Name: functional isolation of single motor units of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle
Uploaded: 2020-12-26T13:00:00
Description: Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Isolation of Single Motor Units of Rat Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle at JoVE.com

这项工作得到了波兰国家研究中心赠款2018/31/B/NZ7/01028的支持。

所有程序都需要得到当地道德委员会的批准，并遵守欧盟关于动物护理的准则以及保护动物的国家法律。
注：参与此程序的每个实验者都必须接受基本外科手术培训，并且必须获得执行动物实验的有效许可证。
1. 麻醉
<ol><li>用五巴比妥钠的内皮内注射麻醉大鼠（初始剂量为60mg=kg-1）。</li>
	<li>大约 5 分钟后，通过用钝钳捏住大鼠的耳朵或前肢检...

<ol>
	<li>Burke, R. E., Levine, D. N., Tsairis, P., Zajac, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Physiological+types+and+histochemical+profiles+in+motor+units+of+the+cat+gastrocnemius.">Physiological types and histochemical profiles in motor units of the cat gastrocnemius.</a> Journal of Physiology. 234, 723-748 (1973).</li><li>Celichowski, J., Drzyma&#322;a-Celichowska, H. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+number+of+motor+units+in+the+medial+gastrocnemius+muscle+of+male+and+female+rats.">The number of motor units in the medial gastrocnemius muscle of male and female rats.</a> Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 58, 821-828 (2007).</li><li>Grottel, K., Celichowski, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Division+of+motor+units+in+medial+gastrocnemius+muscle+of+the+rat+in+light+of+variability+of+their+principal+properties.">Division of motor units in medial gastrocnemius muscle of the rat in light of variability of their principal properties.</a> Acta Neurobiologiae Experimentalis. 50, 571-588 (1990).</li><li>Celichowski, J., Krutki, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Variability+and+plasticity+of+motor+unit+properties+in+mammalian+skeletal+muscle.">Variability and plasticity of motor unit properties in mammalian skeletal muscle.</a> Biocybernetics and Biomedical Engineering. 32 (4), 33-45 (2012).</li><li>Gardiner, P. F., Olha, A. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Contractile+and+electromyographic+characteristics+of+rat+plantaris+motor+unit+types+during+fatigue+in+situ.">Contractile and electromyographic characteristics of rat plantaris motor unit types during fatigue in situ.</a> Journal of Physiology. 385, 13-34 (1987).</li><li>Drzyma&#322;a-Celichowska, H., Kaczmarek, P., Krutki, P., Celichowski, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Summation+of+slow+motor+unit+forces+at+constant+and+variable+interpulse+intervals+in+rat+soleus+muscle.">Summation of slow motor unit forces at constant and variable interpulse intervals in rat soleus muscle.</a> Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 30, 1-8 (2016).</li><li>Krutki, P., Celichowski, J., &#321;ochy&#324;ski, D., Pogrzebna, M., Mr&#243;wczy&#324;ski, W. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Interspecies+differences+of+motor+units+properties+in+the+medial+gastrocnemius+muscle+of+cat+and+rat.">Interspecies differences of motor units properties in the medial gastrocnemius muscle of cat and rat.</a> Archives Italiennes de Biologie. 144, 11-23 (2006).</li><li>Burke, R. E., Rudomin, P., Zajac, F. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+effect+of+activation+history+on+tension+production+by+individual+muscle+units.">The effect of activation history on tension production by individual muscle units.</a> Brain Research. 109, 515-529 (1976).</li><li>Celichowski, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Mechanisms+underlying+the+regulation+of+motor+unit+contraction+in+the+skeletal+muscle.">Mechanisms underlying the regulation of motor unit contraction in the skeletal muscle.</a> Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 51, 17-33 (2000).</li><li>Burke, R. E., Levine, D. N., Salcman, M., Tsairis, P. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+units+in+cat+soleus+muscle:+physiological,+histochemical+and+morphological+characteristics.">Motor units in cat soleus muscle: physiological, histochemical and morphological characteristics.