martin-Bell Syndrome, is a genetic abnormality found on the X chromosome.1,2 Individuals suffering from FXS ...

科研

神经科学

A General Method for Evaluating Incubation of Sucrose Craving in Rats

评估大鼠蔗糖渴求育成的一个通用方法

For someone on a food-restricted diet, food craving in response to food-paired cues may serve as a key behavioral transition point between abstinence and ...

Spectral Confocal Imaging of Fluorescently tagged Nicotinic Receptors in Knock-in Mice with Chronic Nicotine Administration

光谱共焦成像的荧光标记的尼古丁受体敲在慢性尼古丁政府小鼠

Ligand-gated ion channels in the central nervous system (CNS) are implicated in numerous conditions with serious medical and social consequences.  For ...

Design and Assembly of an Ultra-light Motorized Microdrive for Chronic Neural Recordings in Small Animals

设计和组装的超轻型电动微型硬盘（Microdrive）慢性神经录音的小动物

The ability to chronically record from populations of neurons in freely behaving animals has proven an invaluable tool for dissecting the function of ...

Isolation and Culture of Mouse Cortical Astrocytes

小鼠脑皮层星形胶质细胞的分离和培养

Astrocytes  are an abundant cell type in the mammalian brain, yet much remains to be  learned about their molecular and functional characteristics. In ...

Proprioception and Tension Receptors in Crab Limbs: Student Laboratory Exercises

本体感觉和张力感受器在蟹四肢：学生实验室练习

The primary purpose of these procedures is to demonstrate for teaching and research purposes how to record the activity of living primary sensory neurons ...

Automated Gait Analysis in Mice with Chronic Constriction Injury

慢性压迫性损伤小鼠步态的自动分析

The von Frey test is a classical method that has been widely used to examine the sensory function of neuropathic pain animals. However, it has some ...

Chronic Transcranial Electrical Stimulation and Intracortical Recording in Rats

大鼠慢性经颅电刺激及 Intracortical 记录

Transcranial electrical stimulation (TES) is a powerful and relatively simple approach to diffusely influence brain activity either randomly or in a ...

Functional MRI in Conjunction with a Novel MRI-compatible Hand-induced Robotic Device to Evaluate Rehabilitation of Individuals Recovering from Hand Grip Deficits

功能 MRI 与新型 MRI 兼容手感应机器人设备结合，以评估从手柄缺陷中恢复的个人的康复情况

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is a non-invasive magnetic resonance imaging technique that images brain activation in vivo, using endogenous ...

Comprehensive Autopsy Program for Individuals with Multiple Sclerosis

多发性硬化患者综合解剖计划

We describe a rapid tissue donation program for individuals with multiple sclerosis (MS) that requires scientists and technicians to be on-call 24/7, 365 ...