</a> Journal of Physiology. 238, 503-514 (1974).</li><li>Milner-Brown, H. S., Stein, R. B., Yemm, R. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+contractile+properties+of+human+motor+units+during+voluntary+isometric+contractions.">The contractile properties of human motor units during voluntary isometric contractions.</a> Journal of Physiology. 228, 285-306 (1973).</li><li>Taylor, A., Stephens, J. A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Study+of+human+motor+unit+contractions+by+controlled+intramuscular+microstimulation.">Study of human motor unit contractions by controlled intramuscular microstimulation.</a> Brain Research. 117, 331-335 (1976).</li><li>Westling, G., Johansson, R. S., Thomas, C. K., Bigland-Ritchie, B. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Measurement+of+contractile+and+electrical+properties+of+single+human+thenar+motor+units+in+response+to+intraneural+motor-axon+stimulation.">Measurement of contractile and electrical properties of single human thenar motor units in response to intraneural motor-axon stimulation.</a> Journal of Neurophysiology. 64, 1331-1338 (1990).</li><li>Burke, R. E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Motor+units:+anatomy,+physiology+and+functional+organization.">Motor units: anatomy, physiology and functional organization.</a> APS Handbook of Physiology Series, Section 1, The Nervous System. 11, 345-422 (1981).</li><li>Celichowski, J., Grottel, K. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+dependence+of+the+twitch+course+of+medial+gastrocnemius+muscle+of+the+rat+and+its+motor+units+on+stretching+of+the+muscle.">The dependence of the twitch course of medial gastrocnemius muscle of the rat and its motor units on stretching of the muscle.</a> Archives Italiennes de Biologie. 130, 315-325 (1992).</li><li>Celichowski, J., Grottel, K., Bichler, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Differences+in+the+profile+of+unfused+tetani+of+fast+motor+units+with+respect+to+their+resistance+to+fatigue+in+the+rat+medial+gastrocnemius+muscle.">Differences in the profile of unfused tetani of fast motor units with respect to their resistance to fatigue in the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle.</a> Journal of Muscle Research and Cell Motility. 20, 681-685 (1999).</li><li>Krutki, P., et al. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Division+of+motor+units+into+fast+and+slow+on+the+basis+of+profile+of+20+Hz+unfused+tetanus.">Division of motor units into fast and slow on the basis of profile of 20 Hz unfused tetanus.</a> Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology. 59, 353-363 (2008).</li><li>Drzyma&#322;a-Celichowska, H., Krutki, P., Celichowski, J. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Summation+of+motor+unit+forces+in+the+rat+medial+gastrocnemius+muscle.">Summation of motor unit forces in the rat medial gastrocnemius muscle.</a> Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 20, 599-607 (2010).</li><li>Kaczmarek, P., Celichowski, J., Drzyma&#322;a-Celichowska, H., Kasi&#324;ski, A. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=The+image+of+motor+unit+architecture+in+the+mechanomyographic+signal+during+single+motor+unit+contraction.+In+vivo+and+simulation+study.">The image of motor unit architecture in the mechanomyographic signal during single motor unit contraction. In vivo and simulation study.</a> Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 19, 553-563 (2009).</li><li>Celichowski, J., Krutki, P., Bichler, E. <a target="_blank" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?db=PubMed&cmd=Search&doptcmdl=Citation&defaultField=Title+Word&term=Axonal+conduction+velocity+of+motor+units+of+rat's+medial+gastrocnemius+muscle.">Axonal conduction velocity of motor units of rat's medial gastrocnemius muscle.</a> Journal of Physiology (Paris). 90, 75-78 (1996).</li></ol>

如果由有经验的科学家正确执行，所述方案的手术部分应在大约两个小时内完成。在手术过程中，应特别注意保持动物的生理状况稳定，特别是体温和麻醉深度，应通过评估针和戒断反射来系统地控制。手术后，应该可以保持稳定的记录条件至少6小时。
关键的实验程序从将心根分割成非常薄的细丝开始，导致单个运动轴与所研究的肌肉分离。事实上，心根的细丝含有轴星组?...

运动单位 （MUs） 是骨骼肌的最小功能单位。因此，了解它们的功能、可塑性和收缩性，以及力调节的机制，对于肌肉生理学的进步至关重要。对于许多肌肉，主要是实验动物的后肢肌肉，都记录了MUS的基本收缩特性及其生理类型的比例。然而，MU属性的可塑性和MU力调节机制尚未完全了解。
所述方法的原理是广泛去功能性后肢肌肉，除了被调查的一和腰椎骨的拉明切除术，以准备薄的腹根，每个包含一个单一的"功能"电机轴，电刺激记录MU的力量和作用潜力。使用本文中描述的技术，在一次成功的实验中，可以分离出一半以上的中胃肌肉的M。大鼠中肠胃由平均52 MUs（雌性）或57 MUs（雄性）三种生理类型组成：S（慢速）、FR（快速耐药）和FF（快速可肥胖）1、2，具有可变收缩特性3。对于比较对照组和实验组中 MUs 的平均值的实验，需要隔离和记录每个组 10-30 M。关键是，单个 MUs 可在超过一小时的时间段内获得刺激。此外，由于此技术允许记录 MU 力和作用电位，因此此方法适用于研究与力产生相关的现象、评估疲劳的影响以及观察力和作用电位之间的关系。
先前的研究已经证实，MU收缩特性是塑料的，可以通过许多干预措施进行调节。使用此处所述技术的实验已对大鼠中侧胃膜4或其他后肢肌肉进行了实验，以及对猫肌肉7的实验，使用类似的单 MU 隔离方法。另一组实验使用以可变脉冲间间隔提供的刺激列车，提供了有关电机控制过程的观察，结果一般将注意力转向刺激的历史，包括甚至一个刺激的时间尺度变化的相当大的影响，对力生产8、9至关重要。
也可以使用替代方法研究 MUs。首先，一种方法就是直接刺激莫托龙。伯克使用细胞内刺激的莫托龙在猫中腹胃和鞋底与玻璃微电极用于平行用于确定这些神经元的电生理特性1，10。提出了其他方法来研究人类肌肉中的MUs，这需要大大降低干预。对于所有这些方法，刺激和记录电极入到肌肉或神经，并记录从手指或从脚的力量。其中第一种方法用于研究第一个后体间肌肉中的 MUs。对于这种肌肉，收缩与低力，在肌电图记录与针电极插入到肌肉的行动电位只有一个活动马达单元被识别。然后，平行记录并遵循每个动作电位记录的肌肉力片段被平均（尖峰触发平均）。这种方法能够从肌肉力记录11中提取一个运动单元的力。然而，这个程序的方法弱点是，没有单一的抽搐力，而是一个片段的泰塔尼奇收缩是平均的。人类MUs也可以使用第二种方法，使用插入肌肉12的电极进行肌肉内电微刺激研究，该电极刺激一个斧头树的片段，从而激活单个运动单元。第三种方法是将电极插入神经中的微刺激。当电极在神经中只激活一个马达轴时，只有一个马达单元收缩13。这些最后的方法有一些限制，包括录音的稳定性和质量，道德限制和获得实验材料。该协议在70世纪和80世纪14年的猫中被广泛使用。

<table>
	<tbody>
		<tr>
			<td>Force transducer</td>
			<td>custom-made</td>
			<td></td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 11255-20</td>
			<td>Dumont #55 with extra light and fine shanks</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 11150-10</td>
			<td>Extra Fine Greafe Forceps</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 11026-15</td>
			<td>Special cupped pattern for superior grip</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 11023-10</td>
			<td>Slim 1x2 teeth</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Forceps</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 11251-20</td>
			<td>Dumont #5</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Hemostats</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 13003-10</td>
			<td>Hartman</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Isolation Unit</td>
			<td>Grass Instruments</td>
			<td>S1U5A</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Low Noise Bioamplifer</td>
			<td>World Precision Instruments</td>
			<td>Order code 74030</td>
			<td></td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Needle holders</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 12503-15</td>
			<td>With tungsten carbide jaws</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Rongeurs</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 16021-14</td>
			<td>Friedman-Pearson</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 14101-14</td>
			<td>Straight sharp/blunt with large finger loops</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 14075-11</td>
			<td>Curved blunt/blunt</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 14084-08</td>
			<td>Extra fine bonn</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Scissors</td>
			<td>Fine Science Tools</td>
			<td>No. 15000-00</td>
			<td>Straight, ideal for cutting nerves</td>
		</tr>
		<tr>
			<td>Stimulator</td>
			<td>Grass Instruments</td>
			<td>S88</td>
			<td>Dual Output Square Pulse Stimulator</td>
		</tr>
	</tbody>
</table>

functional isolation of single motor units of rat medial gastrocnemius muscle

本工作概述了运动单元 （MUs） 的功能隔离，这是一种标准电生理学方法，用于确定实验大鼠中后体肌肉（如中侧胃部、鞋底或植物性肌肉）的运动单元特征。该方法的一个关键要素是将电刺激装置应用到与心根隔离的电机轴上。刺激可以以恒定或可变的脉冲间间隔提供。此方法适用于不同成熟阶段（幼年、成人或老年人）的动物实验。此外，该协议可用于研究大量干预引起电机单元的变异性和可塑性的实验。这些实验的结果可以增强肌肉生理学的基本知识，并转化为实际应用。本程序侧重于记录和刺激 MUs 的手术准备，重点是实现制备稳定性和结果可重复性的必要步骤。

当确保稳定的记录条件时，可以在记录的基础上计算运动单元收缩和作用电位参数。 图 1 提供了快速 MU 的单抽搐的代表性记录。上部轨迹显示电机单元作用电位。刺激传递和运动单元作用潜力的启动之间的延迟是由于从心根到肌肉的传导时间。 图 2 显示了快速 MU 的未熔断破伤风力和电机单元作用电位列车的代表性记录。
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Watch this Scientific Journal Video about Functional Isolation of Single Motor Units of Rat Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle at JoVE.com

Functional Isolation of Single Motor Units of Rat Medial Gastrocnemius Muscle

此方法允许在大鼠中胃肌的三种类型的运动单元中记录抽搐和泰坦收缩力和作用电位。单个电机单元的功能隔离是由轴翁的电刺激引起的。

大鼠中胃肌肉单运动单元的功能隔离

This work outlines functional isolation of motor units (MUs), a standard electrophysiological method for determining characteristics of motor units in ...

该方法允许单个电机单元在处理实验动物质量时进行功能隔离。该技术的主要优点是记录了已识别的生理类型的单个运动单元的力和作用潜力。神经生物学系的主管扬·塞利霍夫斯基教授将帮助证明这一程序。首先，用锋利的剪刀，沿着脊柱切割皮肤，从囊切到胸椎。将 S1 椎骨识别为最低段。然后切割并去除长丝肌肉，以及从L6到L2椎骨的旋转过程。使用细的隆器去除从 L6 到 L2 的横向过程，并在 L6 到 L2 段上进行拉明切除术，以暴露 dura 母体覆盖的脊髓的腰椎部分。使用锋利的剪刀，切断脊髓和背部和腹根在L2椎段，水平在上边界的拉明切除术。放置小块干凝胶泡沫以阻止出血。接下来，使用锋利的剪刀，使一个纵向拥抱在左后肢的后侧，从跟腱到臀部。找到膝盖关节后部的罂粟花，由二头肌股肌肌肉覆盖，并在该肌肉的前部和后部之间制作一个杯子。向上移动，切开二头肌的两个头，一直到臀部，以暴露坐骨神经。使用钝钳和剪刀，将横向与胃肠肌肉的中背部分离，并切断中胃肌肉的远点插入。识别中胃肠或MG神经，然后用钳子和剪刀切割坐骨神经的所有剩余辅助物，包括后二头肌和半丁肌的抵押品。通过跟腱培育一个非弹性连结，并制作三节。然后在皮肤和下部结缔组织上沿着左后肢的前部进行两厘米切口，用中间氏族进行动员。在头骨上放一个钢夹，固定左后肢。将大鼠放在定制的可调框架中。用四个连字拉拉皮瓣在拉明切除术周围。把它们缝合到框架上，以便在暴露的脊髓上形成一个石蜡油池。使用杜蒙 55 钳子在脊髓交汇处抬起杜拉母体。然后切到圣骨上，然后收回它。用钝玻璃棒将左右的后腹和腹根连续分开。用温暖的石蜡油填充脊髓上池，覆盖暴露的腹和后根。将大鼠放在定制的铝板上，其后肢有一个池，连接到闭环加热系统。用金属棒固定左后肢上的夹子，以固定它。将钢夹放在囊骨和 L1 椎骨上，固定椎柱。然后通过跟腱将左中肠胃肌肉与非弹性连体连接到力传感器。插入双极银线或电极通过肌肉的中间部分，垂直于其长轴，并填补后肢后肢与温暖的石蜡油，以覆盖中胃肌肉。将操作的肌肉拉伸到 100 毫纽顿的被动张力，由力传感器控制。然后用锋利的剪刀在右后肢的皮肤上做一个两厘米的切口，并插入一个银线电极作为参考电极。在裸露的脊柱根上方放置并固定定制的绝缘金属板。将左对心和后根放在盘子上。并将盐水添加到由拉明切除术周围皮肤形成的池中。将银线刺激电极放在裸露的脊柱根上，然后在油中盘上方放置一个正极三毫米，在盐水中放置负极。用电矩形脉冲刺激心部，唤起肌肉的收缩。使用一对杜蒙 55 钳子和放大镜将 L5 或 L4 心根分割成非常精细的轴孔束。将其中一个束放在银线电极上，并刺激它观察单个马达装置的活动。通过逐步增加刺激的强度，根据抽搐收缩和行动潜在刺激的唤起全或无特征确定单个电机单元。当记录条件稳定时，可以使用记录计算运动单元收缩和作用电位参数。此处显示了快速马达装置单抽搐的代表性记录。上部托盘显示电机单元作用电位。刺激传递和运动单元作用潜力的启动之间的延迟是由于从心根到肌肉的传导时间。此处显示了快速马达单元的未熔断破伤风力和电机单元作用电位列车的代表性记录，以及应用刺激的时间位置。在尝试此过程之前，请记住，将心根分割成细丝需要一些训练和经验。

Research

JoVE Journal

Neuroscience

Axoplasm Isolation from Rat Sciatic Nerve

从大鼠坐骨神经轴浆隔离

Isolation of pure axonal cytoplasm (axoplasm) from peripheral nerve is crucial for biochemical studies of many biological processes. In this article, we ...

科研

神经科学

Paired Patch Clamp Recordings from Motor-neuron and Target Skeletal Muscle in Zebrafish

配对补丁钳从电机神经元和斑马鱼的目标骨骼肌

Larval zebrafish represent the first vertebrate model system to allow simultaneous patch clamp recording from a spinal motor-neuron and target muscle.  ...

A Functional Motor Unit in the Culture Dish: Co-culture of Spinal Cord Explants and Muscle Cells

一个在培养皿中的功能电机组：脊髓植和肌肉细胞共培养

Human primary muscle cells cultured  aneurally in monolayer rarely contract spontaneously because, in the absence of  a nerve component, cell ...

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

Extracellularly Identifying Motor Neurons for a Muscle Motor Pool in Aplysia californica

运动神经元细胞外识别的肌肉运动游泳池<em&gt;海兔夜蛾</em

In animals with large  identified neurons (e.g. mollusks), analysis of motor pools is done using  intracellular techniques1,2,3,4. Recently,  we developed ...

Functional and Morphological Assessment of Diaphragm Innervation by Phrenic Motor Neurons

隔膜的神经支配膈运动神经元的功能和形态评估

This protocol specifically focuses on tools for assessing phrenic motor neuron (PhMN) innervation of the diaphragm at both the electrophysiological and ...

Isolation of Adult Spinal Cord Nuclei for Massively Parallel Single-nucleus RNA Sequencing

Probing an individual cell&#39;s gene expression enables the identification of cell type and cell state. Single-cell RNA sequencing has emerged as a ...

Isolation of Primary Murine Skeletal Muscle Microvascular Endothelial Cells

原代小鼠骨骼肌微血管内皮细胞的分离

The endothelial cells of skeletal muscle capillaries (muscle microvascular endothelial cells, MMEC) build up the barrier between blood stream and skeletal ...

Direct Injection of a Lentiviral Vector Highlights Multiple Motor Pathways in the Rat Spinal Cord

直接注射慢病毒载体突出大鼠脊髓中的多种运动途径

Introducing proteins of interest into cells in the nervous system is challenging due to innate biological barriers that limit access to most molecules. ...

3D Kinematic Analysis for the Functional Evaluation in the Rat Model of Sciatic Nerve Crush Injury

坐骨神经粉碎损伤大鼠模型中功能评估的3D运动学分析

Compared to the Sciatic Functional Index (SFI), kinematic analysis is a more reliable and sensitive method for performing functional evaluations of ...

Maximum Isometric Tetanic Force Measurement of the Tibialis Anterior Muscle in the Rat

最大等轴泰塔尼奇力测量大鼠的蒂比亚利斯前肌肉

Traumatic nerve injuries result in substantial functional loss and segmental nerve defects often necessitate the use of autologous interposition nerve ...